Hatsi: da darajar da kuma amfanin da

Hatsi da tsufa zarcewa a mahimmin juzu'in mutum abun da ake ci. Jerin babban hatsi hada da hatsin rai, alkama, hatsi, da sha'ir, da buckwheat, dawa, gero, shinkafa da masara. Hatsi shuka nasa ne da aji na monocotyledons. Sun kara - a bambaro, ganye da layi daya veining, fibrous tushen, 'ya'yan - weevil. Duk jinsuna kasu kashi hunturu (da suka suna sown a lokacin rani marigayi ko farkon fall) da kuma bazara (spring seeded).

hatsi

Hatsi (photo a cikin rubutu) - ba tare da ƙari, mafi muhimmanci rukuni na horar da shuke-shuke. Hatsi ne ba kawai abinci ga mutane da dabbobi, amma kuma hidima a matsayin albarkatun kasa domin mutane da yawa masana'antu.

A nasa bangare na hatsi hatsi dauke da:

• carbohydrates.
• sunadaran.
• enzymes.
• PP bitamin na kungiyar B (B _1, B _2, B _6), pro-bitamin A.

alkama

Lokacin da kalmar "hatsi" zo hankali alkama. An girma a kan kowane nahiyar (sai Antarctica). A karkashin ta amfanin gona da shi ma'aikata kusan 140 kadada miliyan m ƙasar.

Modern kiwo samar da wata dama ga noma fiye da 4,000 iri. A cikin matakan da za a iya samu 20 jinsunan daji girma alkama. Al'adu gida kudu maso yammacin Asiya: Palestine, Mesafotamiya, Jordan, Siriya.

Alkama ne ba a rage cin abinci na kusan rabin duniya da mazaunanta. A hatsi da ake amfani da gari, hatsi da kuma taliya. Lissafa duk kayayyakin da za a iya sanya daga sake yin fa'ida hatsi na alkama, shi ne kawai zai yiwu ba. Su bambancin yana da ban sha'awa.

Akwai uku main iri:

• einkorn.
• dvuzernyanka (emmer).
• rattaba kalma.

Su kakannin duk a yau aka fi sani subspecies. Daga emmer wuya alkama faruwa. Su ne mafi alhẽri dace da bushe sauyin yanayi. Su suna girma a Amurka, Australia, Canada. M sha'ir da ake amfani da su samar da taliya. Kashe-sa alkama an ciyar da dabbobinsu. Seeding nufin da manyan iyali na rattaba kalma. Wannan shi ne ainihin abu don waddan sabon iri.

gero

Gero ko an classified a matsayin "hatsi", amma ba a yi amfani da burodi. Hatsi zo zuwa sha'ir, da gari ya gasa da wuri da kuma gurasa. A wurin haifuwa na wannan hatsi ne da kasar Sin da kuma Mongolia. Skify horar da gero har yanzu IV-V ƙarni. Tono a cikin Tsakiya Dnieper tabbatar da wannan hujja. A zamanin d China, gero da aka hada a jerin biyar shuke-shuke da suke dauke alfarma.

A sieved high gina jiki abun ciki (more kawai a alkama). Gero iri ne kananan da kuma m daga hatsi. An m harsashi a cikin aiki da silicon hatsi an cire (da shi ba a narkewar a cikin mutum ciki). Bayan haka, croup daidai Boiled taushi da kuma kyau narkewar.

Shi ne m matsayin fodder amfanin gona. Gero ne yadu amfani a cikin dabba husbandry, musamman a cikin kaji masana'antu.

Akwai game da 500 jinsunan wannan hatsi. Gero ya kawo babban fari a matsayin gona da iska. Unpretentious da Hardy shuka kawai na bukatar wani da-aerated gona - daga ta tushen yin amfani da breathable iska. The yawan amfanin ƙasa ne 18 quintals a kowace kadada. Karkashin albarkatu shagaltar 12 kadada miliyan.

Gero ne zuwa kashi da wadannan iri hatsi:

• seeding.
• Siberian gero.
• dawa.

sorghum

Hatsi sorghum, 'yan qasar zuwa Afirka. Its daji m aka rasa a baya karni, kome aka sani ga wasu game da shi. A wurare masu zafi kasashen, sorghum - wani muhimmin hatsi da amfanin gona. Fari haƙuri (wani lokacin kira mai rãƙumi a cikin shuka duniya) da kuma high yawan amfanin ƙasa sa shi daga gasar ga namo a yankunan m na duniya.

A fasalin al'adu ne cewa a hatsi girbi mai tushe da kuma ganye zama succulent ganye. Wannan damar yin amfani da sorghum ga dabba ciyar a cikin hanyar silage ko kore taro.

Abin mamaki, sorghum matasan iri samar da 40% na amfanin gona ne mafi girma daga mahaifa biyu. Wannan dukiya ne yadu amfani, don samar da rikodin hatsi. Daga an yi tattalinta porridge, duka daga al'ada hatsi. Gari amfani da burodi, pancakes da sauran gasa jita-jita.

hatsin rai

Idan aka kwatanta da alkama hatsin rai gurasa yana dauke da wani karin yaro al'adu. Ta aka iske ba a cikin gidajen kakanninmu daga Stone Age. Ya ba shi, kuma a cikin kaburbura.

Da farko hatsin rai amsa al'adu gonakin alkama a matsayin sako. A cikin matsananci yanayi na arewa da kuma duwatsu ƙasa alkama bada matalauta girbin da kuma mutuwa. Hatsin rai, a akasin haka, da kyau jure matsananci yanayi. A tsawon lokaci, yana samo asali a cikin wani al'adu hatsi.

