Hybrids - shi ... tsallaka shuke-shuke. interspecific hybrids

A mafi alamar tsarin kula da warware duniya abinci matsala ne, a fili, da kara inganta data kasance amfanin gona girma a kan riga raya ƙasa. Hybrids - shi ne wani abu da za su iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar abinci tsaro. Bayan duk, mafi yawan yankunan dace da noma da aka riga dauka. A karuwa a cikin adadin ruwan amfani a gare su, takin zamani da sauran sinadarai tattalin arziki ba zai yiwu ba a wurare da dama. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa na kwarai da muhimmancin inganta data kasance amfanin gona. A matasan - a shuka samu kawai a sakamakon wannan ci gaba.

furotin abun ciki

Matsalar shi ne ba kawai don kara yawan amfanin ƙasa, amma kuma ya kara da sunadaran ciki da kuma sauran gina jiki. Ga wani mutumin yana da muhimmanci ga ingancin gina jiki a edible shuke-shuke: dabbobi (da mutane musamman) dole ne a samu daga abinci dole adadin dukkan muhimman (watau wadanda suke iya haduwa da kansu ..) da amino acid din. Takwas daga cikin amino acid 20 zama dole ga mutum, ya zo tare da abinci. Sauran 12 iya generated da kanta. Duk da haka, shuke-shuke da inganta a sakamakon selection proteinaceous abun da ke ciki babu makawa bukatar karin nitrogen da sauran gina jiki fiye da asali siffar, don haka na iya ba ko da yaushe a iya girma a kan m ƙasashe inda bukatar irin wannan al'adu ne musamman manyan.

sabon Properties

Quality hada da ba wai kawai yawan amfanin ƙasa, abun da ke ciki da yawa daga sunadarai. Halitta iri da suke da mafi resistant zuwa cututtuka da kuma karin kwari, saboda suna dauke da sakandare metabolites, mafi m siffar da launi na 'ya'yan itatuwa (misali, apples, mai haske ja a launi), shi ne mafi alhẽri jure kai da kuma ajiya (misali, hybrids ya karu da kiyaye ingancin tumatir), kazalika da mallakan wasu muhimman Properties for wannan al'ada.

Ayyukan shayarwa

Shayarwa a hankali bincika samammun bambancin kwayoyin. Suna da shekaru da dama kawo dubban inganta Lines daga cikin mafi muhimmanci da amfanin gona. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, shi ne zama dole a yi maka da kuma kimanta dubban hybrids, domin zaži kaɗan daga gare su cewa za su gaske Excel a cikin dũkiyarsu an riga yadu shata. Alal misali, masara da ake samu a Amurka tun 1930s ga 1980s. ƙara kusan sau takwas, ko da yake shayarwa da aka yi amfani da kawai karamin sashi na bambancin kwayoyin wannan al'ada. Akwai karin da sabon hybrids. Wannan damar yin amfani da acreage da nagarta sosai.

matasan masara

Kara yawan aiki na masara da aka sanya yiwu yafi ta hanyar amfani da matasan tsaba. wannan al'ada inbred Lines (matasan kansu ta asalin) da aka yi amfani da matsayin iyayentaka siffofin. A tsaba sakamakon daga crosses tsakanin su ne masu tasowa sosai iko masara hybrids. Crossbreed Lines dasa a alternating layuka, da kuma shuka daya daga wadannan hannunka yanke hure (namiji inflorescences). Saboda haka, duk da tsaba waɗannan kofe ne matasan. Bã su da sosai m Properties ga mutane. By hankali selection na inbred Lines iya samun iko hybrids. Wadannan su ne tsire-tsire da cewa su dace da namo a wani so location. Saboda bayyanar cututtuka na matasan tsire-tsire ne m, su ne sauki tsaftace. Kuma yawan amfanin ƙasa na kowane daga cikinsu shi ne ya fi yadda da unimproved kofe. A 1935 masara hybrids lissafta ga kasa da 1% na dukkan albarkatun gona girma a cikin Amurka, kuma a yanzu kusan dukkan. Wanda ake samun mafi girma da ake samu daga wannan amfanin gona ne da yawa kasa lokaci-cinyewa fiye da da.

Nasarorin da kasa da kasa kiwo cibiyoyin

A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata shi ya kasance mai yawa kokarin inganta yawan aiki na alkama da wasu hatsi, musamman a yankunan da dumi sauyin yanayi. M ci gaban da aka sanya a cikin kasa da kasa kiwo cibiyoyin a cikin subtropics. Lokacin da sabon hybrids bred a su alkama, da masara da shinkafa da aka girma a Mexico, India da kuma Pakistan, wannan ya haddasa wani kaifi karuwa a aikin noma, samu da sunan Green Revolution.

