Kamar yadda proliferating Kwayoyin. A ci gaba da yaduwa na sel

Kila babu mafi akai-akai karatu a makaranta na ilmin halitta Concepts na shirin fiye da tantanin halitta. Tun da akwai gabatar 5 a kan tarihin yanayin aji, sa'an nan bi da a 6 replicates a matsayin jinsin da kuma cell division da hanyoyin. A 7th kuma 8th maki ta yi karatu daga cikin ra'ayi na shuka, dabba da mutum asalin. Grade 9 hada da shawara na ciki matakai abin da ke faruwa a cikin shi, wato, da kwayoyin tsarin. A 10 da kuma 11 ne da cell ka'idar, da samu da kuma ci gaba.

A shirin da aka gina da cewa hanya domin shi ne wadannan kananan Tsarin, "da gine jikin rayuwa," su ne mafi muhimmanci abubuwa na wani kwayoyin. Duk da harshen damo, tafiyar matakai, girmansu da ci, da samuwar - duk abin da alaka da rayuwa, da za'ayi da su, kuma a cikin su. Saboda haka, a wannan labarin, za mu duba a cikin babban wuraren haifuwa, cell ci gaba da kuma tarihi da na samu.

bude Kwayoyin

Wadannan tsarin barbashi ne musamman a cikin kananan size. Saboda haka, domin su samu shi ya dauki lokaci mai tsawo da kuma halittar wani takamaiman fasaha. Domin da farko lokacin da salon salula tsarin rayuwa shuka nama gan Robert Guk. Wancan yã kasance a 1665. A domin su yi la'akari, ya ƙirƙira farko hange. Wannan na'urar Bears kadan kama zuwa zamani girman siffar da na'urorin. Ã'a, shi ne kamar 'yan shirya tsakanin madauki, ba da karuwa.

Amfani da wannan na'ura, da masanin kimiyyar dauke da sashe na toshe kwalaba itace. Abin da ya gan shi ne farkon da ci gaban mai yawan related sciences da kuma ilmin halitta a general. A jam'i na tam abutting sel kamar daidai size da kuma siffar. Hooke kira su cella, wanda ke nufin "cell".

Daga bisani sanya da dama binciken da yarda da ilmi to girma, tara da kuma haifar da da dama sciences da hannu a cikin binciken.

1. 1675 - masanin kimiyyar Malpighi karatu da dama cell siffar da ya zo Tsayawa akan matsayin cewa shi ne mafi sau da yawa zagaye ko m kumfa cika rayuwa ruwan 'ya'yan itace.
2. 1682 - N. girma Malpighi tabbatar da binciken, da kuma nazarin tsarin da jikin tantanin.
3. 1674 - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek bude sel kwayoyin cuta, kazalika da jini da maniyyi tsarin.
4. 1802-1809 gg. - Sh-Brissot da Mirbeau zh. B. Lamark bayar da shawarar da wanzuwar kama tsakanin tsokoki da kuma dabbobi da kuma shuka Kwayoyin.
5. 1825 - yana buɗewa da Purkinje cell nucleus din jima'i tsuntsaye.
6. 1831-1833 gg. - Robert Brown ya bayyana gaban tsakiya a shuka Kwayoyin kuma ya gabatar da manufar da muhimmancin da m abun da ke ciki, maimakon na jikin tantanin, kamar yadda a baya tsammani.
7. 1839 - Theodor Schwann ƙarasa da cewa, dukkanin rayayyun halittu an hada da Kwayoyin, kazalika da kama na baya tare da juna (nan gaba cell ka'idar).
8. Na 1874-1875. - Chistyakov da Strasburger bude cell multiplication hanyoyin - mitosis, meiosis.

All kara binciken a fagen cell Tsarin, su ayyuka, da kuma rawar da rarrabuwar addinai, a cikin rãyuwar kwayoyin da aka za'ayi da sauri saboda da m cigaban musamman girman siffar da kuma lighting kayan aiki.

cell division

Kowane cell a rayuwa ya aikata wani cell sake zagayowar - lokacin rayuwar ta daga lokacin da na haifuwa zuwa mutuwa (ko division). Haka kuma, shi ba kome, shi ne dabba ko kayan lambu. A rayuwa ta sake zagayowar ne guda ga dukan su, kuma sau da yawa, a karshen ta Kwayoyin ninka ta rarraba.

Hakika, ba duk kwayoyin, wannan tsari ne m. Domin eukaryotic da prokaryotic shi ne tushen daban-daban, akwai kuma wasu bambance-bambance a cikin yaduwa daga shuka da dabbobi Kwayoyin.

Kamar yadda proliferating Kwayoyin? Akwai da dama na asali hanyoyi.

