Jean Racine: bayyane, haɓakawa, zane-zane

Jean Racine, wanda aka sani da ayyukansa a ko'ina cikin duniya, mashahurin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa wanda ya rayu da aiki a karni na 17. Ayyukansa sune farkon farkon wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayon kuma sunyi daidai da aikin Moliere da Corneille. Tarihin da kuma kwarewar wannan mawallafin za a damu da labarinmu.

Jean Racine: ɗan gajeren labari

J. Racine ya haife shi a garin La Ferte-Milon, wanda ke cikin lardin Valois, ranar 21 ga watan Disamba, 1639. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar haraji. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu a lokacin haihuwar 'yar'uwarsa, Jean, saboda haka ilimin yaron ya shiga cikin kakar.

Ana aikawa marubucin gaba a makaranta a gidan sufi na Port-Royale, inda ya zama dan dalibi mafi kyau. Jean Racine ya zama ɗalibin kwarai, ɗayan kuma, ya yi farin ciki tare da malamin ilimin fannin ilimin kimiyya, wanda ya taimaka wajen samar da jaririn da aka wallafa. Marubucin ya kammala karatunsa na ilimi a Arcur Paris Paris.

A 1661, Racine ya tafi birnin Iuse, inda zai ba da amfanar ikilisiya (ƙasa), wanda zai ba shi damar ba da cikakken lokaci ga littattafai. Duk da haka, an ƙi marubuci kuma an tilasta masa komawa Paris.

A cikin babban birnin, ya zama na yau da kullum a cikin littattafai da kula da litattafai, ya sadu da Moliere da sauran marubucin lokaci. Jean Racine da kansa (wanda tarihinsa yake yanzu a tsakiya na hankalinmu) ya wallafa ayyukansa na farko, wanda, ba zato ba tsammani, bai samu nasara sosai ba.

Daga baya ayyukan ya kawo marubucin ainihin nasara. Duk da haka, mutane da yawa masu sukar ba su biya haraji ga aikin Racine saboda halinsa ba. Jean mai kirki ne, mai fushi da girman kai.

A shekara ta 1677 ya kusan dakatar da rubuce-rubucen saboda rashin nasarar "Phaedra" kuma ya zama masanin tarihi. A daidai wannan lokacin, ya auri mace mai addini da tattalin arziki, wanda a nan gaba zai ba shi 'ya'ya bakwai.

Jean Racine ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 1699 a birnin Paris. An binne shi kusa da coci na Saint-Etienne-du-Mont.

"Andromache"

An lalace a cikin 1667 a Louvre. Samun Louis XIV ya halarci gabatarwa. Wannan shine wasan farko wanda ya kawo nasara ga Racine da daraja.

Samfurin ayyuka faruwa bayan da Trojan War, a cikin babban birnin kasar na Epirus. Sarki Pyrrhus, ɗan Achilles, ya karbi takardar nuna cewa Helenawa sunyi fushi da halin mahaifinsa, wanda ya kare Andromache, gwauruwar Hector tare da dansa. Rahoton ya fito da Orestes, cikin ƙauna da amarya na Pyrrhus. Sarkin da kansa ya fi sha'awar takaici ga mijinta Anromache. Daga wannan lokacin mutuwar dangi mai mulki da jihar su fara.

Kira ga tsarin Girkanci na al'ada, kusan ba ya ɓata daga canon tsoffin tarihin Girka, Jean Rasin.

Abubuwan da aka fi nuna a fili sun nuna ma'anar wasan kwaikwayon za a kawo sunayensu a nan: "Ku shiga zuciyar nan inda ba a kulle ƙofar ba! / Ba zan iya ɗaukar irin wannan ra'ayi ba," ... ƙaunar ƙaunarmu / Kuma ƙushirwa ... kuma yana kawar da sha'awar. / Wanda muke son so, wannan a gare mu ... ba kyau. / Kuma wanda muke alwashi ... zuciyar ta dame. "

"Britannicus"

A cikin wannan wasa, a cikin 1669, Jean Racine ya juya a cikin aikinsa zuwa tarihin Ancient Roma.

Agrippina, uwa na Nero, aka damu cewa, rasa iko a kan danta. Yanzu yana sauraron karin shawara na Seneca da kwamandan Burr. Matar ta ji tsoro cewa a cikin Nero tada tayarwa da mugunta - mummunar kaya na mahaifinsa.

A lokaci guda kuma, Nero ya umarci sace-sacen Junia, amarya da ɗan'uwansa Britannicus. Yarinyar tana son sarki, kuma ya fara tunani game da saki tare da marigayinsa Octavia. Britannic ba zai iya yarda da yaudarar ɗan'uwansa ba kuma yana fatan sa sulhu. Wannan kuma yana lalata saurayi.

Berenice

A cikin wannan wasa, Jean Racine ya sake maimaita ra'ayin Roman. Halitta wannan lokaci an dauke shi mafi ban mamaki, kuma abin bala'i na Berenice ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da jama'a suka karɓa tare da farin ciki.

Roman Sarkin sarakuna Titus aka shirya domin bikin aure tare da Berenice, Queen of Palestine. A lokaci guda a Roma ne sarki Commagene Antiochus, wanda yake ƙauna da sarauniya. A game da bikin aure mai zuwa, zai bar babban birnin. Berenice yayi hakuri don ya rasa abokantaka mai aminci, amma don ba shi bege don ƙarin, ba za ta iya ba.

Bugu da} ari, Titus yana nuna gaskiyar cewa 'yan Romawa za su kasance a kan sarauniya na waje: "Yau Julius (Kaisar) ... ba zai iya kiran matarsa Bamasare ba ..." Sarkin sarakuna ba zai iya bayyana hakan ga amarya ba kuma ya tambayi Antiochus ya dauke ta. Dalibai ga mutane ya fi karfi karfi.

«Iphigenia»

A wannan wasa, wanda ya fara a 1674, Jean Racine ya dauki labari daga tsohuwar tarihin Girkanci. Labarin ya nuna yadda Sarkin Agamemnon a lokacin Daular Sojan War domin ya sami nasara a cikin allahn Artemis, ya miƙa wa 'yarta hadaya.

Wannan wasa ya zama kamar masu lura ba su lura ba - babu wani dadi, babu sake dubawa.

"Phaedra"

Wannan mummunan yanayi ya sadu da wani mummunan jama'a: mai sukar ya kira aiki mafi munin aikin Racine. Ya kasance bayan farkon "Phaedra" (1677) cewa dan wasan kwaikwayo ya daina magance wallafe-wallafe. Domin shekaru goma bayan wannan gazawar, bai rubuta kome ba. Ko da yake daga baya wannan wasa na musamman za a kira shi da aikin aikin Racine.

An lalata wannan masifa a littafin Alexandrine. Dalilin wannan mãkirci shi ne irin sha'awar Phaedra, matar Wadannan, ga ɗansa mai suna Ippolit. Sakamakon rikici shine mutuwar duka Phaedra da Hippolytus.

A wasan kwaikwayon na Racine, wanda aka gina a kan batutuwa na d ¯ a, ya nuna farkon al'ada, ba kawai a cikin Faransanci ba, har ma a cikin wallafe-wallafen duniya. Har wa yau ana kirkiro kirkirar dan wasan kwaikwayo ba kawai ga masu sukar ba, har ma da jama'a.