Fasali na matsalolin ayyukan Lermontov. Mista Yu Yu

Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov mawaki ne na musamman. Yana da wuya a sami mutumin da bai san ayyukan Lermontov ba. Lissafin su yana da mahimmanci: daga labaran labaran "Mutuwar Mawãƙi" da "Borodino" (karatun a makaranta) zuwa ga wani muhimmin abu na wallafe-wallafe na Rasha a karni na goma sha tara - littafin nan "The Hero of Our Time."

Kuna hukunta ta hanyar kirkiro, wanda ba zai iya yarda da cewa sakamakon ya bar shi kawai shekaru 27 kawai ba. Duk da haka, basirarsa da ƙaddamarwa a kan kerawa sun yarda wannan mutumin, wanda ya rayu da ɗan gajeren haske, ya zama sanannen masani. Famous ayyukan Lermontov, kamar madubi, gani ransa, ya sufi kayyade fahimtar su wuri a duniya da kuma kansa makoma.

Me kake tsammani daga mutum wanda a 1830 ya yi annabci cewa kayar da sarki a cikin "bakar fata"? Wane ne ya san dalilin da ya sa a lokacin mutuwarsa (a duel a duwatsu) mummunan hadari ya fadi?

Pushkin da Lermontov ...

Ya kasance a cikin 1837, bayan mutuwar Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, "mawallafin farko a cikin harshen Rasha Parnassus," ya sa ya yiwu ya fahimci kuma ya fahimci dukan mutanensa na zamani cewa wannan wuri bai zama bace. A wani ɗan gajeren lokaci, duk da haka, sai ya ci gaba da shi har zuwa gawar dadi na 1841. Sakamakon matsalolin ayyukan Lermontov sun lura da wadanda suka haɗu da shi. Idan Alexander Sergeevich Vissarion Belinsky ya kira "mawallafin zuciyar zuciya," wanda tunaninsa na farko ya haifa a cikin ruhu sannan kuma ya zubar da shi a cikin al'umma, Mikhail Yurievich ya kasance mawaki ne mafi yawan al'amuran jama'a, wanda ke dauke da alkalami a ƙarƙashin rinjayar manyan abubuwan mamaki a Rasha.

Mene ne bambanci tsakanin Pushkin da Lermontov?

Idan kaddamarwar duniya game da matasa Pushkin an kafa shi a cikin kyakkyawan jituwa, zamantakewar al'umma ta zamantakewar al'umma a lokacin mulkin sarki Alexander I, wanda ya ba da damar yin tunani game da halin kirki, kuma mawaki ya zo ne kawai a cikin al'amuran jama'a kawai a lokacin shekaru talatin, in ba haka ba ne ra'ayin Mikhail Yurievich. An ba mu damar da za mu tattauna batutuwan matsalolin ayyukan Lermontov ta wannan hanya. Bayan ya ainihi ta ɓullo a karkashin autocratic sarautar Nicholas I. Maimakon gane haƙiƙa dalilai suka kawo wa majalisar dattijai Square Decembrists (ma'ana barna tasiri a Rasha jama'a na serfdom kuma, daidai da, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da ci baya na kasar), da sarki-Ya halitta unprecedented gendarme Inji na danniya. Lermontov ya rubuta game da rikice-rikice a cikin rukunin Rasha.

A hankali, bayyananne bayyana zanga-zangar da manufar manufofin, kin amincewa da wulãkanci da ikon mutane - irin su siffofin matsalolin ayyukan Lermontov.

Aikin farko na aikin Lermontov

Ayyukan Mikhail Yurievich za a iya raba kashi uku.

Lokacin na farko (daga 1828 zuwa 1832) an nuna shi ta hanyar kwaikwayo na George Gordon Byron. Ya kasance tare da wannan babban Birtaniya cewa Lermontov ya ji daɗin haɗin kai na ruhaniya.

Byron ya yi a lokacin bayan juyin juya hali na Faransa, a lokacin canje-canje masu girma, tashin ƙasa da kuma faduwar jihar Emperor Napoleon. Rasha mawãƙi - tsakanin m dauki bayan da danniya daga cikin yunkuri na Decembrists: mafi kyau da 'ya'ya maza na Fatherland da aka kashe, kõre, kurkuku.

Hakan kamance tsakanin ayyukan Lermontov da Byron

Dukansu mawaƙa sun haɗa kai da ruhu mai ruhu, ruhun tawaye. Yi imani, ba abin farin ciki ba ne a ayyukan Lermontov, ba wata ƙaƙƙarfan yarinya mai dadi ba a farkon lokacin kerawa shine rinjaye. Ba zato ba tsammani mawallafin da aka ambata sun kwatanta kansu da jiragen ruwa wadanda ke barin teku mai zurfi (Lermontov - "Wuta na fari ya tashi fari ...", byron - "Stanza ga matar da barin Ingila").

