Hanya da bincike jirgin sama T-4: halaye na fasaha, bayanin, hoto

Bayan game da shekaru 20 bayan karshen yakin duniya na II, ta Soviet umurnin mu fahimci yadda m aka undervalued American dako. Experience na gina wadannan jiragen ruwa a kasar mu ba, sabili da haka ya nemi asymmetric martani: nukiliya makami mai linzami da jirgin sama m na keta ta cikin iska tsaro jirgin sama m kungiyoyin da m halakar da babban jirgin. Daya daga cikin mafi nasara ayyukan da aka jirgin T-4.

Sanadin

By ƙarshen 50s, kasar mu ne cikin wani mawuyacin halin da ake ciki: jirgi da jirgin sama, muna shakka rasa Amurka, inda a lokacin yaki kara taki aza nauyi Cruisers da kuma kai harin. Parity gudanar ya ci gaba kawai saboda da jaruntakar kokarin da makami mai linzami. Amma halin da ake ciki shi ne har yanzu gangami, domin a lokaci guda, da Amirkawa fara aiwatar da a cikin sojan ruwa nukiliya makami mai linzami, an rufe up a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsari da jirgin sama. Yadda ya kamata ku yi yãƙi mu iya ba da jirgin sama m kungiyoyin, tun da wannan kawai ba su da kayan aiki da ya dace.

The kawai dogara hanyar hallaka jirgin sama m kungiyar da aka kaddamar a supersonic da makamai masu linzami da na nukiliya warheads. Data kasance a lokacin da jirgin sama da kuma submarines da Tarayyar Soviet kawai zai iya ba gane manufa daga wani hadari nesa, da yawa kasa buga shi.

Yadda za a magance matsalar?

Halittar musamman submarines lokaci shi ne ba sauki, kuma haka ya yanke shawarar yin amfani da jirgin sama zanen kaya. Sun kafa wata "sauki" aiki: wajen samar da wani sa na "jirgin sama + roka" maza maza, iya shiga iska tsaro jirgin sama m American kungiyar da kuma halakar da mafi m jiragen ruwa.

A marigayi 50-ies a kasar mu akwai wani aiki da zai dace da ko ta yaya wadannan bukatun. Duk da haka, a myasishchev da M-56 jirgin sama aikin. Its main amfani ya gudu wanda zai iya isa 3000 km / h. Amma ya Take-kashe nauyi ya 230 ton, kuma bam load - kawai 9 tons. Yana da aka bai isa ba. Kuma akwai wani jirgin saman T4 m Sukhoi Design ofishin ya dauki da ya maye gurbin alkuki.

"Sakar"

"Aircraft m kisa" ma ya yi wani taro a Take-kashe na ba fiye da 100 ton, da "rufi" na jirgin - ba kasa da 24 kilomita kuma gudun - kawai wadanda na 3000 km / h. Irin wannan jirgin sama a kan tsarin kula da manufa shi ne a jiki ba zai yiwu ba a gane da kuma aika shi da wani roka. A wannan lokacin babu interceptors iya lalata irin wannan na'ura.

Flight nesa "daruruwan" ya zama a kalla 6-8 kilomita dubu lokacin da kewayon da makamai masu linzami da - 600-800 kilomita. Ya kamata a lura da cewa shi ne a roka a cikin wannan hadaddun sun cike: shi ba kawai ya karya ta tsaro, za su mafi girma zai yiwu gudun, amma kuma in je zuwa ga manufa, bi da shan kashi a cikin gaba daya offline. Saboda haka cewa jirgin saman T4 - makami mai linzami, lantarki cika da abin da yake da muhimmanci wuce na zamaninsa.

mahalarta wajen

Gwamnatin ta yanke shawarar cewa ci gaban da sabon jirgin sama zai shiga kirar Tupolev, Sukhoi da Yakovlev. Mikoyan aka ba kunshe a cikin jerin ba saboda wasu irin rikici, da kuma ga dalilin cewa ya hukumar aka gaba daya swamped tare da aiki a kan wani sabon jirgin saman soja MiG-25. Ko da yake, a cikin adalci ya kamata a lura da cewa shi ne za ta lashe kirar Tupolev da sauran CB janyo hankalin kawai gasa da ganuwa. Amincewar kuma bisa ga data kasance "aikin 135", wanda ake bukata kawai kara zuwa da ake bukata cruising gudun 3000 km / h.

