Je bangarori: description, nadi. kwance hakowa

Mutãne ba shine farkon karni nasarar Mastering karkashin kasa sarari. Shi ne ba kawai game da subways, waxanda suke da ba a duk manyan biranen duniya, amma kuma ma'adinan halitta ne don hakar ma'adinai. A lokuta biyu, musamman kayan aiki - murhu garkuwa tabbatar da aminci da kayan aiki da kuma ma'aikata a lokacin rami.

Da farko ta murhu garkuwa da aka yi amfani da 1825 a lokacin da gina rami a karkashin kogin Thames. Tun daga nan, irin wannan kayan aiki da aka yi ta amfani da a yi na subways a manyan birane irin su Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg da kuma sauran birane.

murhu garkuwa

Murhu garkuwa ne m daidaitaccen sassa karfe tsarin a cikin wani nau'i na m Silinda. Yana da aka gina a cikin wuri rami ko gina a karkashin kasa don kare aza mahakar a kwance shugabanci daga collapsing. Wani lokaci kuma ana kiranta ta wucin gadi, ko mobile bolting - musamman zane, wanda aka gina don kare rami daga collapsing katangu.

Fasali, ta murhu garkuwoyi ne wani hadadden sa na kayan aiki, wanda aka hada da uku main sassa:

1. Wuka. Sai ya faru sosai aiwatar da hakowa, dutse ci gaba.
2. Reference. Yana da hidima ga saukar da karin kayan aiki, kazalika da na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa jacks, tilasta jirgin su matsa gaba.
3. Wutsiya. Tabbatar da kariya na ma'aikata a lokacin erection m goyon baya.

A tsarin da rami garkuwa iya hada wani iri-iri na kayan aiki da ake bukata don ya rage wuya da aikin a kan ci gaban yanyanka, sufuri na duniya talakawa, ya karfafa da kuma kare ganuwar daga collapsing.

A yi na rami garkuwa

Babban abubuwa da garkuwa ne harsashi wuka zobe a kan wanda aka shirya yankan abubuwa rami garkuwa. A wasu model "masu saro" ne a cikin nau'i na carbide abun da ake sakawa shirya a wani kwana da juna a kan aiki surface na na'ura mai juyi da kuma goyon bayan da zobe.

Next, a cikin sarari a gaban ruwan wukake, da garkuwa motsa da taimakon na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa cylinders, wadda ake bisa karshe zobe rufi. Bayan haka, aiwatar da hannu downhole na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa cylinders wanda latsa prefabricated katako panel zuwa dutsen, don haka ta ba buge.

The yarda tsakanin goyon baya da kuma abun yanka zobe ne zuwa kashi Kwayoyin ta tsaye partitions da a kwance partitions cikin tiers. A cikin wadannan "compartments" ne dole kayan aiki. Takamaiman bulkhead iya sanya ta na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa jacks.

Nau'in rami m inji ga giciye bangaranci siffar

Yawanci, ta murhu garkuwoyi suna faruwa kai tsaye zuwa aiki site. gina da wuka support zobe da karfe zanen gado daga karfe segments, mai lankwasa tare da cylindrical surface samar da harsashi.

Takamaiman hakowa jihar Kano daban-daban giciye-bangaranci siffar, size, zane da kuma Hanyar aikace-aikace. Mafi na kowa tsari na giciye-sashe ne a da'irar. Kadan na kowa ne rectangular motoci, arched da sauran shaci.

Shields bisa diamita tsawon

Bisa ga diamita rami] in na'ura, da wadannan iri Tsarin:

1. Kananan (har zuwa 3200 mm) - yi amfani da birane da sabis domin gina lambatu Tunnels.
2. Matsakaici (har zuwa 5200 mm) - yi amfani domin gina hydro-fasaha sadarwa da kuma ci gaban dutsen albarkatu.
3. Manyan (a kan 5200 mm) - dole a bunkasa Railway Tunnels, jirgin karkashin kasa Lines, manyan-sikelin hakar ma'adinai.

