Ma'adanin na pre-Columbian America. M nasarori da kuma gine na al'umman da na pre-Columbian America

Lokacin da na farko Turawa suka zo da Amirka, sun fuskanci wata wayewa da cewa ya sosai daban-daban daga wani abu da suka gani kafin. The yan unguwa da wani ra'ayin na da yawa Concepts da tsawo da kuma matabbata a cikin Tsohon World. Mutanen pre-Columbian America bai yi amfani da dabaran, ba da baƙin ƙarfe kayan aikin da ya hau dawakai.

More m cewa da Indians, kamar yadda suka kira 'yan Nahiyar Amirka zo daga Turai, gudanar da ginawa da wasu kyawawan m wayewar. Suna da birane, jahohi, dogon deben hanyoyi tsakanin ƙauyuka, rubuce-rubuce, ilmin taurari, kazalika da musamman m kayayyakin gargajiya.

Wayewa da pre-Columbian America tashi da kansa da juna a biyu yanayin yankuna - a Mesoamerica da Andes. Up har da Spanish ci, wadannan wurare suna cibiyoyin ilimi da al'adu rai na nahiyar.

Mesoamerica

Wannan Gwargwadon yanki rufe ƙasa na tsakiya da kuma kudancin Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua da kuma Costa Rica. Na farko mutane zo nan a cikin 12th karni BC. Birane da kuma jihohi sun fito a cikin na uku Millennium BC. Daga nan sai farkon Spanish mulkin mallaka a Mesoamerica, akwai da dama raya al'adu.

A farkon shi ne Olmec wayewa da suka rayu a kan tekun na Gulf of Mexico. Suna da wani gagarumin tasiri a kan duk m al'adar mutanen inhabiting cikin yankin.

Olmec al'ada

A mafi tsoho art na pre-Columbian Amurka ta gabatar da wani sabon abu da kuma sosai m kayayyakin gargajiya. Cikin shahararrun abin tunawa da wayewa Olmec giant shugabannin an yi sa ne basalt boulders. Da girmansu Range daga daya da rabi mita zuwa 3.4 mita, da kuma sun auna tsakanin 25 da 55 ton. Tun da Olmec da babu Written harshen, da manufar wadannan dabbobi ne ba a sani ba. Mai masana kimiyya ne karkata zuwa yi imani da cewa wannan shi ne mafi kusantar hotuna na zamanin d shugabanni. An nuna wannan ta sassa na headgear, kazalika da gaskiyar cewa waɗanda sculptures ba kama da juna.

Wani fannin na Olmec art - Jade mask. Su aka kashe tare da babban fasaha. Bayan bacewar na Olmec wayewa, wadannan masks da aka gano da Aztecs, wanda ya tattara da kuma adana su a matsayin m kayayyakin gargajiya. A general, da al'adun pre-Columbian America aka kafa a karkashin karfi da tasiri na wannan zamanin da mutane. Zane-zane, da mutummutumai da kuma sculptures na Olmecs samu daruruwan kilomita daga yankuna da zarar sun shagaltar.

Mayan wayewa

Next girma al'adun Mesoamerica tashi a kusa da 2000 BC da kuma dade har zuwa zamanin mulkin mallaka Turai. A da Mayan wayewa, bar baya da yawa ayyukan art da kuma Monuments. A mafi Yunƙurin na Maya da al'adun da aka a lokacin daga 200 zuwa 900 shekaru BC. A wannan zamanin, na pre-Columbian America samu wani yawan raya birane.

Frescoes, Bas-reliefs da kuma sculptures na Maya da aka yi da mai finesse. Suna quite daidai iyar da jikin mutum shi ƙaddarãwa. A Mayas da aka rubuta da kalanda, su ma halitta mai cikakken taswira daga sama da suka iya hango ko hasashen yanayin da motsi na taurari.

Fine Art Maya

Launi images aka adana talauci a gumi canjin yanayin. Saboda haka, to sun tsira ba haka yawa Mayan murals. Duk da haka, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa irin images fāɗin duniya tarar a zamanin d birane na wannan al'umma. Tsira da wani ɓaɓɓake nuna cewa ma'adanin na pre-Columbian Amurka ya ba na baya zuwa mafi kyau ayyukan gargajiya wayewar na Old World.