Duk da tsammanin, "mayakan" tare da amfani da farincikin dauki sama da wadanda ba-core aiki. Forward nan da nan m Sukhoi. Sun zabi da layout na "duck" tare da iska intakes, wanda kara da dan kadan bayan gaban gefen reshe. Da farko, da jirgin sama aikin wani Take-kashe nauyi na 102 ton, wanda shi ne dalilin da ya sa shi makale for unofficial laƙabi da "sakar".

Ba zato ba tsammani, da modified jirgin sama T4 "dvuhsotki" - shi ne mai aikin samarwa a lokaci guda tare da kirar Tupolev Tu-160. Mutane da yawa ayyukan Sukhoi kirar Tupolev aka yi amfani don ƙirƙirar su mota, kai-kashe nauyi daga abin da ya wuce 200 tons.

Wannan aikin ne Sukhoi lashe gasar. Bayan haka, zanen da tafi, ta hanyar da yawa m lokacin, kamar yadda da hannun dama a kan dukkan kayan tilasta kirar Tupolev. Ya ƙi cewa bai ƙara wani abokai a cikin jirgin sama masana'antu, kuma a cikin jam'iyyar.

ikon shuka

Musamman a lokacin da jirgin sama T-4 bukaci a kalla da musamman engine da zai iya gudu a kan wani musamman irin na man fetur. Ambata cewa, a Sukhoi shi ne kawai uku zabin, amma a karshen zaunar a kan RD36-41 model. Domin ya raya alhakin ba a sani ba "Saturn". Ka lura da cewa wannan engine wani "m zumunta" model VD-7. Su, musamman, sanye take da kai harin 3m.

A engine ne nan da nan bambanta da ya kwampreso ta 11 digiri, da kuma gaban iska sanyaya na farko-mataki injin turbin ruwan wukake. Recent fasaha ya yarda da kara yawan aiki da zazzabi na konewa jam'iyya nan da nan zuwa 950K. Wannan engine - a halin yanzu ba a kare ba, musamman ta hanyar Soviet nagartacce. A halittarsa shi ya dauki kawai shekaru goma, amma sakamakon da aka daraja. Shi ne ta hanyar wannan T4 engine - makami mai linzami, gudun wanda ya wuce cewa ta takwarorina.

Wanne makami mai linzami da aka dauke da makamai tare da wannan jirgin sama?

Watakila, watakila mafi muhimmanci kashi na "jummai" wani model roka X-33, wanda shi ne alhakin da ci gaban da almara "Raduga". The aiki kafin Ofishin aka kafa a fuskantar zahiri a kan gab da fasahar da lokaci. Yana da ya wajaba a yi roka da za a bi autonomously da burin a wata tsawo na ba kasa da nisan kilomita 30, kuma ta gudu ya shida zuwa bakwai sau da sauti.

Bugu da kari, bayan-m-tushen domin shi da kanka (!) Was yin lissafi da shugaban m da kuma kai farmaki da shi ta hanyar mafi m batu. Kawai sa, da buga-bincike jirgin sama T-4, wanda yana da wani photo a wani labarin za'ayi a kan jirgin cikin roka, wanda kudin rabin matsayin "daruruwan."

Ko da a yau ta designers ne quite mai wuya aiki. Duk da yake cikin bukatun da bai nemi karin dama. Don yin wadannan ayyuka, nasu radar, kazalika da babbar dama da rikitacciyar lantarki da aka kunshe a cikin zane na roka. The wuya daga cikin tsarin a kan jirgin da X-33 a wata hanya ba, baya ga waɗanda a mafi "daya-hundredths".

A rabo na kimiyya da fasaha

A halin yanzu hargowar jirgin sama T-4 samar da haske domin ta sverhtehnologichny gida. A karo na farko a cikin tarihin na cikin gida da jirgin sama akwai ko da wani raba nuni ga dace kimantawa da dabara da kuma fasaha yanayi. A kan microfilm katunan fadin duniya ta surface nuna da dabara halin da ake ciki a hakikanin lokaci.

Matsaloli na zayyana da kuma samar da

Ba mamaki, a cikin zane mataki na wani hadadden inji ciwon daruruwan matsaloli, kowanne daga abin da zai iya dagula ma Academician. Da fari dai, daga asalin shasi na jirgin sama ba shige zuwa cikin ciki daki. Don warware wannan matsala, sa a gaba wani iri-iri zažužžukan, da yawa daga abin da suke frankly delusional: musamman, samarwa aikin ko "changeling", lokacin da jirgin saman ya tashi har zuwa makasudin gida saukar.

