Hanyar tsarin pathological: definition, alamu, misalai

Duk abin da ke faruwa a jikin mutum shine batun wasu dokoki. Suna aiki ne kawai kamar yadda halin da ake ciki, don haka jiki, a kokarin ƙoƙarin kare kansa daga "barazanar" a cikin magani ko maganin alurar riga kafi, wani lokaci yakan cutar kansa. Me yasa wannan yake faruwa? Kuma ta yaya zaku iya rinjayar wannan tsari don kunna shi don kanku? Shin akwai ra'ayi na tsari na ilimin lissafi, jinsunan dake hada abubuwa? Masana kimiyya da likitoci sunyi tunanin wadannan tambayoyin na daruruwan shekaru. Suna ƙoƙari su ɓoye alamu a cikin halayen jiki don nazarin aikinsa.

Definition

Hanyar dabarun tsari shine maganin halayen abin da ke faruwa a cikin jiki don amsawa ga wani waje ko na ciki wanda ya rushe hanyoyi na rayuwa. Duk wani tsari na ilimin lissafi yana da halaye irin su duniya, tsauraran tsari, polyethyology, autochthonism, daidaituwa da kuma bayyanar da hankalin kirkiro.

Sanin halayen ya bamu damar gane fasalin tsari na al'ada daga dukan nauyin halayen da ke faruwa cikin jiki kowane minti daya.

Abubuwan halayen tsari na ilimin lissafi

Tsarin al'amuran al'amuran al'ada suna samuwa da kasancewar halaye guda shida.

1. Stereotype. Gabatarwar fasali na tsari na al'ada, ba tare da la'akari da dalilin da yake fitowa da kuma ganowa ba.
2. Versatility. Tsarin ilimin lissafi na al'ada zai iya kasancewa a cikin abun da ke tattare da raka'a na ɓangaren nosological.
3. Polyethiologic. Maganin ilimin ilimin kwayar cuta na cututtukan kawai yana aiki kawai ne kawai kuma baya dindindin.
4. Kamfanoni. Tsarin tsarin na iya bunkasa kai tsaye, koda lokacin da ma'anar ilimin halitta ya daina aiki.
5. Daidaitawa. Hanyoyi daban-daban don aiwatar da tsarin ilimin lissafi, wanda ke haifar da wannan cigaba da ƙuduri.
6. Harshen tsauraran yanayi. Wannan ingantaccen tsari na tsari da ka'idojin tsari.

Sanin waɗannan halaye, zaku iya gane duk wani tsari na al'ada. Misalan irin wannan damuwa: kumburi, zazzabi, hypoxia, danniya, girgiza. Bugu da ƙari, mutum zai iya rarraba waɗannan matakai a matsayin ƙari, thrombosis, atrophy da sauran mutane.

Kumburi

Kumburi wani tsari ne na tsari, wanda yake nunawa ta canje-canje a zagaye na jini, ƙara yawan kwakwalwa a cikin haɗuwa tare da yaduwar kwayoyin halitta da kuma dystrophy na kyallen takarda. An yi amfani da shi wajen kawar da ƙarancin motsa jiki da kuma mayar da aikin gwaninta da gabobin.

Kumburi ya hada da abubuwa biyar masu dacewa: zazzabi, zafi, kumburi, redness, da kuma rashin aiki. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan alamu na tsari na al'ada ta hanyar ganewar asali, da rarrabuwa na raka'a na nosological. Hanyar ƙonawa ta zama kowa ga dukan rayayyun halittu, ciki har da mafi sauki, ba tare da la'akari da dalilin da ya haifar da siffofin tsarin kwayoyin halitta ba.

Duk wani kumburi dole ne ta hanyar matakai guda uku, wanda zai iya zama ƙarami ko ƙarami. Mataki na farko shi ne canji. An hade shi da lalacewar kyallen takarda da jikin jikin. Na gaba, nuni, farawa lokacin da ruwa ya shiga cikin lalacewa daga gado mai kwakwalwa. Kuma mataki na ƙarshe shine yaduwa. Wannan ƙari ne mai nauyin kwayoyin halitta da gyaran nama (farfadowa).

Fever

Hankula pathological tafiyar matakai kuma sun hada da zazzabi da kuma tashe anoxia. Za ku iya fara da zazzaɓi. An bayyana shi ta hanyar ci gaba da yawan yawan zafin jiki saboda canje-canje a cikin tsarin thermoregulation. Juyin Halitta wannan samfurin ya samo don kare jiki daga magunguna masu yawa wanda ya mutu a ƙarƙashin rinjayar yawan zafin jiki.

Shekaru da suka wuce, duk cututtuka, a yayin da ake ci gaba da yawan zafin jiki, ake kira "zazzabi". Wannan lokaci yana samuwa kuma yanzu a cikin sunan wasu rassa na nosology, amma ba a duniya ba.

