Intelligence: IQ a kan IQ gwaje-gwaje

A ra'ayi na "m factor" ya gabatar da Jamusanci psychologist Uilyam Shtern. Ya yi amfani da IQ matsayin acronym ga ajali Intelligenz-Quotient - IQ. IQ ya ci samu a kan tushen da wani yawan daidaita gwaje-gwaje gudanar karkashin kulawa na wani psychologist domin sanin da matakin hankali.

Majagaba m bincike

Da farko, masana ilimin tunani na shakkar cewa tunanin mutum na iya zama, da more daidai auna. Duk da yake da amfani a aunawa m ke da tarihin dubban shekaru, da farko IQ gwajin bayyana kawai kwanan nan. A shekara ta 1904, Faransa gwamnatin tambayi psychologist Alfred Binet don taimaka sanin abin da dalibai na iya samun matsaloli a makaranta. Bukatar tsayar da hankali makaranta can, duk za su sami wajibi firamarensa. Binet tambayi wani abokin aiki Theodore Simon ya taimake shi ya haifar da wani gwajin da cewa zai mayar da hankali a kan m al'amurran da suka shafi: ƙwaƙwalwar, da hankali da kuma matsalar-warware - da abubuwan da cewa yara ba koyi a makaranta. Wasu amsa ga mafi hadaddun al'amurran da suka shafi fiye da shekaru kungiyar, sabili da haka, bisa observational data, akwai a yanzu da na gargajiya manufar shafi tunanin mutum da shekaru. A sakamakon aikin Psychologists - sikelin da Binet - Simon - shi ne na farko daidaita IQ-gwajin.

By 1916, a psychologist a Stanford University Lyuis Terman saba sikelin Binet - Simon don amfani a Amurka. A modified gwajin da ake kira "Intelligence Scale Stanford - Binet," kuma domin da yawa shekarun da suka gabata ya zama wani misali gwajin hankali gwaji a Amurka. A Stanford - Binet su wakilci mutum sakamako, yi amfani da lambar, da aka sani da IQ - m quotient.

Yadda yin lissafi da hankali?

IQ farko ƙaddara da rarraba shafi tunanin mutum da shekaru na mutum ya dauki gwajin, a kan na shekara-shekara da shekaru ya riɓaɓɓanya da quotient ta 100. bukatarsa ce, yana aiki (ko mafi kyau) kawai ga yara. Alal misali, yaro da shafi tunanin mutum da shekaru 13.2 shekaru da kuma wani na shekara-shekara da shekaru 10 yana a 132 IQ kuma yana da hakkin ya shiga Mensa (13.2 ÷ 10 x 100 = 132).

A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, da dama gwaje-gwaje domin zabin da sabon recruits aka ɓullo a Amurka Army, dace da musamman iri aiki. Army gwajin "Alpha" da aka rubuta, da kuma "Beta" da aka gudanar na jahilci recruits.

Wannan da sauran IQ gwaje-gwaje suna ma yi amfani da su duba ga sabon baƙi isa a Amurka tare da Ellis Island. Su sakamakon da aka yi amfani da ƙiren ƙarya da ƙarya generalizations game da "abin mamaki low m" na baƙi daga kudancin Turai da Yahudawa. Wadannan sakamakon a 1920 ya kai ga bada shawarwari "launin fata m" psychologist Goddard da sauran Congress don gabatar hani a kan shige da fice. Duk da cewa gwaje-gwaje da aka gudanar kawai cikin Turanci, amma mafi yawan baƙi gane ba shi, gwamnatin Amurka tura dubban mutane na da kyau mutanen da suka An labeled a matsayin "m" ko "ƙin". Kuma shi ya faru a cikin shekaru goma kafin Nazi Jamus fara magana game da eugenics.

Psychologist Devid Veksler ya m, a cikin ra'ayi, iyaka gwaje-gwaje na Stanford - Binet. Babban dalilin wannan kuwa shi ne kawai ci, ya karfafawa a kan lokaci da iyaka, kuma da gaskiya cewa gwajin da aka tsara musamman domin yara, da kuma shi ne saboda haka ba a dace da manya. A sakamakon haka, a lokacin 1930s, Wexler ya ɓullo da wani sabon gwajin, wanda aka sani da Wechsler Leken Asiri Scale - Bellevue. Daga bisani, gwajin da aka bita da kuma zama da aka sani da Wechsler Leken Asiri Scale ga manya, ko WAIS. Maimakon daya overall kima, gwajin samar da wani overall hoto na karfi da kuma kasawan na gwajin. Daya amfani da wannan tsarin shi ne cewa shi ma na samar da amfani bayanai. Alal misali, high scores a wasu yankunan da low a wasu nuna gaban takamaiman koyo nakasa.