Hakika, da jirgin sama T-4 - m bayani dalla-dalla wanda da yawa gaba na lokaci ... amma ba su da wannan mataki!

Amma kuma yanke shawara riƙi sa'an nan sun fi mayar duba quite dama. Saboda haka, a gudun 3000 km / h ko da dan kadan doguwar fitilar taksi muhimmanci ƙara juriya. Sai aka samarwa mai sauki bayani: ga m ja a lokacin jirgin gida ne ya ɗaga. Tun a tsawon 24 kilomita su kewaya gani har yanzu zai yi aiki ba, da maɓallin ya kamata ya kai kawai ga kida.

Lokacin da T-4 jirgin sama ne saukowa, da gida da aka deflected zuwa ƙasa, sabõda haka, ya bayyana a matukin jirgi da kyau kwarai ganuwa. Na farko, da soja dauki wannan ra'ayin sosai m, amma da ikon Vladimira Ilyushina, ɗan mahaliccin m shtkrmovika il, Duk da haka ya taimaka shawo generals. Bugu da kari, da Ilyushin nace a kan yin zane na periscope: shi za a yi amfani a yanayin saukan gazawar da karkatar inji. Af, ya yanke shawara yin amfani da daga baya halitta na cikin gida Tu-144 da kuma Anglo-Faransa Concorde.

Samar da wani fairing

Daya daga cikin mafi kalubale ayyuka da aka halittar fairing. Gaskiyar ita ce, lokacin da samar da zanen da ya yi biyu ga alama iri dabam dabam maki. Da fari dai, fairing ya zama mai igiyoyin rediyo. Abu na biyu, ya jā da musamman high inji da kuma thermal lodi. , Dã ya halicci musamman kayan a kan tushen da gilashin filler, tsarin wanda yayi kama da saƙar zuma don warware wannan matsala.

Saboda wannan bugu-bincike jirgin sama T-4 da aka wajaba dauke da "progenitor" na da yawa musamman fasahar da cewa yanzu amfani ba kawai a cikin sojojin, amma a cikin gaba daya cikin lumana masana'antu.

Nan da nan fairing - biyar Layer yi, tare da 99% kaya fadi a kan ta m casing, wanda kauri ne kawai 1.5 mm. Don cimma wannan m Figures, masana kimiyya ya samar da halitta dangane da silicon da kuma gudanar da mahadi. A lokacin aikin da masana kimiyya da za a duba kuma tantance al'amurra fiye da 20 (!) Daga yiwu siffofi da kuma masu girma dabam na nan gaba da jirgin sama, hango ko hasashen su gudu yi. Kuma duk wannan - ba tare da zamani kwamfuta shirye-shirye! Saboda haka grand taimako na designers rashin sanin cikakken farashi wuya.

na farko jirgin

Don tashi da farko jirgin sama T4 "sakar" da aka shirya a cikin bazara na shekara ta 1972, amma saboda peat gobara a kusa da birnin Moscow ganuwa a kan takeoff da kuma saukowa gwajin na hadahada ya kusan sifili. Dã flights jinkiri. Kuma saboda da farko jirgin ya faru ne kawai a karshen lokacin rani na wannan shekara, tare da piloted jirgin sama matukin jirgi Vladimir Ilyushin da navigator Nicholas Alferov. Da farko tara gwajin flights aka yi. Ka lura da cewa biyar daga cikin wadannan matukan jirgin da aka za'ayi ba tare da cire shasi: shi muhimmanci ga tantance handling na sabon na'ura a duk aiki halaye.

Matukan jirgin, nan da nan ya lura da high saukaka iko da jirgin sama: ko da sauti shamaki "sakar" da aka gudanar daidai, har ma da lokacin miƙa mulki ga supersonic ji kawai da na'urorin. Army wakilan, duba da gwaje-gwaje kasance farin ciki tare da sabon na'ura, da kuma nan da nan nema a samar da tsari na 250 guda. Domin jirgin sama na wannan aji ne kawai wuce yarda da m wurare dabam dabam!