kore juyin juya halin

Bunƙasa a lokacin ta kiwo dabaru, takin zamani da ban ruwa da aka yi amfani da yawa kasashe masu tasowa. Kowane al'ada kafin su sami high da ake samu na bukatar mafi kyau duka girma yanayi. Taki, mechanization da kuma ban ruwa - da zama dole aka gyara na Green Revolution. Saboda da bashi kasafi siffofin kawai in mun gwada m gonaki sun iya girma sabon shuka hybrids (hatsi). A yankuna da dama, da kore juyin juya halin da ya kara maida hankali ƙasar a cikin wani 'yan hannun wealthiest masu. Irin wannan redistribution na dukiya ba dole ba ne samar da aikin ko abinci, mafi yawan jama'a na wadannan yankuna.

triticale

iya, wani lokacin kai ga m sakamakon gargajiya da hanyoyin da shuka kiwo. Alal misali, a matasan na alkama (Triticum) da kuma hatsin rai (Secale) triticale (kimiyya sunan Triticosecale) an ƙara zama muhimmanci a yankunan da yawa, kuma, ga alama, yana sosai alamar rahama. Yana da aka samu ta wajen maimaita yawan chromosomes a bakararre matasan na alkama da kuma hatsin rai a cikin tsakiyar 1950s. J .. O'Mara a Jami'ar pc. Iowa ta amfani da colchicine, abubuwa hana samuwar tantanin halitta farantin. Triticale hadawa da high yawan aiki na alkama da hatsin rai unpretentiousness. Hybrid mun gwada da barga mikakke tsatsa - fungal cuta, wanda shi ne daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da iyakance yawan amfanin ƙasa na alkama. Bugu da ari crossbreeding da selection kyauta inganta triticale Lines ga takamaiman yankunan. A tsakiyar shekarun 1980s. wannan al'ada saboda ta high yawan amfanin ƙasa, da juriya ga yanayin abubuwan da kyau kwarai da bambaro bar bayan girbi, da sauri tsiwirwirinsu Popularity a Faransa, da most m na hatsi a cikin EEC. Triticale rawa a cikin mutum rage cin abinci da aka girma cikin sauri.

Kiyayewa da kuma yin amfani da amfanin gona bambancin kwayoyin

M shirin na crosses da selection gubar zuwa wani takaita da bambancin kwayoyin na horar da shuke-shuke a duk su halayen. Domin wasu dalilai, wucin gadi selection ne yafi da nufin kara yawan aiki, da kuma tsakanin sosai uniform ɗiyansa daga zaba tsananin kan kofe ne, wani lokacin rasa to cuta juriya. A cikin al'adun shuke-shuke suna samun mafi uniform, tun wasu daga cututtuka su ne mafi pronounced fiye da sauran. saboda haka, mafi m zuwa pathogens da kuma kwari ne amfanin gona kamar yadda dukan. Alal misali, Helminthosporium fungal cuta na masara sa da irin Helminthosporium maydis (hoton sama) a shekarar 1970, ya hallaka game da 15% na amfanin gona a Amurka, kawo asarar kimanin $ 1 biliyan. Wannan asara bayyana da za a hade tare da fitowan na wani sabon tseren na naman gwari ne mai hadarin gaske ga wasu daga cikin babban Lines na masara, an yi amfani da ko'ina a samar da matasan iri. Mutane da yawa kudi muhimmanci Lines da shuka cytoplasm ya m kamar yadda a samar da matasan masara akai-akai amfani da wannan pistillate shuke-shuke.

Don hana irin wannan lalacewar dole ne a girma a cikin kadaici da kuma adana daban-daban line manyan al'adu cewa, ko da Naira Miliyan Xari da ãyõyin ba ya wakiltar wani tattalin arziki da sha'awa iya ƙunsar genes da suke da amfani a cikin gudana yaki da kwari da cututtuka.

hybrids na tumatir

Na ƙwarai nasara a kara bambancin kwayoyin ta jawo daji siffofin da tumatir shayarwa. Samar da wannan al'ada tarin Lines, za'ayi da Charles Rick da sandarsa, a Jami'ar California, Davis, ya yarda a magance yadda ya kamata tare da da yawa daga cikin manyan cututtuka, musamman, ya sa ta hanyar ajizai fungi Fusarium da Verticillum, da kuma wasu ƙwayoyin cuta. Da sinadirai masu darajar tumatir da aka muhimmanci karu. Bugu da kari, matasan tsire-tsire ne mafi resistant wa, gwargwado, kuma wasu m yanayi. Wannan ya yafi saboda da na din-din-din tarin, bincike da kuma yin amfani da daji tumatir Lines ga kiwo.

Kamar yadda ka gani, interspecific hybrids ne sosai alamar rahama a cikin aikin noma. Godiya a gare su, za ka iya inganta yawan aiki da kuma ingancin da shuke-shuke. Ya kamata a lura cewa, ba kawai a cikin aikin noma amma kuma a cikin dabbobin ni'ima amfani da mararraba. A sakamakon shi, ga misali, ya bayyana alfadari (photo gabatar a sama da shi). Wannan ne ma matasan, a gicciye tsakanin jaki da Mare.