A gicciye bangaranci yankin na aiki surface dabam daga 10 zuwa 16 ko fiye da murabba'in mita, dangane da aiki surface diamita.

-daban na kayan aiki a cikin wani iri kashe ci gaba

A ci gaban da albarkatun ma'adinai da halittar karkashin kasa a kwance hakowa layukan dogo a gudanar da wani daban-daban iri rami m na'ura.

Sun bambanta a cikin mataki na mechanization na zartarwa jikinsu:

1. Cikakken mechanized. Don warware dutse a irin wannan constructions amfani da musamman kayan aiki - backhoe, planetary, sanda aiki jikinsu, kazalika da shigarwa na hydro-inji effects.
2. Partially mechanized. Babu wani musamman na'urar ga ci gaban ƙasa yadudduka ne su m fasalin. Domin dutse halaka aka yi amfani da jackhammers kwashe ayukan iska mai ƙarfi, ko da guga man a cikin gaban batu na garkuwa a cikin ƙasa.
3. Musamman ta murhu garkuwoyi. A cikin irin wannan constructions da shugaban rabo da ake rufe. Suna amfani da su haifar da Tunnels a musamman wuya ma'aunan kasa yanayi.

A lokacin da wannan tsarin ne zuwa kashi daban nufi don amfani a yanayi daban-daban - gumi kasa, wajen samar da fuskoki a sako-sako da duwatsu da kuma low zaman lafiya da kuma shigar azzakari cikin farji cikin ƙasa da ƙarfin daga 0.5 zuwa 5 da kuma sama.

Nufa kayan aiki

Murhu garkuwoyi amfani da su haifar da rami a kwance shugabanci. Wannan irin aiki da aka kira a matsayin "kwance hakowa" da kuma amfani a fannoni daban daban na mutum aiki. Mafi sau da yawa shi da ake amfani da halittar kuma da fadada data kasance subways, hakar ma'adinai.

Kwanan nan, tartsatsi aiki a kan kwanciya da daban-daban sadarwa Lines karkashin hanyoyi, hanyoyi, da kuma wata hanyar sadarwa, kira a matsayin kwance directional hakowa ko HDD.

Takamaiman directional hakowa

A tartsatsi aikace-aikace na wannan fasahar saboda high tattali yadda ya dace. A musamman:

• kawar da buƙata don gyaran hanyoyi a karshen ayyukan;
• Yana gusar da bukatar overlapping daga cikin mota da kuma samar da ya kwarara bypasses.
• yiwuwar kwanciya sabon Lines, ba tare da compromising da mutunci da data kasance mãsu girmansu.

Lokacin da ake ji da Hanyar kwance directional hakowa rami garkuwa da sadarwarka Halicci matukin rami, to, wanda aka fadada Rimmer - baya yalwatãwa mataki. Ta hanyar da ƙãre rami kara bututun kirtani.

Kamar yadda karshen ne sau da yawa a polymeric hannun riga, to, wanda aka cika da kankare. Bayan hardening na ciminti cakuda (game da kwanaki 21), wani sabon sadarwa line shirye.

Je allon a yau

Rayuwa misali na aikace-aikace rabo iya zama wani gini na rami garkuwa rami ta "Frunzenski radius" tsawon na 3760 mita tsakanin tashoshin "Fame Avenue" da kuma "ta Kudu" a St. Petersburg Metro.

The aikin ya shafi kamfanoni daga Jamus Herrenknecht AG, wanda aka aikata yi ta murhu garkuwa. "Metrostroy" - kamfanin jam'iyyar da Rasha gefe, wanda ma'aikatan samar da aikin don ƙirƙirar farko post-Soviet biyu-track rami.

A baya can, m m ya hada kai tare da Jamusanci manufacturer. "Spasskaya" bayar da suka garkuwa "Aurora" ne yadu amfani domin gina gangaren wurare a tashar.