Idan duk ya tafi da kyau, za mu san jirgin sama T-4 (dan kunar bakin waken, wanda halaye an bayyana a cikin wannan abu) a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi girma a cikin aji.

Aircraft al'amurra

Wani "haskaka" wannan inji shi ne reshe na m sanyi. Saboda wannan, shi za a iya daukan wani Multi-dalili, da jirgin sama zai iya sauƙi a yi amfani a matsayin stratospheric bincike. Wannan zai rage kudin da soja shirye-shirye zai samar da kawai daya jirgin maimakon biyu.

Karshen sabuwar fasahar

Da farko, da "saƙa" kamata ya yi gina a Tushino sufurin jiragen sama Shuka, amma shi kawai ba ja da ake bukata samar kundin. The kawai kamfanin wanda zai iya samar da ake bukata yawan sabon motoci da aka Kazan AZ. A wani gajeren lokaci da muka juya shiri aikin for sabon shagunan. Amma a nan shãmakace siyasa: kirar Tupolev ya ba su da sha'awar a gasa, saboda haka brazenly Dry "tura" daga factory, hacked zuwa mutuwa a tushen duk masu yiwuwa na gina sabon na'ura.

Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa a yau mun san cewa jirgin sama T-4 - m, wanda ya na musamman domin ta lokaci halaye, amma ba wanda ya tafi har a kananan jerin. A daidai wannan lokaci shi gudanar da mataki na biyu na "filin" gwaje-gwaje. A karshen Janairu 1974 akwai wani jirgin a lokacin da jirgin ya iya isa wani tsawo na 12 km da kuma gudun M = 1.36. Yana da aka zaci cewa, a wannan mataki inji, ƙarshe kai cikin hanzari da M = 2.6.

A halin yanzu ya bushe shawarce da gudanar da Tushino factory, ko da hadaya don sake gina shop, kawai don su iya gina na farko 50 "da gona wajen kadada". Amma hukumomi wakilta ma'aikatar cikin jirgin sama masana'antu, shi ne sosai labartawa kirar Tupolev, hana ko na zanen damar. Tuni a cikin Maris 1974, duk da aikin a kan juyin juya halin Musulunci jirgin sama da aka kare ba tare da bayani. Saboda haka cewa T-4 - wani jirgin sama (ya photo ne a cikin takarda), wanda aka halaka kawai don sirri dalilai wasu mutane a cikin ma'aikatar tsaron da kuma gwamnatin da Tarayyar Soviet.

Mutuwar Sukhoi, wanda ya faru Satumba 15, 1975, bai kawo tsabta a wannan batun. Kawai a shekarar 1976, ma'aikatar sufurin jiragen sama Industry dryly ambata cewa aiki a kan "Sotka" aka tsaya kawai saboda gaskiyar cewa kirar Tupolev bukatar ma'aikata da kuma samar iya aiki domin samar da Tu-160. A lokaci guda har yanzu T-4 sanar da wanda ya riga na "White Swan", ko da yake kirar Tupolev kawai privatize duk kayan a kan "100 aikin", shan amfani da mutuwa da Sukhoi.

Kirar Tupolev kare bayyana matsayinsa da cewa da zanen so su aiwatar da "mafi sauki da kuma cheap Tu-22M" ... Haka ne, wannan jirgin sama shi ne, lalle mai rahusa, kawai a kan ta aiwatar dauki fiye da shekara bakwai, da kuma da halaye, ya kasance da nisa sosai daga dabarun m. Bugu da kari, har zuwa ɗan lokaci har sai da yawa AMINCI matsalolin da aka warware, wannan model ya tafi, ta hanyar da dama hawan keke na gyara cewa shi ne ma ba mafi kyau hanyar shafa jimlar kudin da aikin.

Game da Grand overruns jama'a magunguna la'akari da matsayin da cewa daga cikin shagunan na Kazan jirgin sama shuka kawai yanka da kuma jefa tafi a sharar gida mafi muhimmanci da kayan aiki nufi don taro samar, "saƙa."

Muhimmancin "saƙa"

A halin yanzu, kadai jirgin sama Sukhoi T-4 da aka located a kan madawwami docked a Monino gidan kayan gargajiya na jirgin sama. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa a shekarar 1976, da Sukhoi Design ofishin ya dauka a karshe damar kawo "wani mutum ɗari" a kan gama line, ya sanar da adadin biliyan 1.3 rubles. The gwamnatin tãyar da m amo cewa kawai da gudummawar da wani wuri gushewa jirgin sama. Galibi shi ne gaskiya cewa Tu-160 ya kudin Tarayyar Soviet muhimmanci mafi tsada. Saboda haka cewa T-4 - wani jirgin saman da zai iya zama wani manufa zaɓi a cikin sharuddan na farashin da kuma siffofin.