Dalilin wannan lamari ya ta'allaka ne akan gaskiyar cewa kwayoyin bayan ya shiga cikin pathogen samar da wasu abubuwa - pyrogens. Wadannan mahaɗin sunadarai suna shafar cibiyar thermoregulation kuma suna motsa matsayi na ma'auni mai tsawo fiye da saba. Amma halayen thermoregulation suna riƙe da ayyukansu. Wannan shine bambancin da ke tsakanin zazzabi da kuma hyperthermia, a lokacin da tsarin gyaran fuska na thermoregulation ya kasa.

Hypoxia

Hypoxia abu ne na al'ada wanda ya faru saboda rashin isashshen oxygen a cikin iska ko saboda rashin cin zarafinsa zuwa gabobi da kyallen takarda.

Bambanta:

Hypoxia hypoxic (rage yawan iskar oxygen a cikin iska mai iska);
- na numfashi ko na numfashi (cin zarafin iskar oxygen ta hanyar shamakiyar hematoalveolar);
- gemic, in ba haka ba jini (rage yawan karfin jini ga kwayoyin oxygen);
- raguwar jini (ragewa a cikin yawancin wurare dabam dabam);
- nama (rage a fahimtar oxygen ta kyallen takarda);
- sake saukewa (membranes na kwayoyin kwayoyin suna aiki a kan aiki);
- hade;
- mutum-sa (tasowa idan jiki yana cikin matsakaici tare da babban abun ciki na smog na dogon lokaci).

Mafi mahimmanci ga rashin isashshen oxygen ne jiki mai tausayi, ƙwayar zuciya, hanta da kwayoyin koda. Don gyara hypoxia, ƙwayoyin da ke ƙara yawan iskar oxygen zuwa kyallen takarda ko rage jiki na bukatar wannan gas ana amfani.

Allergy

Tsarin al'amuran al'amuran al'ada ba zai iya yin ba tare da ambaci allergies ba. Wannan wani abu ne mai tsafta ga tsarin jiki na jiki don bayyanar antigens a jiki. Akwai nau'in hypersensitivity guda hudu:

1. Anaphylactic. A lokacin da aka fara hulɗa da jiki tare da antigen, an kafa immunoglobulin E mai yawa, wanda aka haɗe shi zuwa cikin kwayoyin Mast da kuma kewaya cikin jini. Maimaita lamba tare da antigen, mast Kwayoyin suna hallaka, jini da tsoka fall kumburi shiga tsakani da suke haifar da tsari halayen.
2. Cytotoxic. Ana amfani da antigen dake jikin kwayar halitta ta hanyar immunoglobulin na azuzuwan M da G. Bayan haka, cellu ya lalace ta phagocytosis, ko dai a ƙarƙashin tasirin sunadarai masu haɓakawa, ko kuma ta hanyar kisa.
3. Immunocomplex. Kwayoyin rigakafi sun danganta ga antigens da haɗuwa ga bango na tasoshin. Kwayoyin cututtuka na jijiyoyin jiki sun hallaka ta hanyar sakin enzymes.
4. Kuskuren da ba a jinkirta ba (HRT). Antigen, shiga cikin jiki, yayi hulɗa tare da macrophages da T-helpers, maida hankali ga rigakafi.

Damuwa

Ƙwarewa shine haɗin kai wanda ya ƙunshi nauyin haɓakaccen jiki na jiki, waɗanda aka haɗa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar abubuwa daban-daban da na ciki. Akwai damuwa mai kyau - eustress, da kuma mummunan - wahala. Bisa ga irin yanayin da ake nunawa, ana nuna bambancin ƙwayoyin jiki, zazzabi, haske, yunwa da sauran matsaloli.

Physiological danniya kuma ake kira general karbuwa ciwo (OSA). Masanin ilmin halitta Hans Salie ya gano cewa, banda gafarar yanayin danniya, lalata wasu abubuwa na jiki: an karuwa a glandon thymus, karuwa a cikin kwayar daji, da kuma ulcers na gastrointestinal tract.

Haka masanin kimiyya ya kirkiro matakai uku na OAS:

- Tashin hankali (haɗin kai na tsararrakin jiki);
- juriya;
- ci.

Shekaru biyar bayan wallafawar ka'idarsa, a 1938, Salier ya ba da shawarar ka'ida ta gajeren lokaci da kuma dacewar lokaci.

Thrombosis

Hanyar tsarin pathological da ke hade da kwayoyin jini shine hypoxia da thrombosis. Wannan karshen shi ne samowar jini a cikin tasoshin lokacin rayuwar mutum. Bayan lalacewa da maganin, kofi, capillary, ko wani jirgi, thrombocytes rush zuwa shafin yanar gizo na rupture, wanda aka haɗuwa tare don samar da babban motsi na thrombus. Yana rufe lahani kuma ya dakatar da asarar jini daga gado mai kwakwalwa.

