List of nauyi karafa:-daban da kuma halaye

Daga cikin dukkan 104 da aka sani zuwa ga mutãne, a yau sa up 82 sinadaran abubuwa karafa. Su gane prominently a cikin rayuwar mutane a cikin masana'antu, da nazarin halittu da muhalli Sphere. Kimiyyar zamani classifies karafa for nauyi, haske da kuma daraja. A wannan labarin, za mu duba a cikin jerin nauyi karafa da kuma su fasali.

Tabbatar da dalilin da nauyi karafa

Da farko, da nauyi karafa da za a kira a matsayin wakilainsu, wanda da wani atomic nauyi mafi girma daga 50. Duk da haka, da yin amfani da ce lokaci zuwa kwanan akwai sau da yawa ba daga sinadaran ra'ayi, da kuma, dangane da daukan hotuna zuwa gurbatawa. Saboda haka, jerin nauyi karafa hada da wadanda karafa da kuma metalloids (semimetals) cewa ƙazantar da abubuwa na mutum biosphere (gona ruwa). Bari mu dubi su.

Ta yaya da yawa abubuwa jerin hada da nauyi karafa?

A halin yanzu, babu wani yarjejeniya a kan yawan abubuwa a cikin jerin ce, yadda babu wani na kowa sharudda game da nauyi karafa. Duk da haka, nauyi karafa jerin za a iya kafa dangane da daban-daban Properties na karafa da su halayen. Wadannan sun hada da:

• A atomic nauyi. Bisa ga wannan qa'idar, kira ne zuwa fiye da 40 abubuwa tare da wani atomic nauyi mafi girma daga 50 amu (grams / mole).
• Yawa. Bisa ga wannan qa'idar, nauyi karafa an dauke su masu cewa da yawa daidai ko mafi girma daga da yawa daga baƙin ƙarfe.
• Halittu yawan guba hadawa nauyi karafa da shafi cikin rayuwar mutane da kuma rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. A cikin jerin game da 20 abubuwa.

A sakamako a kan jikin mutum

Mafi yawa daga cikin wadannan abubuwa da mummunan tasiri a kan duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. A ra'ayi na manyan atomic taro, suna talauci hawa da tara a mutum tsokoki, haddasa cututtuka daban-daban. Saboda haka, ga jikin mutum cadmium, Mercury da gubar ake gane a matsayin mai hatsari da kuma mafi nauyi karafa.

List of mai guba abubuwa suna harhada bisa ga mataki na hatsarin da ake kira dokoki na Mertz, bisa ga abin da ya fi mai guba karafa da karami kewayon da daukan hotuna:

1. Cadmium, Mercury, thallium, gubar, arsenic (kungiyar daga cikin mafiya hatsari ƙarfe poisons, wucewa halatta norms wanda zai iya kai ga tsanani m da kuma physiological cuta, har ma da mutuwa).
2. Cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, antimony, scandium, kuma tutiya.
3. Barium, manganese, strontium, vanadium, tungsten

Wannan duk da haka ba ya nufin cewa babu wani daga cikin abubuwa harhada mafi girma, bisa ga dokoki Mertz, kada ta kasance ba, a cikin jikin mutum. A akasin wannan, da jerin kunshi nauyi karafa a cikinta, wadannan kuma har yanzu fiye da 20 abubuwa, karamin taro na wanda ba kawai a kawo hadari ga rayuwar mutum, amma kuma wajibi ne a cikin tafiyar matakai na rayuwa, musamman iron, jan, cobalt, molybdenum da tutiya ko.

Samu na yanayi da nauyi karafa

The abubuwa na Muciya, masu najasa da nauyi karafa, ne gona da ruwa. Mafi sau da yawa, da cin zarafin da wannan harka metallurgical Enterprises sarrafa kãyã da mãsu nauyi da ba-ferrous karafa. Jerin pollutants da kuma cika sha'anin sharar incineration, mota shaye, boilers, sunadarai samar, rubutu, kamfanoni da ko da ikon shuke-shuke.

A mafi gubobi ne: gubar (mota masana'antu), Mercury (Misalin Rarraba: karya a gidan thermometers kuma mai kyalli lighting), cadmium (kafa ta incineration). Bugu da kari, mafi yawan tsire-tsire a samar da amfani da wasu kashi cewa za a iya halin a matsayin nauyi. Metal kungiyar, cikin jerin abin da aka bai sama, a cikin nau'i na sharar gida gudana sau da yawa a cikin ruwa da kuma kara tare da abinci sarkar zo ga mutum.

Bugu da ari fasaha dalilai da gurbacewar muhalli da nauyi karafa, akwai kuma na halitta - a volcanic eruptions, da ake samu a lawa high cadmium abun ciki.

Features na rarraba a cikin yanayin da ya fi mai guba karafa

Mercury a cikin yanayi mafi sau da yawa sarrafa a cikin ruwa da kuma iska. Ruwayen duniya teku Mercury zo daga masana'antu jini, an kuma same Mercury tururi generated saboda konewa na ci. Mai guba mahadi tara a rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, musamman a cikin cin abincin teku.

Gubar yana da fadi da yaduwar yankin. Yana accumulates a tuddai, da kuma a cikin ƙasa, kuma a cikin ruwa, da kuma rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, kuma ko da a cikin iska, a cikin hanyar shaye gas daga motoci. Hakika, gubar shiga cikin yanayi a sakamakon anthropological mataki a cikin nau'i na sharar gida daga masana'antu kansu da kuma Nonrecycled sharar gida (batura da batura).

A tushen gurbacewar muhalli da cadmium ne sharar gida da ruwa daga masana'antu Enterprises, kazalika da na halitta dalilai: da weathering na jan tama, leaching na kasa, kazalika da sakamakon da volcanic aiki.

Bigiren nauyi karafa

Duk da yawan guba, ta zamani, masana'antu samar da wani babban iri-iri amfani kayayyakin sarrafa nauyi ba ferrous karfe, da jerin wanda ya hada da jan gami, tutiya, gubar, da kuza, nickel, titanium, zirconium, molybdenum da sauransu.

Copper - ductility abu, daga abin da daban-daban wayoyi, bututu, kitchenware, kayan ado, yin rufi da kuma more. Bugu da kari, shi ne yadu amfani a cikin aikin injiniya da kuma korablestroitelstve.

Tutiya yana da babban anticorrosive Properties, saboda haka kowa ya yi amfani da tutiya gami shafi for karfe kayayyakin (watau. N. Galvanizing). Aikace-aikace na Tutiya kayayyakin: yi, aikin injiniya, da sabis (platemaking), rocketry, sinadaran masana'antu (Paints da varnishes) da kuma ko da magani (antiseptic jamiái, da dai sauransu ..).

Gubar narke sauƙi, saboda haka aka yi amfani da matsayin albarkatun kasa da yawa a cikin masana'antu, Paint, sunadarai, mota (part of Kwayoyin), lantarki, kiwon lafiya (Manufacturing m aprons ga marasa lafiya a lokacin da nassi daga cikin X-ray Research).