Babu kafin kuma bayan da Tarayyar Soviet ba su da irin wannan yawan sabbin kirkire-kirkire aiwatuwa a cikin mota. By lokacin da samfur "ƙi 100", a can ne daidai da 600 latest qirqire da hažžožin. A nasara a filin jirgin sama ya wuce yarda. Alas, amma shi ya kasance mai kama: tare da aiki da, cewa shi ne mai nasara jirgin sama m iska tsaro umarni, da jirgin saman T4 "sakar" a lokacin da halitta ne ba jimre. Abin lura shi ne cewa Tu-160 ne ba su dace da wannan manufa. Domin wannan makami mai linzami submarines shige fi kyau.

Precursors da analogs

Cikin shahararrun "White Swan", wanda aka ce masa m Tu-160. Wannan shi ne mu na karshe dabarun m. Matsakaicin Take-kashe nauyi - 267 ton, misali ƙasa gudun - 850 km / h. "White Swan" iya hanzarta zuwa 2000 km / h. Iyakar kewayo - har zuwa 14 000 km. A saka a jirgin iya daukar har zuwa 40 ton na da makamai masu linzami da kuma / ko bama-bamai suka hada da "smart", don mayar da hanyar tauraron dan adam da tsarin.

A wani hali embodiment ne wani bam bays shida da makamai masu linzami X-55 da kuma X-55M. "White Swan" - mafi tsada Soviet da jirgin sama, shi ne muhimmanci mafi tsada fiye da T-4 da jirgin sama, da ƙaryata, Inter Alia, saboda "high kudin". Bugu da kari, babu wani daga wadannan jirgin sama a lokacin da halittarsa, ba zai iya tabbatar da aiwatar da manufofin da aka halicce su. A baya, an yanke shawarar ci gaba da samar da kayan aiki a Kazan jirgin sama shuka. A dalilin ne mai sauki - bayyanar sabon makamai masu linzami, da barin zumunta nasara (a ka'idar) karya ta tsaro, kazalika da cikakken rashi na zamani aukuwa a wannan filin.

M-50

Revolutionary ga ajalinsa, da jirgin saman halitta Vladimirom Myasischevym da kuma ma'aikatan na OKB-23. A Take-kashe nauyi na 175 ton, dole ne ya hanzarta zuwa kusan 2000 km / h da kuma sashe har zuwa 20 ton na bama-bamai da kuma / ko makamai masu linzami.

XB-70 Valkyrie

A saman-m American m (domin ta lokaci), wanda jiki ne gaba ɗaya daga titanium. Company mahaliccin - North American. Take-kashe nauyi - 240 ton, matsakaicin gudun - 3220 km / h. Kewayon aikace-aikace - har zuwa 12 kilomita dubu. A jerin bai je saboda wuce yarda high kudin da fasaha haduwar samar.

Yau, T-4 (jirgin sama, wanda yana da photo a cikin labarin) ne babban misali na yadda tech kuma high quality-kayan aiki aka kashe domin dalilai na siyasa da kuma undercover wasanni.

sakamakon

Sa'a, da Herculean kokarin zanen kaya da kuma makudan ciyar a kan ci gaba da kuma samar da prototypes, ba sunk zuwa abu wulakantacce. Da fari dai, da yawa daga cikin fasahar ci gaba da nan aka daga baya amfani a cikin ci gaban da Tu-160, wanda a yau tsaya gadi iyakar kasar mu. Abu na biyu, da Sukhoi Design ofishin ya iya amfani da duk wadannan aukuwa a cikin halittar wani musamman domin da lokaci, da Su-27, wanda wannan rana ya ci gaba da zama a "buga" faɗa jirgin sama.

A rinjayar "daruruwan" a kan tarihin gida jirgin sama masana'antu da kuma sarari masana'antu ya ce akalla gaskiya cewa fasahar ne "cell" shafi da aka yi amfani da a ci gaba da "Burana". Alas, amma aikin da aka stupidly lalace.