Wannan ita ce hanyar da ta dace na tsari. Amma a wasu sharuɗɗa (ƙananan jini, haɓakawa da gyaran gyare-gyare, ƙara yawan abun ciki), thrombi zai iya samuwa ba tare da lalacewar jini ba. Clots suna zagaye ta hanyar jini kuma zasu iya kwantar da ƙananan jirgi (ko manyan), haifar da ischemia da necrosis na kwayoyin.

Akwai abubuwa uku da ke taimakawa wajen ci gaban thrombosis, wanda ake kira. Tirad na Virchow:

- Hypercoagulation, ko thrombophilia (yanayin yana haifar da cututtukan kwayoyin cuta ko ƙarar rigakafi);
- lalacewa ga sel na tasoshin mucous (cuta, tiyata, kamuwa da cuta);
- cin zarafi na jini a shafin ciwo (jini mai lalacewa saboda cututtukan zuciya).

Kusawa

Kimiyyar likita tana bamu damar yin amfani da ƙwayar cuta kamar yadda ake amfani da ita a tsarin ilimin lissafi. Ma'anar wannan batu yana kama da wannan: yana da wani nau'i wanda aka samo asali daga canji a cikin kwayoyin halitta na tantanin halitta. Wadannan canje-canje sun haifar da rushewar haɓaka da bambancin su.

Dukan ciwace-ciwacen da aka rarraba zuwa manyan manyan kungiyoyi biyu: masihu da m. Akwai siffofi guda biyar a cikin dukan ciwace-ciwacen daji:

- atypism (nama ko salula);
- Organic tsarin;
- ci gaba;
- haɓaka;
- girma girma.

Don rashin lafiya, jinkirin raguwa yana da halayyar. Ba su haifar da metastases kuma basu da mummunar tasiri akan jiki a matsayinsa. Amma tare da haɗuwa da yanayi mara kyau, ƙwayar za ta iya zama m.

Atrophy

Tsarin hanyoyi na al'ada sun hada da atrophy da dystrophy. Atrophy yana da karuwa a cikin girman kwayoyin halitta da kyallen takarda saboda rashin lafiyar jiki. Yayin da ake yaduwa, ƙananan ƙwayoyin tsoka sun ragu, adadin actin da myosin, abubuwa masu filastik sun rage. A cikin myocardium akwai wuraren necrosis, da kuma ulcers a kan mucosa ciki. Atrophy yana tasowa a lokacin da mutum ya ƙare ta tsawon rashin lafiya ko an tilasta masa yayi cikakken kwanciyar gado, misali bayan raunin ko ciwon zuciya.

Za a iya sauƙaƙe sakamakon sakamakon atrophy idan an dawo da aikin motar a lokaci mai dacewa. Sabili da haka, a tiyata, al'ada ne don tayar da marasa lafiya a cikin lokaci na ƙarshe, a cikin kulawa mai mahimmanci - don shiga aikin likita da kuma gymnastics na numfashi.

A cikin marasa lafiya, ana amfani da kalmar wannan lokacin da suke so su mayar da hankali ga asarar wani jiji ko iyawa.

Dystrophy

Dystrophy abu ne na al'ada, wanda ke haifar da rushewa a cikin karfin jiki a matakin jiki, wanda zai haifar da canje-canjen su. A zuciyar wannan tsari shine rushewa da abinci mai gina jiki. Hanyoyin sifofi na kyallen takalma da gabobin sun kasu kashi cikin kwayar halitta da kuma karin.

Ayyukan intracellular sun hada da:

- sufuri na kayayyakin samfurori ta hanyar jini da lymph;
- intercellular mesenchyme;
- Dokokin Neuroendocrine.

Rashin haɗin kowane haɗin kai ɗaya ko duk tare yana haifar da wannan ko irin wannan dystrophy. Amfanin furotin, mai, carbohydrate da kuma ma'adinai na ma'adinai, kazalika da na kullum.

Atherosclerosis

Rashin yin amfani da lipid metabolism ma an haɗa shi a cikin matakai na al'ada. Hanyoyin cututtuka na wannan yanayin yana haɗuwa da cin zarafi na musayar ƙwayoyi da kwadayinsu a cikin ganuwar tasoshin. Labaran ƙwayoyin ƙananan ƙarancin ƙananan ƙananan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta, suna samar da siffofin maras kyau. A mataki na gaba, nau'in haɗin kai ya girma a wurin su, wanda ake zubar da shi ta katako. Ganuwar jirgin ruwa ya gurɓata, ƙuntatawa kuma za'a iya kulle shi gaba daya. Wannan yana haifar da ischemia da rashin aiki na kwayar.