WAIS shi ne na farko gwajin na psychologist Roberta Vekslera, kuma WISC (Wechsler Leken Asiri Scale ga Banĩ) da kuma Wechsler Leken Asiri Scale makarantan nasare (WPPSI) da aka ɓullo da daga baya. Adult version ya tun da aka bita sau uku: WAIS-R (1981), WAIS III (1997) da kuma a 2008 WAIS-IV.

Ba kamar gwaje-gwaje akan na shekara-shekara da shekaru da hankulansu Sikeli da matsayin, kamar yadda shi ne yanayin da Stanford - Binet, duk versions na WAIS aka lasafta ta hanyar kwatanta sakamakon gwajin mutane da bayanai daga wasu batutuwa na wannan shekara kungiyar. Average IQ (duniya) ne 100 da maki tare da 2/3 sakamakon a cikin "al'ada" kewayon daga 85 zuwa 115. A WAIS norms sun zama misali a cikin gwajin da IQ, sabili da haka yana amfani da Eysenck gwajin da Stanford - Binet, sai dai cewa misali sabawa da shi ba 15, da 16. a gwajin dabbobi sabawa ne 23,8 - ya sau da yawa ba a sosai flattering da IQ, wanda za a iya shigar da uninformed mutãne ɓatattu.

High IQ - high m?

IQ ƙãra m amfani da takamaiman gwaje-gwaje da samar da wani jam'i na Psychologists amfani bayanai. Da yawa daga cikinsu suna da wani talakawan ci rubuta a matakin 145-150, da kuma cikakken kewayon - tsakanin 120 da 190. A 120 gwajin sakamakon kasa ba a yi nufin, da kuma fiye da 190 da maki ne mai wuya a interpolate, ko da yake mai yiwuwa ne.

Paul Kooijmans na Netherlands dauke da kafa IQ-gwajin da babba da iyaka, kuma shi ne mahaliccin da mafi asali da kuma yanzu classic gwajin na da irin wannan. Ya kuma kafa da aka gudanar da kamfanin super high IQ: «Glia", "Giga" da kuma "Mai Tsarki Grail." Daga cikin mafi sani da kuma rare gwajin Kooijmans - "Test na baiwa", "Nemesis Test" da "mahara-zabi gwajin Kooijmans." Gaban, tasiri da kuma sa hannu Paula ne dole ne, shi ne wani ɓangare daga cikin ruhun ultrahigh IQ gwaje-gwaje da kuma al'umma baki daya. Sauran classic guru gwaje high m - Ron Hoeflin Robert Lato, Loran Dyubua, Mislav Predavets da Dzhonaton Uay.

Akwai daban-daban na tunani, wanda bayyana kansu daban a bangarori daban-daban. Mutane da daban-daban basira da kuma matakan da m: fi'ili, misali, na sarari, na ra'ayi, ilmin lissafi. Amma akwai kuma hanyoyi daban-daban na bayyanar - da ma'ana, a kaikaice, convergent, mikakke, bamban, kuma ko da wahayinMu, kuma baiwa.

Standard kuma mafi girma IQ gwajin ya nuna wani janar factor hankali. amma a high-matakin gwaje-gwaje, da shi aka ƙaddara a hanyoyi daban-daban.

Sau da yawa da suka yi magana game da high IQ scores, wanda ake kira IQ yan baiwa, amma da cewa a zahiri wakiltar wadannan lambobi da kuma yadda suka tari up? Abin da IQ ci, akwai ãyã daga baiwa?

• High IQ - shi ne wani kashi biyu bisa 140.
• Genius IQ - fiye da 160.
• Babban baiwa - rating karkacewa ko ya wuce 200 da maki.

High IQ ne kai tsaye related to nasara a makaranta, amma ko yana da wani tasiri a kan nasara a rayuwa a general? Yadda baiwa luckier mutane da ƙananan IQ? Wasu masana sun yi imanin cewa, idan aka kwatanta da sauran dalilai, ciki har da wani tunanin da hankali, IQ yana kasa muhimmancin.

A rashin lafiya na IQ scores

Saboda haka, yadda za daidai ana fassara IQ scores? Average IQ-gwajin ci na 100. 68% na sakamako na IQ-gwajin da dama a cikin da misali karkata daga rõwa. Wannan yana nufin cewa mafi yawan mutane ta IQ ne tsakanin 85 da kuma 115.