Daets na Byron (da ayyukan Lermontov), bisa ga halayyar da Belinsky ya ba da ita, shine muryar mayaƙan don taimako, amma tare da kuka da ba ya kira, amma muryar da yake tawali'u. Suna jin zurfin jin daɗi, wahalar mawallafin-mawallafi, da kuma rashin sha'awar 'yanci. Yin imanin Ubangiji Byron, mai ba da 'yanci, ya taimaka wa Mikhail Yuryevich ya koyi yadda ya rubuta, da kyau, da sha'awar sha'awa. A halin yanzu, a cikin ayyukansa, hanyar zurfin Byron an gano. Bincike akan ayyukan Lermontov, inda balagar tunani ya bayyana kansa, ya sa ya yiwu a gano alakarsu da layin Great Briton. Kamar Byron, shi, tare da bakin ciki, yayi nazarin tsarawarsa, ta hanyar da ta yi, ba tare da wata makoma ba (Lermontov - "Duma", Byron - "Harold Pilgrimage" na yara).

Mikhail Yuryevich, a hakika, ya jawo hanyoyi da hotuna don kansa, kuma ya fahimci aikin sauran mawallafin mawallafi, alal misali, Pushkin da Goethe. Duk da haka, yana da nasaba da babban kiristanci cewa ba wai kawai ya san shi ba, amma har ma yana fassara ("Yahudawa Melody", "Gladiator Mutuwa"). Bugu da ƙari, ayyukan sanannun Lermontov na wannan lokacin sun haɗa da imamai masu yawa (Vision, Imitation Byron, Night).

A ƙarshen wannan lokaci mawaki zai sauko daga hanyar kwaikwayo na kullun Ingila kuma zai bi tafarkin kansa. Game da wannan matsala a aikinsa ya rubuta a sarari sosai: "A'a, Ni ba Byron ba ne, ni daban ..."

Bugu da kari ƙaddamar da kyauta na poetic

Hanya na biyu na aikin mawãƙi an nuna shi ta hanyar tafiyarsa zuwa St. Petersburg da kuma isowa a makaranta na doki-doki da kuma takaddama. Yayin da yake karatunsa, ya rubuta waƙar "Parus" da aka rubuta a baya, bayan haka a cikin aikinsa yana da haske. Kuma wannan ya ba da dama ga masu sukar wallafe-wallafe don tabbatar da cewa ba'a halicci ayyukan Lermontov ba a lokacin bincikensa. Matashi ya ba da cikakkiyar ladabi ga abin da ya faru na 'yan wasan.

Banda shine, watakila, waƙar "Ni, Uwar Allah, yanzu da addu'a." Maimakon yin bugawa, hussar yana murna da waƙa da "shahararren shahara". Lermontov ya rubuta quite ta hanyar rhymed barracks barkwanci, songs na tebur na kiɗa da kuma alama cewa ba ya tunani game da more. Duk da haka, asali da jituwa na rhythm, sabo da daidaitattun kalmomi, rubuce-rubuce da kuma zane-zane, wanda ya nuna nazarin ayyukan Lermontov na wannan lokaci, ya ba mu damar ƙaddamar cewa mun zama mawallafaccen mawallafi. Kuma don bayyana wannan, kana buƙatar gwaji mai tsanani.

"Ya talent ba zato ba tsammani ya tashi kamar lit kyandir ..."

Amma duk da haka wani mummunan abu ya faru wanda ya motsa dukan yanayin Mikhail Yurievich. News, sabobin tuba da shi daga m hussar a cikin zuciya ji wani dan kasa, mai bãyar da adalci, da aka sanar da mutuwar Pushkin. Lermontov ba shi da lafiya lokacin da aka sanar da shi wannan asarar. Bugu da kari, shi, yana tunanin duk abin da ya faru ga Rasha a wannan lokacin, ya damu da zurfin ransa cewa yawancin wakilai na duniya mafi girma sun sami damar kashe Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin - Georges Dantes.

Masanin tarihin halittar "Mutuwa daga mawalla"

Lermontov ya fusata kuma ya zubar da "ciwo mai zafi," wato, abin da ya ji, a kan takarda ... Wannan wani nau'i ne na aikin. Amma lokacin da Nikolai Stolypin (dangi a kan mahaifiyata), ya fara rikici tare da mawãƙi, ya fara muhawara da tabbatar da cewa Dantes wani mutum ne mai kyau, ƙoƙarin Lermontov na haƙuri ya cika, kuma ya sanya dangi a bakin kofa . Daga nan sai ya shiga ofishin, ya zauna a tebur, kuma ... ya yi haske da wuta, ya ce: "Kuma ku masu girman kai ..."