Maya kai kyau a yi kumar kasko, ciki har da fentin. Wanda ya canja daga lãka, su ne ba kawai masu karɓa amma kuma figurines alloli, shugabanni, totem dabbobi, kazalika da scenes daga rayuwar yau da kullum. Maya sanya kayan ado da aka yi da duwatsu masu daraja da aka tsunduma a itace sassaƙa.

, M sculptures da Bas-reliefs, wanda daidai da tarihi na pre-Columbian Amurka na cewa lokaci. Maya artists sukan bar etched a dutse muhimmanci events na jama'a rayuwa. A da yawa images akwai alamun cewa shi ne ya taimaka sosai ga fassarar masana tarihi wakilci a wadannan al'amuran.

Mayan Architecture

Al'adun {asar Amirka a lokacin da Maya samu Yuan, wanda zai iya ba amma suna tunãni a kan gine-gine. A cikin birane, a Bugu da kari ya zama gidajensu kasance yawan musamman gine-gine. Da yake m Masana ilmin, da Maya gina observatories na wani sarari suKe abubuwa. Har ila yau, suna da filaye don ball wasanni. Su za a iya dauke da forerunners na zamani kwallon kafa filayen. Sami bukukuwa sanya daga sap na roba itace.

Maya gina haikalin a cikin nau'i na tako pyramids, a saman wanda wani Wuri Mai Tsarki. Gina musamman dandamali, har zuwa hudu mita tsawo da kuma ne aka yi nufi ga jama'a da kuma bikin addini ayyukan hajji.

Teotihuacan

A kan ƙasa na zamani Mexico ne fatalwa gari na zamanin d Indiyawan da kyau-tsare gine-gine. Babu inda aka pre-Columbian American gine da aka ba kai irin wannan Heights (a zahiri da kuma a alamance) kamar yadda a Teotihuacan. Akwai Sun Dala - giant yi tsawo na 64 mita da kuma wani tushe na kan mita 200. A baya can, wani katako coci tsaya a kan saman shi.

Kusa ne Dala na Moon. Shi ne na biyu mafi girma tsarin Teotihuacan. Yana da aka gina bayan da Dala na Sun kuma an sadaukar da babban allahiya na duniya da kuma haihuwa. Bugu da kari ga biyu manyan, birnin yana da dama karami hudu-tiered tako Tsarin.

Images a Teotihuacan

Kusan duk gine-gine a cikin birnin da frescoes. Fage a cikin su, yawanci ja. Wasu launuka aka yi amfani da haruffa da kuma sauran image juna sassa. Mãkirci frescoes sun fi mayar da m da addini, da nuna camfin da pre-Columbian America, amma akwai kuma al'amuran yau da kullum da ayyukan. Har ila yau, akwai hotuna na shugabanni da kuma fada warriors. A Teotihuacan yawa sculptures, ciki har da wadanda da su ne da gine-gine da abubuwa na gine-gine.

Toltec al'ada

Yau, kadan ne a san game da abin da ya pre-Columbian Amurka a lokacin tsakanin faɗuwar rana Mayan wayewa da kuma fitowan na Aztecs. An yi imani da cewa a wannan lokaci na Toltecs zauna a Mesoamerica. Domin bayani game da wadannan zamani malaman samu da farko daga Aztec Legends, a cikin abin da real facts sukan lauye da almarar. Amma archaeological shaida ne har yanzu yiwuwa a sami wasu bayanai masu gamsarwa.

Toltec babban birnin kasar na Tula aka located in abin da yake a yanzu Mexico. A wurinsa, ragowar biyu pyramids, daya daga wanda aka keɓe wa Allah Quetzalcoatl (fukin tsuntsu maciji). A da saman huɗu ne m Figures depicting Toltec warriors.

Aztec Al'adu

Lokacin da Spanish zo a Amurka ta tsakiya, inda suka haɗu da wani m daular. Wannan shi ne jihar da Aztecs. A cikin al'adu na wannan mutane kamar yadda za mu iya gaya ba kawai gine-gine Monuments. Godiya ga Spanish chroniclers, ya bayyana abin da ya ga na wayewa kiyaye bayanai game da poetic, m kuma Theatrical art na Aztecs.

poetry Aztec

Poetic art na pre-Columbian America, a fili, yana da wani dogon hadisi. Duk da haka dai, a lokacin da Spain da Aztecs sun shayari hamayya da aka gudanar a manyan taro na mutane. A waqe yawanci samu halartar misãli, kalmomi da phrases da biyu ma'anar. Akwai da dama wallafe-wallafen nau'o'i: lyric shayari, soja ballads, mythological tãtsũniyõyin, kuma haka a kan ..