Ko a ƙarni na farko masanin Pliny a Roma ya ba ta irin wannan halayyar gari nauyi, duhu burodi matalauta quality, shige kawai don gamsar da yunwa. Duk da haka, sinadirai kayayyakin sanya daga hatsin rai gari ne high.

A halin yanzu, da al'adun da aka girma, yafi a arewacin yammancin duniya. Horar da har zuwa 8 nau'in a Asia, Turai da kuma Afrika. Akwai bazara da kuma hunturu irin wannan shuka. Da ake samu na 2 har zuwa ton a kowace kadada. Bugu da kari shi ne hatsi, wanda ya ba da kyau kwarai da ake samu na hatsin rai amfani da matsayin halitta leavening wakili. Tushen na tsire-tsire ne da branched da kuma shiga zurfi cikin ƙasa, girma vigorously kuma sassauta da topsoil.

Unpretentious al'ada iya girma a kan matalauta kasa. Musamman hatsin rai ne da ikon girma da kyau a high altitudes. A cikin Alps, hatsin rai ya auku ko da a tsawon 2000 mita.

Daga wannan gari gari za a iya gasa, ba kawai burodi amma kuma dadi pastries, mafi muhimmanci, da cewa gari ya na da kyau quality. In mun gwada cheap a samar, da kuma al'adun da ake amfani da ciyar da gona da dabbobi.

masara

Masara, ko masara, - wani shekara-shekara hatsi. A wurin haifuwa na wannan ban mamaki shuka, ta Kudu da kuma Amurka ta tsakiya. A Turai nahiyar al'adu zo a cikin marigayi karni na sha biyar.

Masara tsaye a waje, a kan dukan da aka sani hatsi ya gigantic jiki. Grade "doki hakori" iya girma har zuwa 5 mita. A mafi girma da ake samu ne a mahaifarsa, na masara. Soft dumi sauyin yanayi da kuma yawan ruwan sama ne mafi kyau dace domin ta namo.

Modern kiwo yayi hatsi da fodder iri. Don kwanan wata, akwai tara Botanical kungiyoyin:

• lan wasa.
• fashe.
• silicon.
• poluzubovidnaya (fi na kowa);
• starchy.
• sugar.
• Starchy-sugar.
• filmy (kusan ba horar).
• waxy (kananan yankunan na namo).

shinkafa

Mai yiwuwa da haifuwa na shinkafa ne India. Akwai shi ne horar da su na shekaru dubbai. A Turai, ya aka sani 8th karni BC a Asiya ta tsakiya tare da 2-3 karnoni BC, da kuma a Amurka daga 15-16 ga watan. Masana kimiyya ayan yi imani da cewa shi ne na farko cikin shinkafa da amfanin gona, janye mutumin.

Wannan hatsi yana da 20 jinsin, akwai fiye da dubu na iri. Amma duk da wannan dama da aka raba a cikin nau'i na hatsi a cikin iri uku:

• tsawon hatsi.
• kruglozernisty.
• matsakaici-grained.

Kowace shekara, shayarwa asali sabon iri na shuke-shuke. Bukatar high-samar da gwaggwabar riba da kuma m iri ne sosai high. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa fiye da rabin adadin jama'a na duniya imani shinkafa da matsakaitan abinci a cikin ganyayyaki. Ba abin mamaki shi ne ake kira da farar zinariya da na biyu burodi (ko da yake gurasa gasa daga shi ne ba).

Horar da shinkafa a cikin kasashen da wurare masu zafi canjin yanayin. Wannan na bukatar musamman da fasaha. Babban abu na al'ada - m watering da kuma zafi. Ruwa taka wata muhimmiyar rawa - a gaskiya sosai namo faruwa a filayen flooded.

sha'ir

Tare da alkama, da sha'ir - hatsi mafi tsufa a duniya. Ambaton shi ya tarar a daban-daban al'adu na al'umman da na Turai, Tsakiya da kuma yammacin Asiya, a Misira.

Kamar alkama, shi ne ya wakilci a dukkan nahiyoyi. A inji shi ne horar da a wurare masu zafi da wuraren da a arewacin yankunan. Sha'ir ake kira mafi "arewacin" hatsi. Ana iya gani har zuwa 70 latitud (a Norway). Ya ke tsiro a duwãtsu:

• a tsawon 1900 m, a cikin Alps.
• a tsawon 2700 m, a cikin Caucasus.
• a tsawon 3050 m at Hindukush.
• a tsawon 4700 mita a Tibet.

Sha'ir m kasa. Acidic da m yankunan ba su dace da ta namo. Ma rigar, ko swampy yankunan kai hadarin misãlin al'adu. A general, ingancin hatsi dogara a kan aiki na topsoil. A halin yanzu, akwai game da 30 jinsunan shuke-shuke. Akwai hunturu da kuma bazara iri.

hatsi

An yi imani da cewa da farko hatsi fara noma a Turai. Wild-girma al'adu ne sosai kula sanyi, don haka da masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa shi na iya zama ba kai tsaye m na zamani oat. Akwai ka'idar bisa ga abin da duk hatsi da aka sa a kan FC - da sunken nahiyar.

Yau, akwai game da 25 iri hatsi. Wannan ne mai matukar amfani abinci ga lafiyar dan adam. Kananan mai abun ciki na hatsi na taimaka wa sallama na cholesterol metabolism. Wannan tsiraru da tabbatar da kariya da zuciya da kuma jijiyoyi, hana atherosclerosis.

A noma, hatsi da ake amfani a m form don ciyar da daban-daban jinsin dabbobi ko a matsayin wani bangaren a cikin feed garwayayye.