Kishi da ƙauna cikin ayyukan Lermontov basu taba yin irin wannan karfi ba! Wannan aikin ne da aka ba shi ya jawo Rasha ... An tabbatar da shaidarsa da aka kama, sannan kuma kotu.

Tambaya ta farko a Caucasus

Power, dangane da kayan gendarme ("uniform uniforms"), da daɗe fushi ayyukan Lermontov. Jerin mutanen da ba su da gaskiya ba sun ƙunshi sunansa na ƙarshe. Yanzu dai an tabbatar da hakan, ba tare da ɓoyewar sirri na sirri ba, da duel dinsa da Martynov ya faru.

Duk da haka, mun gaggauta gaba a cikin muhawarar ... Bari mu dawo zuwa 1937, zuwa ga yadda hukumomin suka yi amfani da waƙa "Mutuwa daga mawaki." Nicholas Na ƙi Lermontov da kaina kuma ina kallo da mummunan hukuncinsa.

Mikhail Yurievich ya koma wurin Caucasus. Wannan shi ne farkon haɗin mawallafin, wanda, duk da haka, godiya ga kokarin kakarta da haɗinta a duniya an shakatawa sosai kuma ya tsaya a cikin 'yan watanni.

"Mtsyri" da "Demon"

A nan ya fara na uku lokaci na ƙwararrun mahalli. Ruwan da aka samu daga yanayin ban mamaki na duwatsu ya nuna a cikin ayyukan mawaƙa. Na gode da haɗin gwiwar Lermontov daga cikin manyan matasan Rasha sun sami babbar magoya baya. Lokacin da ya koma Petersburg, a cikin wuraren cin abinci a wurin, an ƙaddara shi don aikin zaki na dabba. A tara haushi da aka neman wani ɗan keɓawa a cikin shayari. Mikhail Yuryevich ya haifar da "Mtsyri" da "Demon." Sabbin 'yan jarida na ayyukan Lermontov, waɗanda wahayi ya fito daga Caucasus, sun jawo mai karatu tare da halayen su, sha'awar' yanci da cikakke na ruhu.

Game da waƙa "Mtsyri" ...

A cewar makircin aikin da Georgians Circassian Mtsyri ya ji daɗin sa ya yi gudun hijira kuma ba tare da wata matsala ba, har kwana uku yana ƙoƙarin tserewa daga masu bin sa. Kuma na hudu, wanda ya raunana, mutuwa, amma cike da wariyar 'yanci, an dawo da ita - zuwa gidan sufi.

Belinsky ya yi imanin cewa daga hoton Mtsyri mai karatu zai fara lura da matsalolin ayyukan Lermontov. Wannan mawuyacin hali ne na wani saurayi wanda ya tsere "a wani mummunan sa'a", "hadari", lokacin da sauran mutane, wadanda suke tsoro, sun kasance "a kan bagaden", amma kuma suna "yin sujadah a kasa", suna dauke da alamar nuna kyama, , Tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa na Rasha a farkon karni na sha tara.

Tattaunawa game da ayyukan Lermontov, a cikin ra'ayin mai suna Belinsky, ya nuna a cikin ɓangare na ainihin hotuna ainihin mawalla kansa.

Clear Lines kari dukan tsiya iambic tetrameter waka "Mtsyri", da gaske a namiji rhyming endings, ya nuna duka wani arziki daga hotuna na waje duniya, da kuma dukan bunch na ji na protagonist: fid da zuciya, da tausaya, mabuwayi aniya, soyayya, m baƙin ciki. A cikin wannan waƙar an samo asali ne a matsayin halayen halayyar kerawar kerawa a cikin ayyukan Lermontov.

Lormontov ta "Demon"

Wannan batu na kadaici m hali sami ta ma'ana ci gaba a cikin image na aljan, da eponymous gwarzo na waka Lermontov. Babban zabi na ainihin hoto na aikin yana shaida wa zuba jarurruka a ciki na mahimmanci na ma'ana da zamantakewa. Ba kawai ta wurin yanayinta ya saba da dabi'un tsarin mulki ba, amma kuma shine "Sarkin ilimi da 'yanci". A ciki, Mikhail Yurievich yana zuba jari ga ƙirar matasa na sashin jihohi na XIX karni na wulakanci na mutum. Haske wannan hoton, ba kawai muna magana ne game da ƙauna a ayyukan Lermontov ba.