• Har zuwa 24 maki: babban gigin-tsufa.
• 25-39 maki: mai tsanani shafi tunanin mutum tawaya.
• 40-54 maki: matsakaici gigin-tsufa.
• 55-69 maki: m shafi tunanin mutum tawaya.
• 70-84 maki: iyakar shafi tunanin mutum da cuta.
• 85-114 maki: talakawan m.
• 115-129 maki: a sama wa talakawan.
• 130-144 maki: matsakaici iyawa.
• 145-159 maki: high iyawa.
• 160-179 maki: exceptionally ƙãra.
• fiye da 179 da maki: mai zurfi iyawa.

Mene ne IQ?

Lokacin da mutane magana game da m gwaje-gwaje, IQ ake kira "maki daga giftedness." Me suka wakilci a cikin kimantawa IQ? Don gane da wannan, shi ne mai muhimmanci na farko ya fahimci gwajin a matsayin dukan.

Yau gwaje-gwaje domin sanin coefficient na hankali, yafi dogara ne a kan asali gwajin ci gaba a cikin farkon 1900s ta Faransa psychologist Alfred Binet don gano daliban da suka bukatar karin taimako.

Bisa ga yadda suka gudanar da bincike Binet ɓullo da manufar shafi tunanin mutum da shekaru. Yara da wasu shekaru kungiyoyin don amsa da sauri zuwa ga tambayoyi da yawa ana ba da amsoshin mazan yara - su m shafi tunanin mutum da shekaru na shekara-shekara. Binet IQ ji dangane da talakawan damar iya yin komai na yara na wani shekaru kungiyar.

IQ-gwaje-gwaje da aka tsara don auna wani mutum ta iya warware matsalolin da kuma dalilin. Evaluation na m quotient ne da mudu na mobile da daskarar da hankali. Points nuna yadda gwajin idan aka kwatanta da sauran mutane a cikin wannan shekara kungiyar da aka kyau da ya wuce.

fahimtar IQ

Rarraba IQ kimomi amsa Krivoy Bella - kararrawa-kwana ganiya wanda yayi dace da most yawan gwajin sakamakon. A kararrawa ne to saukar a kan kowane gefe - a daya gefen scores ne a kasa da talakawan, da kuma a kan sauran - mafi girma.

A talakawan darajar haka daidai da talakawan ci, lasafta ta ƙara duk sakamakon da kuma rarraba ta da jimlar yawan maki.

Standard sabawa ne da mudu na canzawa a cikin yawan. A low misali sabawa nuna cewa mafi yawan data da maki ne sosai a kusa da wannan darajar. A babban misali sabawa nuna cewa data maki ana kullum cire daga rõwa. A gwajin da IQ misali sabawa 15.

IQ ƙaruwa

Tare da kowane ƙarni na IQ ƙaruwa. Wannan sabon abu ne da ake kira Flynn sakamako, mai suna bayan da Explorer Jim Flynn. Tun 1930, lokacin da daidaita gwaje-gwaje suna yadu amfani, masu bincike sun lura da wani kwari da kuma gagarumin karuwa a gwajin scores a kimantawa na mutane a duniya. Flynn da shawarar cewa wannan karuwa ne saboda kyautata na mu iya warware matsaloli, zaton abstractly, da kuma amfani da dabaru.

A cewar Flynn, na karshe tsara zuwa sun aikata yafi tare da kankare da takamaiman matsaloli na nan da nan yanayi, kamar yadda zamani mutane tunani game da m kuma tamkar yanayi. Ba wai kawai cewa, amma hanyoyin koyarwa da suka gabata 75 years canja da cika fuska, da kuma more kuma mafi mutane tsunduma, kamar yadda mai mulkin, shafi tunanin mutum aiki.

Abin da gwaje-gwaje awo?

IQ gwaje-gwaje kimanta dabaru, na sarari tunanin, fi'ili da kuma ma'ana tunani da na gani damar iya yin komai. Su ba su yi nufi ga ayyana ilmi a cikin takamaiman batun yankunan, a matsayin gwajin ga m ba wani abu da za a iya koya domin inganta your ci. A maimakon haka, wadannan gwaje-gwaje tantance da ikon yin amfani da dabaru don warware matsaloli, gane alamu da sauri sa sadarwa tsakanin daban-daban bayanai.

Ko da yake ba za ka iya ji sau da yawa cewa zababbun kamar Albert Einstein kuma Stiven Hoking, da IQ, na 160 ko sama da, ko wasu yan takarar shugaban kasa da takamaiman da IQ, da lambobin ne kawai ya yi kiyasin. A mafi yawan lokuta babu wata shaida da cewa wadannan da suka shahara taba wuce wani daidaita IQ-gwajin da more ci amanar ta sakamakon jama'a.

Me ya sa ake talakawan ci ne 100?