1. Mitosis.
2. Meiosis.
3. Amitosis.

Kowace daga cikinsu wakiltar wani yawan matakai bulan. Kuma duk wadannan matakai ne na musamman don kwayar kwayoyin, duka biyu shuka da dabbobi asalin. A unicellular haifuwa faruwa ta kawai rarraba a biyu. Watau, cell haifuwa hanyoyin su ne ba iri daya ba. Akwai ma irin wannan abu a matsayin cell kashe kansa. Wannan kai-halakar Kwayoyin maimakon rarraba matakai.

Kamar yadda proliferating Kwayoyin, kamar kwayoyin cuta, blue-kore algae, wasu daga cikin sauki? Asexually, mafi sauki Hanyar: abun ciki na sel aka ninki biyu a cikin cell bango kafa ta a mai gangara ko a tsaye hauling da daya cell ne zuwa kashi biyu gaba daya sabon, m masu juna biyu kwayoyin.

Wannan tsari shine ake kira kai tsaye cell division. Riɓaɓɓanya su, kuma unicellular kwayoyin cuta, amma ba shi da wani dangane da mitotic ko meiotic matakai to. Da suka faru ne kawai a cikin jikin kwayar kwayoyin.

mitosis

A kwayar halittu ƙunshi biliyoyin kwayoyin jikinsu. Kuma kowane daga cikinsu yana neman a cika ta rayuwa sake zagayowar, shi ne barin zũriyarmu, kuma ba mutuwa. Sel haifa ta rarraba, amma wannan tsari ba, dukkan su sun guda.

Somatic tsarin (koma zuwa irin wannan duk Kwayoyin fãce kumshe) su Hanyar zaba domin haifuwa, ko amitosis mitosis. Yana da matukar ban sha'awa, capacious da hadaddun tsari, wanda ke haifar daga rai guda iyaye diploid sel (Ina nufin, a biyu kafa chromosomes) biyu m 'yarta da wannan diploid abun da ke ciki.

A duka aiwatar kunshi biyu main maki:

1. Mitosis - nukiliya fission da dukan abinda ke ciki.
2. Cytokinesis - da rabo daga cikin protoplasm (cytoplasm kuma duk salula da wasu gabbansa).

Wadannan matakai faruwa lokaci guda, da zai kai ga samuwar high-sa iyaye kofe rage a cikin size.

Mitosis kunshi hudu bulan (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) da kuma ta jihar kafin division - Interphase. La'akari da kowane daki-daki.

Interphase

A ci gaba da yaduwa na sel ne da za'ayi a ko'ina cikin rayuwa da kwayoyin. Duk da haka, ba duk Kwayoyin suna da wannan lokaci na zama. Wasu daga cikin su mutu cikin kwanaki biyu ko uku (jini Kwayoyin), wasu kasance sarrafawa rayuwa (m).

Amma mafi yawan rayuwa na kowane cell da aka adana a yanayin da ake kira Interphase. Wannan shi ne wani lokaci ne na shiri domin da rabo daga Kwayoyin kafa wani balagagge, wanda daukan up 90% na lokaci da dukan tsari.

A nazarin halittu muhimmancin wannan mataki ne da jari da na gina jiki, RNA da kuma gina jiki kira na DNA din. Bayan duk, bayan rarraba a cikin kowane ya cell dole ne samu daidai da yawan wasu gabbansa, abubuwa da kuma kayyade abu, nawa ne a cikin mahaifiyarsa. Domin wannan ya faru a cire tallafin da data kasance Tsarin, ciki har da DNA strands.

A general, da Interphase auku a matakai uku:

• presynthetic.
• roba.
• postsynthetic.

Result: jari na gina jiki, da makamashi da kuma DNA din domin kara rarraba matakai. Saboda haka, wannan mataki - ne kawai farkon yadda cell ninka kara.

prophase

A wannan mataki, da wadannan manyan matakai su ne:

• narke nukiliya membrane.
• bace (ana narkar) nucleoli.
• chromosomes zama a bayyane a karkashin madubin saboda dõmin karkatarwa (Helix) na tsarin.
• centriole tarwatsa cell sandunan, ja dogara sanda da kuma kafa fission.

A wannan mataki da dabba cell haifuwa ne ba daban-daban daga abin da duk wasu.

metaphase

Wannan lokaci ne wajen takaice, kawai game da minti 10. Tushensa shi ne cewa chromatids aka shirya a kan salula ekweita. Kirtani dogara sanda daya karshen maƙale centriole a cell sandunan, da kuma sauran centromere ga kowane chromatids. Tsakanin wani kayyade tsarin ne kusan ba da alaka da haka sauƙi a shirye domin cire.

anaphase

A guntu mataki na gaba mitotic sake zagayowar. A tsawon lokaci da game da minti 3. A wannan lokacin, kowane chromatid ke iyakacin duniya Kwayoyin kuma kammala da samarwar rabin na kansa, juya cikin al'ada tsarin da chromosome.