Wannan ya riga ya zama falsafanci a cikin waka, fahimta cewa ƙin ƙiyayya da ƙiyayya da duk abin da ke haɗe da tsari na duniya yana da haɗari, wannan yana haifar da lalacewar cikin gida. Abinda ya faru na "Demon" na Lermontov ya kasance a musanya dabi'u na har abada game da "ƙauna, alheri da kyau" tare da siffofinsa masu banƙyama. Yaya ya kasance daga mutane! Duniya na ciki yana da mahimmanci a gare shi fiye da "raunin da bala'i, aiki da matsala ga jama'a." Wannan karshen ya haifar da rikice-rikice na tunanin mutum, kuma a sakamakon haka - mutuwar mai ƙaunarsa - Tamara, bayan jawabin Demon, "cike da gwaji." Shaidan kansa, da kuma kafin ya sadu da yarinyar, ya zama halitta, baza'a ga baƙin ciki da kuma shiga.

Binciken ayyukan Lermontov, wanda aka rubuta a baya, yana nuna fadada tunanin da mai mawalla ya sanya su, wanda ya nuna juyin halitta.

Ƙauna cikin ayyukan Lermontov

Batun ƙauna a cikin ayyukan Lermontov yana jin murmushi mai banƙyama da mai banƙyama. Abin takaici, halin da Mikhail Yurievich yake da ita ya rinjaye shi ƙwarai da gaske ga ƙaunar da yake ba shi da kyau ga Varenka Lopukhina. A can, inda wani, wanda ba shi da cikakken samari, wanda ya ƙi, zai fara neman wani sha'awar, Lermontov ya kasance mai akida - "ko dai ko a'a!". Kuma ko da yake Varenka ya kasance abokinsa mai aminci da mai hankali, wani mai ba da shawara, duk da haka, mawãƙi, ba shakka, yana son more ...

Yin la'akari da waƙoƙin, Ƙaunar Lermontov mai haske, mai girma, amma ba a raba ba. Sabili da haka, bayanin ayyukan Lermontov da wasu mawallafin wallafe-wallafen ya haifar da su ga ƙarshe: wannan mawãƙi ne na ƙauna da baƙin ciki. Ko da a cikin ayyukan falsafa na Mikhail Yurievich, alal misali, a cikin waka "Duma" akwai motsin soyayya. Kuma abin da yake cikakke! Saurari kawai ga karin waƙar da ake kira: "Kuma muna ƙin, kuma muna ƙaunar ta ..."

Mahaifiyar marubucin mawaki, wanda ya san shi fiye da kowane mutum, ya lura da halin da ya dace na jikansa zuwa wannan manufa - ba tare da halftones ba. Mawãƙin ya yarda cewa akwai "rayuwa daban-daban", kuma mutumin da aka halicce shi ne na farko don rayuwa a cikin motar murna da farin ciki. Bisa ga ra'ayinsa, ƙauna na gaskiya ba zai iya zama ƙasa ba, dole ne ya kasance daidai da ni'ima na har abada. Gwargwadon ayyukan Lermontov, har ma da fadawa cikin ƙauna, suna ɗaukaka darajar su sama da ƙauna ("Ba zan kunyata ku ba").

Musamman shine fassarar Mikhail Yurevich game da manufar farin ciki. Wani mai karatu mai tunani da yake sha'awar batun farin ciki a ayyukan Lermontov zai sami shi a cikin Hero of Our Time: "Abin farin ciki shine girman kai!" A karkashin wadannan kalmomi, mawãƙi ya fahimci irin wannan yanayin mutum daya lokacin da ya zama A cikin taskokin farin ciki da baƙin ciki ga wani.

Matsayinsa ya samo wata mahimmanci na Lantmontov na ƙauna - don magance nauyin yau da kullum na al'ada mai kyau wanda halitta mawaki ya halitta. Wannan tunanin ne mai ban sha'awa wadda za a iya gani a cikin waƙoƙin Sonnet, Valerik.

Kammalawa

Ayyukan ayyukan Lermontov sun nuna halin da ake yi na zamani. An yi iƙirari a matsayin m, akidar counterweight zuwa manufofin da rikici gudanar da Emperor Nicholas I.

Lermontov Lines ya ƙunshi duka ƙin tsarin tsarin mulki na yanzu, da shakka, tunani mai zafi a kan gaba na Rasha. A cikin ayyukan Mikhail Yurievich, wasu alamomi (alamomi) an halicce su, don haka, suna magana sosai, alama ta Rasha ta fara da kirkirar wannan classic.

Bugu da} ari, zurfin fahimtar mawallafa mai shekaru 27, na duniya, yana da} arfi, sabili da haka abubuwan da suka shafi ayyukan Lermontov: suna tunani game da lalacewa na tsara, da fahariya, da rashin amincewa da kabilanci, matsalolin dangantakar dake tsakanin mawaki da al'umma.

Matsayinsa na ainihi da marasa daidaito ya kasance kuma ya zama asiri.