Gravimetric Hanyar bincike: ra'ayi, iri da kuma siffofin

Abin da ake da banbamta fasali na hanyar halin da gravimetric analysis? Bari mu bincika da yanayi da kuma nau'in.

bayani dalla-dalla

Gravimetric hanyar dogara ne a kan bincike na dokar kiyayewa taro abubuwa da kuma m abun da ke ciki. A wannan batun, shi dogara ne a kan m taro ji na so bangaren, wanda aka samu a matsayin wani fili da aka sani da sinadaran abun da ke ciki. Gravimetric analysis Hanyar da aka raba uku main kungiyoyin: barasan, hakar, hazo.

Hanyar kadaici

Ya dogara ne a kan hakar na analyte nemi sinadaran bangaren a cikin free jihar da kuma ta m madaidaici yin la'akari. Alal misali, a gravimetric hanya domin da yawa bincike damar domin sanin nauyi abun ciki na ash a cikin m man fetur. Ga lissafin auna Crucible, combusted samfurin na man fetur, a cikinta, sakamakon ash aka auna. Tare da nauyin da saura, ta amfani da dabara taro sulusi da murabba'i na abu gwada yawa index da aka lasafta a cikin cakuda.

barasan

Wannan Hanyar bincike - da gravimetric abun ciki, kamar yadda lasafta shafi cikakken kau na bangaren matsayin gaseous fili da kuma m yin la'akari da m saura. Wannan dabara iya sanin danshi abun ciki na daban-daban kayan, lissafi gwada yawa abun ciki a cikin crystal ruwa na crystallization. Don yin irin wannan lissafi, da farko ƙayyade da taro na dauke samfurin kayan zaba. Sa'an nan cire gaba daya daga gare tsare bangaren. Bambanci tsakanin nauyi kafin bushewa ko calcination kuma bayan da taro ne a detectable sinadaran moiety. Bisa ga dabara na taro sulusi da murabba'i ne da za'ayi gwada yawa lissafin.

shaida dabara

Menene wannan hanya na bincike? Gravimetric shaida hanyar dogara ne a kan gwada yawa hazo da ake so ion matsayin ƙwauro narkewa abu da takamaiman sinadaran abun da ke ciki. A sakamakon precipitate aka tace, wanke, bushe sa'an nan calcined. Bayan cikakken kau na ruwa da shi auna. Sanin taro na precipitate, za a iya lissafi da gwada yawa abun ciki a cikin samfurin kwayoyin ko ions na so bangaren.

Bukatun ga hazo a cikin gravimetric analysis

Kuma duk da haka - abin da mai gravimetric analysis Hanyar? Ainihin yadda ake gudanar a cikin hanyar dangantaka da shaida na hazo tsari. Daidaiton samu a cikin analysis sakamakon haka ne kai tsaye dogara a kan sinadaran abun da ke ciki na abu, da precipitate tsarin tsarki. Bugu da kari, lissafin da alaka da cake hali a lokacin da bushewa da kuma calcining. Popular sau da yawa wani canji a cikin sunadarai abun da ke ciki na da sakamakon sludge a lokacin da calcining. Ajiye wani nau'i kira da sinadaran abun da ke ciki na da sakamakon precipitate.

Basic hanyoyin unsa gravimetric bincike kafin su sami wani cikakken sakamakon binciken. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa to da nauyi da kuma siffar na ajiye laka dole ne hadu wasu bukatun.

1. Ya kamata a yi m solubility, da kuma fi dacewa - zama insoluble sinadaran fili.
2. Yana dole ne samar da manyan lu'ulu'u. A wannan yanayin babu matsaloli a cikin tacewa tsari, domin ba su sanƙarar da pores. A manyan lu'ulu'u na kananan surface, suna adsorbed a m gudun data kasance mafita, shi ne mai sauki wanke. Amorphous hazo na baƙin ƙarfe hydroxide (3) A najasa adsorbed ba tare da matsaloli, su ne wuya a wanke daga karshen, tace wannan fili shi ne jinkirin.
3. Gaba daya, kuma a cikin wani gajeren lokaci lokaci auku a cikin nau'i na nauyi.

A bukatun domin nau'i na gravitational

Bari mu bincika da gravimetric Hanyar bincike. Jigon da Hanyar - cewa yana da muhimmanci daidaito. Gravimetric form ya kamata a bayyana ta da sinadaran dabara amfani da yin lissafi da abun ciki na musamman aka gyara daga cikin samfurin. A calcined precipitate a lokacin da sanyaya da kuma yin la'akari da hanyoyin kamata ba sha ruwa tururi daga iska, ko dai warke oxidized. Idan sludge yana kama jiki halaye, da aka asali tuba a cikin wani barga tsari, ta yin amfani da musamman sunadarai. Alal misali, yin lissafi da taro sulusi da murabba'i na alli carbonate a cikin kayan, siffar gravimetric alli oxide iya mamaye carbon dioxide da water, da aka tuba zuwa alli sulfate. Don wannan calcined precipitate da aka bi da tare da sulfuric acid, kiyayye zazzabi tsarin mulki (500 ° C).