Duk da haka, wannan ilimi na bukatar musamman enzyme - telomerase. Yana shige ta jari a cikin Interphase.

telophase

Kowane cell iyakacin duniya bayyana kammala ta kayyade kayan, wanda aka sawa a cikin nukiliya membrane, forming tsakiya. Nucleoli bayyana. A dukan tsari game da daukan minti 30. Wannan shi ne quite lokaci mai tsawo. Wannan shi ne saboda samuwar nucleolar da makaman nukiliya membrane na bukatar a high makamashi kudin da kasancewa daga cikin ginin abu - na gina jiki (sunadarai, carbohydrates, enzymes, fats, amino acid).

cytokinesis

Wannan tsari ya kammala dukan mitotic sake zagayowar. Protoplasm da aka raba da wasu gabbansa tsananin a cikin rabin, da kuma kowane yar mutum na'am daidai kamar 'yar'uwarta. Sa'an nan a fadin Kwayoyin kafa hauling gina jiki (actin hali) wanda compresses tsarin fadin kuma ya raba shi kashi biyu daidai, amma karami a size idan aka kwatanta da iyaye Kwayoyin.

A wannan mataki, akwai wasu bambance-bambance na dabba Kwayoyin daga ana karbe shuka cell. Gaskiyar cewa furotin a shuka Tsarin kasa da actin ba wanzu. Saboda haka, babu constriction da aka kafa a tsakiyar, da kuma rarraban bango, a garesu daga abin da ɓangaren litattafan almara da aka ajiye. Wannan ya ba da shuka cell rigidity, da firam Forms cell bango.

A ci gaba da multiplication na sel a kan hanyar bi ta cikin saba rai sake zagayowar: specialization, da samuwar kyallen takarda, sa'an nan kuma gabobin, aiki aikin da rabo, ko kuma mutuwa.

Jam sel da su haifuwa

A cikin tambaya na yadda za a cell sãke, amsar da za a iya ba da tsaftacewa da abin da shi ne. Bayan duk, mun dauke da matakai na mitosis halayyar kawai na somatic Tsarin. Duk da yake cikin jam sel haifa a cikin wani ɗan daban-daban hanya, ko kuma wajen, meiosis.

Wannan tsari shi ne dalilin irin wannan muhimmanci ayyuka a dabbobi kamar gametogenesis, watau jima'i haifuwa. A ci gaba da jam sel na faruwa a dama, saukarwa. Saboda haka, meiosis - mawuyaciyar da capacious division fiye da mitosis.

Domin shuka cell meiosis - sporogenesis akai, cewa shi ne, da samuwar jima'i Kwayoyin. Babban nazarin halittu rawar da meiosis ga duk kwayoyin ne cewa a sakamakon shi Forms hudu haploid (tare da rabi ko guda sa na chromosomes) jam sel. Me ya sa? Don a hadi (fe daga namiji da mace gametes) faru diploid zygote dawo a cikin sabon (nan gaba tayi). Wannan na samar da bambancin kwayoyin kwayoyin, abu don gene haduwa, da bayyanar da bunqasar da sabon fasali.

A tsarin da aiwatar da meiosis

Akwai biyu main rarrabu a meiosis: Rage kuma equational. Kowace daya hada da duk na wannan zamani a matsayin cewa na mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase da telophase. Ka yi la'akari da dan kadan more kowane daga cikinsu.

rage division

A kasa line: guda diploid Kwayoyin samar biyu haploid, da rabin sa na chromosomes. bulan:

• prophase I;
• metaphase I;
• anaphase I;
• telophase I.

A kowane daga cikin bulan aka maimaita duk wannan hira kamar cewa a cikin Game da matakai a mitosis. Duk da haka, wanda bambanci ne har yanzu akwai: a Interphase ne babu cire tallafin DNA, shi ne kawai ya raba a cikin rabin, da kuma duk. Saboda haka, kawai rabin na kwayoyin bayanai da dama a cikin kowane ya cell. Wannan na farko da yaduwa na dabba Kwayoyin da shuka shafi jima'i.

equational division

Na biyu meiotic rabo, sakamakon samuwar ko biyu Kwayoyin daga kowace baya daya. Yanzu akwai hudu m haploid takwaransa, wanda ya zama jima'i dabba ko shuka Kwayoyin. Mataki equational division: prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II.

Saboda haka, tambaya na yadda za a cell replicates, yana da wani m rikitarwa da kuma capacious amsar. Bayan wadannan matakai, kamar yadda tare da dukan sauran abin da ke faruwa a halittu masu rai, yana da matukar bakin ciki da kuma sanya sama na wani jam'i na saukarwa.