Kayayyakin aikin zane-zane da kuma gine na Aztecs

A babban birnin kasar na Aztec daular ya Tenochtitlan. Its gini da aka mamaye gine-gine da siffofin, wanda ƙirƙira baya wayewar pre-Columbian America. A musamman, birnin ya tashi a 50-mita dala, reminiscent na kama Tsarin na Maya.

Zane-zane da kuma Bas-reliefs dace da Aztecs matsayin al'amuran da rayuwar yau da kullum, da kuma da dama tarihi da kuma addini. Da su, kuma alamu na mutum hadaya, wanda aka gudanar a lokacin bukukuwanku na addini.

Daya daga cikin mafi sabon abu da kuma m kayayyakin gargajiya ne Aztec Sun Stone - a manyan madauwari sassaka, diamita na kusan 12 mita. A tsakiyar rana, allahnsu ne wanda aka nuna, kewaye da alamu na hudu tun zamunan baya. Around abin bautãwa rubũtacce kalanda. An yi imani da cewa Sun Stone aiki a matsayin wata hadaya bagaden. Wannan taskar al'adun pre-Columbian Amurka ya bayyana ta fuskoki dabam-dabam mahara - astronomical ilmi, m ibada, m basira ci a cikin guda mahaluži.

Inca Al'adu

Mutanen pre-Columbian America sun kai wani babban mataki ne na ci gaba ba wai kawai a cikin tsakiyar ɓangare na nahiyar. A wajen kudu, da Andes, da Inca wayewa ta wadãta musamman. Wannan al'umma da aka geographically yanke daga Mesoamerican al'adu da kuma ci gaba dabam.

A Incas cimma kyau a yawa iri art. Babbar sha'awa na alamu a kan yadudduka, kira tokapu. Su nufi ba kawai yin tufafi mafi m. Kowace daga cikin abubuwa na kwaikwaya wata alama ce ta ake sanya wani kalma. Located in a wasu jerin, sai suka samar da phrases da sentences.

Andean music

Musical art na pre-Columbian America, jera kiyaye su a cikin Andes inda Inca zuriyarsa rayuwa ga wannan rana. Akwai kuma wallafe-wallafen kafofin tun mulkin mallaka. Daga cikin wadannan, mun sani cewa Incas amfani da dama daga iska, feat. Irfan kida. Music tare da ibada, da yawa daga cikin songs an hade da sake zagayowar daga filin aiki.

Machu Picchu

Inca ne ma sanannen domin na musamman da birnin da aka gina a kan duwatsu. Yana da aka gano a cikin 1911, riga watsi, don haka ya real name ba a sani. Machu Picchu a cikin gida India harshe na nufin "haihuwa saman". Gine-gine a cikin birnin da ake gina dutse. Tubalan haka daidai gyara ga juna cewa basira na zamanin d magina mamaki ko zamani kwararru.

Al'adu North America

Indiyawan, wanda ya rayu a cikin arewa na ba-rana Mexico, bai gina dutse gine-gine, kamar da Dala na Sun, ko Machu Picchu. Amma da m nasarori mutanen pre-Columbian America, dake zaune a raoyne Kogin Mississippi da kuma Missouri, shi ne kuma quite ban sha'awa. A wannan yankin, da yawa tsoho binne mounds.

Bugu da kari ga sauki mounds a cikin siffar wani tudun, a Kogin Mississippi kwarin akwai tako dandamali da kuma mounds, a cikin abin da shaci na rufe Figures na daban-daban dabbobi, kamar macizai da crocodiles.

Tasirin art a kan m pre-Columbian America

Wayewa na zamanin d Indiyawan a baya. Amma yanzu al'adun {asar Amirka Bears bugu na zamanin d pre-mulkin mallaka hadisai. Saboda haka, kasa kayayyaki na 'yan asalin mutanen Chile da kuma Peru ne sosai kama da tufafin da Inca. A cikin zane-zane na Mexico artists sukan samu stylistic na'urorin hali na zane-zane na Maya. Kuma a cikin littattafai na Colombian marubuta na dama events intricately saka a cikin wani mai idon basira labarin da saba sauƙi Aztec shayari.