Utensils domin gudanar da bincike

Abin da kuke bukata don gudanar da irin wannan Hanyar bincike? Gravimetric embodiment shafi yin amfani da musamman sinadaran tasoshin manyan girma. Ga amfani da bakin ciki-hananna kofuna na daban-daban masu girma dabam, mazurari, gilashin da sandunansu, hour gilashin, ain crucibles, gilashin kwalaye. Gravimetric da titrimetric analysis hanyoyin unsa da amfani da kawai tsabta kwantena kauce wa duk wani kurakurai a lissafinta. Dry spots ko saukad da nuna gaban a kan gilashin surface na mai gyara. Yanayi zai bi wannan Layer, sakamakon rikitarwa da cikakken canja su zuwa da tace. Hanyar gravimetric Hanyar shafi hankali dishwashing ƙuna. Don tsabtace da ain crucibles amfani zafi tsarma hydrochloric acid, sa'an nan a cakuda chromic bayani. A bu mai kyau don fara aikin kunna wani akwati mai tsabta.

Kayan aiki don gudanar da bincike

Abin da ke bambanta da gravimetric Hanyar bincike? Jigon da Hanyar - a gwada yawa tabbatar da dalilin da aka gyara a littattafai. A kayan aiki da za a bukata domin irin wannan bincike, irin wa abin da aka yi amfani da ingantaccen bincike. Domin m sassa ake bukata ruwa baho, ain triangles, dafuwa, Crucible tongs, muffle Tanderu, gas burners. Domin calcination a gas burners ain crucibles triangles ake amfani da shi, Ya sanya daga ain shambura dasa a kan wani karfe substrate. Zabi alwatika wannan size da Crucible protrudes a wata na uku tsawo. Crucibles gabatar a cikin wutar makera ta amfani da dogon forceps da ciwon wani lebur, upwardly mai lankwasa iyakar. Su ya kamata ba za a nutsa cikin sludge. Kafin zuwa aikace-aikace na iyakar forceps tsarkake, calcined a gas kuka ko makera. Desiccators amfani ga sanyaya calcined ko mai tsanani abubuwa zuwa dakin da zazzabi. Shi ne a lokacin farin ciki-hananna gilashin jirgin ruwa wanda aka rufe ƙasa-murfin. Ƙananan ɓangare na desiccator aka cika da hygroscopic abu:

• guda na alli oxide.
• phosphorus oxide (5);
• mayar da hankali sulfuric acid.

Sulfuric acid garwaya da danshi. Aiki tare da wani desiccator, yana da muhimmanci a tabbatar da cewa sassa a ƙasa-wani Layer na man shafawa.

Dokokin Samfur gwaji

Dauke rarrabuwa gravimetric analysis hanyoyin ya shafi yin aiki tare da abubuwa. Jamhuriyar la'akari da irin wannan samfurin, wanda ya ƙunshi wata karamar adadin analyte abu da ciwon sinadaran da jiki Properties musamman ga babban tsari. A daidaitar Samfur rinjayar da daidaito na shigarwa na sinadaran da jiki halaye da kuma sinadaran abun da ke ciki daga cikin kayan da ake bincikar. Ance wani talakawan samfurin da tsananin kulawa, in ba haka ba wani babban yiwuwar kurakurai, m gwajin sakamakon. Yana dole ne a tuna da cewa manyan chunks na da sinadaran abun da ke ciki na iya bambanta materially daga turɓãya. Saboda haka akwai uku zaɓuɓɓuka:

• primary samfurin - ake bukata domin lokaci na farko da na gwaji.
• fasfo ko dakin gwaje-gwaje samfurin - samu ta hanyar rage farko nauyi da samfurin to wanda bukatar sunadarai da physico-inji bincike.
• hikimar tantance - aka ɗauke ta daga dakin gwaje-gwaje samfurin sunadarai analysis.

Akwai sashen kamar yadda hikimar tantance sunadarai. Gravimetric analysis Hanyar ne hanya daya da kafa gwada yawa abun da ke ciki na al'amarin. Domin ya hana canje-canje a cikin zafi ko sunadarai abun da ke ciki na al'amarin, kayan for gravimetric bincike da aka adana a wani yin la'akari kwalban, tam shãfe haske lids. Sashe na daga cikin samfurin da ake bukata domin kai tsaye bincike da kuma rarraba da ya rage a ajiye.