Psychometrician amfani da wani tsari da aka sani a matsayin standardization, to kwatanta da fassara dabi'u na da maki IQ. Wannan tsari da aka yi da da gwajin a kan wani wakilin samfurin ta yin amfani da sakamakon da ya haifar da wani misali, ko matsayin da wanda kwatanta mutum kimantawa. Tun da talakawan ci ne 100, kwararru iya sauri kwatanta mutum kimomi da wani talakawan domin sanin ko su fada cikin al'ada rarrabuwa.

Nau'in tsarin iya bambanta daga m zuwa wani, ko da yake da yawa sukan bi wannan tsarin kimantawa. Alal misali, a kan sikelin da Wechsler Adult Leken Asiri Test da Stanford - Binet scores a cikin kewayon 85-115 suna dauke su "talakawan".

Me daidai kimanta da gwaje-gwaje?

Gwaje-gwaje domin sanin IQ tsara don auna daskarar hankali da kuma mobile. Daskarar hada da ilmi da basira samu cikin rãyukansu, kuma mobile - da ikon su yi hankali, warware matsaloli da kuma sa hankali na m bayanai.

M m aka dauke m na koyo da kuma o ƙarin tabbatar da rage a cikin adulthood. Daskarar kamar yadda kai tsaye alaka da horo da kuma kwarewa da kuma kullum kara a kan lokaci.

Test for m an gudanar da lasisi Psychologists. Akwai daban-daban na gwaje-gwaje, da yawa daga abin da ya unsa a yawan subtests tsara don kimanta ilmin lissafi skills, harshen basira, memory, basira, da hankali da kuma gudun bayanai aiki. Su sakamakon da aka sa'an nan a hade samar da wata jimlar kashi biyu IQ.

Yana da muhimmanci a lura da cewa, ko da yake sau da yawa magana game da talakawan low da IQ na baiwa, guda gwajin a kan matakin da hankali ba ya wanzu. Yau amfani da dama gwaje-gwaje, incl Stanford - .. Binet Leken Asiri Scale manya Wexler gwajin Eysenck da kuma gwaje-gwaje na fahimi damar iya yin komai Woodcock - Johnson. Kowane daga cikinsu shi ne daban-daban a cewa shi ne da kuma yadda aka kiyasta, da kuma yadda sakamakon aka fassara.

Abin da ke dauke da wani low IQ?

A IQ, shi ne daidai, ko ƙananan fiye da 70 maki, an dauki low. A baya, irin wannan coefficient na m aka dauke a nasa tarihin a gare shafi tunanin mutum da retardation, ilimi tawaya halin da gagarumin fahimi hanawa.

Yau, duk da haka, IQ kanta ba amfani ga ganewar asali na ilimi tawaya. A maimakon haka, da littattafai na ganewar asali ne low IQ to nuni da cewa wannan fahimi gazawar wanzu a cikin shekaru 18 da shekaru da hannu biyu ko fiye Na'urar yankunan, kamar sadarwa da kuma kai-taimako.

Game da 2.2% na dukkan mutane da IQ ci a kasa 70.

Saboda haka abin da ake nufi - to suna da wani talakawan IQ?

IQ matakin na iya zama mai kyau general nuna alama na da ikon su yi hankali da kuma warware matsaloli, amma da yawa Psychologists sun yi nuni da cewa gwaje-gwaje da bã su bayyana ƙashin gaskiya.

Daga cikin 'yan abubuwa da suka ba za a iya auna - m Basirar. A mutumin da wani talakawan IQ iya zama wata babbar mawaki, wani mai zane-zane, a singer ko makaniki. Psychologist Howard Gardner ɓullo da ka'idar mahara intelligences, tsara don magance wannan shortcoming.

Bugu da kari, da masu bincike gano cewa, IQ iya canza a kan lokaci. A binciken da matasa tare da ilimi rata na 4 shekaru ya bada sakamakon, da dabi'u na wanda bambanta ta 20 da maki.

IQ gwaje-gwaje kuma ba dangantaka da kimantawa na son sani, da kuma yadda kyau da mutum ya fahimci motsin zuciyarmu da kuma rike da su. Wasu masana, ciki har da marubuci Daniel Goleman da shawara cewa, wani tunanin hankali (Eq) na iya zama ma fi muhimmanci fiye da IQ. Da masu bincike gano cewa, wani babban IQ gaske iya taimakawa mutane a yankunan da yawa na rayuwa, amma wani garanti na nasara a rayuwa ba.

Saboda haka damu game da m da baiwa ne, ba wajibi, tun da mafi yawan mutane ba su ne 'yan baiwa. Kamar yadda babban matakin IQ bai da garantin nasara, matsakaici ko low IQ bai da garantin gazawar ko mediocrity. Wasu dalilai, kamar wuya aikin, juriya, juriya, da kuma janar ra'ayi ne muhimman sassa na wuyar warwarewa.