Shiri na samfurin domin gudanar da bincike

Dagawa dauke low taro analyte samfurin hikimar tantance samfurin wanda aka auna ga sinadaran analysis. An muhimmiyar rawa a quantifying darajar samfurin plays. A mafi girma da adadin gwajin samfurin da aka dauka domin gravimetric analysis, da mafi m sakamakon samu. Amma wannan ya dagula tacewa tsari sakamakon precipitate, calcining shi, wanka. Domin wadannan dalilai, muhimmanci tsawo lokacin da bincike. A cikin kananan samfurin nauyi daidaito na tabbatar da dalilin da aka rage muhimmanci. Don yin la'akari batches na daskararru, yi amfani da kananan agogon tabarau. Maras tabbas, hygroscopic abu da za a auna a cikin rufaffiyar yin la'akari kwalban.

shaida yanayi

Ga haske daga cikin kayan dã ya kasance m gabatar zo. Gravimetric analysis Hanyar a wannan mataki ya shafi cikin gwada yawa canja wurin da ake so bangaren a wani musamman sinadaran. Sanin taro na precipitate, yana yiwuwa yin lissafi da kashi na bangaren da za a m. Cikar hazo ne kai tsaye dogara a kan daidaito da bincike. Daga cikin dalilan saboda wanda ba duk da dabara bangaren zai precipitate, Ambaton iya zama bai cika hazo. Shi ne kusan ba zai yiwu ba a cimma cikakkar hazo, za a iya rage ga m yiwu asarar. Domin da bincike na zaba precipitator - kusan insoluble precipitate. Ya aka dauka a wuce haddi, domin kauce wa wadannan sinadaran halayen. Akwai wani yanayi da cewa dole ne a hadu a samu da crystalline precipitate:

• hazo daga tsarma mafita daga rauni mafita kwashe precipitator.
• Mai tsanani mafita ajiye zafi precipitators.

Ga gwaji, zabi high quality-reagent ion ga niyya. Yana da wuya a zabi wani musamman precipitant aka ƙaddara ga kowane ion. A wannan batun, masking ne da za'ayi wadanda barbashi wanda zai iya hana cikakken shaida ko cire su daga cikin samfurin bayani na yin gwada yawa analysis.

Kusan ba zai yiwu ba a samu takamaiman precipitators ga dukkan tsare ions. Sa'an nan wajibi ne a yi amfani masking ko ions taushẽwarsu shaida, ko ka raba su daga cikin bayani kafin hazo. Sanin game da siffofin na ƙarau hazo, yana yiwuwa su yi amfani da yanayin da yarda da samuwar manyan lu'ulu'u.

1. An precipitated daga diluted zafi mafita precipitant, dauka a cikin wani karamin taro. Lokacin da mai tsanani, da solubility na kananan lu'ulu'u ne ta ƙara, don haka kara maida hankali na precipitant da ions a cikin bayani. Saboda wannan sabon abu, manyan lu'ulu'u kafa da cewa kasa ta soke lokacin tsanani da.
2. Zuba precipitator don gano abubuwa da low kudi. Amfani domin hadawa da gilashin sanda, abin da ya kamata ku shãfe kasa bango da kuma bututun ƙarfe. Tare da stirring, da crystal girma da aka kara kuzari kamar yadda rage yawan shafukan da lu'ulu'u.
3. Cake tsaya ga dama hours. A amorphous precipitates ajiye a karkashin yanayi na musamman, tun da sun kasance yiwuwa ga adsorption tsari daban-daban impurities, da kuma bayyanar colloidal mafita.

Matsaloli gravimetric analysis

The daidaito na gwada yawa lissafin shafi laka quality. A ta samu ji daidaito da aka rage muhimmanci, da kuskure ƙaruwa. Dalilin gurbatawa ne co-hazo, cewa shi ne hazo kasashen waje abubuwa. Akwai iri biyu na co-hazo:

• surface adsorption.
• Occlusion.

Don duba cikawa na da hazo sallama ion ƙara 'yan saukad da reagent zuwa wani bayani da aka kafa a sama da laka. A cikakken fitarwa na ion shaida bayani zai zama bayyananne.

ƙarshe

Ingantaccen bincike ya shafi wani gwada yawa tabbatar da dalilin da inorganic ions a littattafai. The main manufofin dauke ingantaccen bincike na zaba samfurin ganewa da kuma ganewa na musamman aka gyara, ko ions sunadarai abubuwa, wani takamaiman abu ko aikin kungiyar. Fractional Hanyar bincike a nazarin sauki garwayayye, a lokacin da neman wani karamin yawan aka gyara. Domin irin wannan gravimetric bincike na bukatar raba samfurori da kuma bai isa a kula adadin ingantaccen halayen. Don cikakken ayyana gwajin dũkiyõyinsu a cikin inorganic aka gyara, da farko cakuda da farko rabu cikin mutum "hikimar tantance kungiyar", sa'an nan da taimakon musamman halayen bude kowanne so ion. -Din-din ingantaccen bincike damar ƙara da AMINCI na hikimar tantance bayanai. Kafin nazari a kan wani gwada yawa bincike, yana da muhimmanci gana ra'ayin da ingancin wani gwajin samfurin, to zaɓi wani mafi kyau duka hanya.