Macroeconomics aka bayyana a matsayin wani yanki na tattalin arziki da karatu da matakai da cewa faruwa a matakin kasa tattalin arzikin a matsayin dukan

Macroeconomics aka bayyana a matsayin wani yanki na tattalin arziki da karatu da yi, tsari da hali da kuma yanke shawara a cikin tattalin arzikin a dukan kuma ba ta mutum abokai, segments ko kasuwanni, karatu a micro matakin. Yana nazarin kasa, na bangarori da na duniya al'amurran. Micro- da macroeconomics ne biyu main hanyoyin nazarin tattalin arziki.

definition

Macroeconomics (da prefix "Macro" a Girkanci nufin "babban") da karatunsa da tara Manuniya kamar} asashensu, rashin aikin yi, farashin fihirisa da kuma dangantaka tsakanin sassan tattalin arziki. Its Babban burin - shi ne a sami wani amsar wannan tambaya da yadda duk abin da aiki. Macroeconomists tsunduma a cikin shiri na model cewa bayyana dangantaka tsakanin Manuniya kamar samarwa, na kasa samun kudin shiga, da hauhawar farashin kaya, da rashin aikin yi, tanadi, amfani, zuba jari, harkokin kasuwanci ya duniya, da kudi. Idan micro-matakin da masana kimiyya bincika mafi yawa mutum mataki jamiái da mutum kasuwanni, da tattalin arziki da ake gani a matsayin tsarin a cikinsa duk abubuwa ne m da shafi nasara ko rashin cin nasara.

batu na binciken

Wannan ne mai matukar m yankin. Duk da haka, zamu iya cewa macroeconomics aka bayyana a matsayin wani yanki na tattalin arziki da karatu biyu main al'amurran:

• Sanadin da kuma effects na kasa kudin shiga da hawa da sauka a cikin gajeren lokaci. Wannan ne kasuwanci sake zagayowar.
• Determinants dogon lokacin da ci gaban tattalin arziki. Wannan ne da kanta a kasa samun kudin shiga.

Macroeconomic model da kuma aiwatar da taimakon wadannan kintace aka yi amfani da gwamnatocin} asashensu don ci gaba da kuma kimantawa nasu monetary da kasafin kudi siyasa.

asali Concepts

Macroeconomics aka bayyana a matsayin wani yanki na tattalin arziki da karatu na kasa tattalin arzikin matsayin dukan. Saboda haka babu wani abu abin mamaki a gaskiyar cewa shi maida hankali ne akan wani iri-iri Concepts da kuma canji. Duk da haka, akwai uku main batutuwa na macroeconomic bincike. Theory za a iya hade da samar, rashin aikin yi, ko da hauhawar farashin kaya. Wadannan batutuwa ne da muhimmanci ga tattalin arziki jamiái, ba kawai ga masu bincike.

samarwa

National samun kudin shiga ne da wani ma'auni na jimlar girma na duk da cewa samar da jihar ga wani lokaci. Saboda macroeconomics aka bayyana a matsayin yanki na tattalin arziki da karatu dukan kasa tattalin arzikin a matsayin dukan, yana da muhimmanci a kimanta da samarwa ba kawai a jiki amma kuma cikin sharuddan darajar. Batun da samun kudin shiga sukan dauke m. Suna kullum bayyana cikin sharuddan} asashensu, ko kuma daya daga cikin tsarin na kasa asusun Manuniya. Da masu bincike, wanda tsunduma a dogon lokaci hange na canji a fitarwa, karatu ci gaban tattalin arziki. A karshe ne ya rinjayi irin dalilai kamar inganta fasahar, da jari na kayan aiki da kuma sauran babban birnin kasar albarkatun, da kyautata ilimi. Business hawan keke na iya haifar da gajere dakushe samar, watau abin da ake kira koma bayan tattalin arziki. National manufofin kamata a da nufin su yin rigakafi da accelerating ci gaban tattalin arziki.

rashin aikin yi

Macroeconomics aka bayyana a matsayin wani yanki na tattalin arziki ka'idar, wanda, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, an karatu da uku main jigogi. Rashin aikin yi - daya daga cikinsu. Its matakin da aka auna da yawan marasa aikin yi. Wannan kashi bai hada ritaya mutane da kuma dalibai. Akwai da dama iri na rashin aikin yi:

• Gargajiya. Bayyana lokacin da kafa a cikin aiki kasuwa, Hakkin ne da muni, don haka kamfanoni ba su son su yi ijara da ƙarin ma'aikata.
• Gogayya. Wannan irin rashin aikin yi da ya auku saboda gaskiyar cewa search for wani sabon wuri da kwarewarsa - ko da akwai m ayyuka - yana daukan lokaci.
• Tsarin. Yana maida hankali ne akan dukan yawa subspecies, wanda suna da alaka da sake fasalin kudin na tattalin arziki. A wannan yanayin akwai wani mismatch tsakanin samuwa basira da kuma mutane da basira da suke da zama dole ga aiki. Wannan matsala ne mafi kusantar su zamanto dangane da yaro- kuma walwa na tattalin arziki.
• Cyclic. Okun ta shari'a ta ce game da empirical dangantaka tsakanin ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma rashin aikin yi. Uku kashi karuwa a samar da take kaiwa zuwa wani karuwa a cikin aikin na 1%. Duk da haka, dole ne mu gane cewa rashin aikin yi ne makawa a lokacin recessions.

kumbura

Macroeconomics aka ƙaddara ba kawai ta hanyar samar da yawan aiki ma'aikata. Mahimmanci, da hali na farashin kaya da mabukaci kwando. Wadannan canje-canje ake auna yin amfani da takamaiman fihirisa. Kumbura faruwa a lokacin da kasa tattalin arziki "zafi fiye da kima", da girma da ya fara aukuwa ma da sauri. A wannan yanayin, da macroeconomy aka bayyana a matsayin yanki na tattalin arziki da karatu da hanyar da za ka iya sarrafa kudi wadata da kuma hana farashin man gas. A kan tushen da ta karshe dogara ne gwamnatin monetary da kuma kasafin kudi manufofin. Alal misali, don rage hauhawar farashin kaya zai iya ƙara sha'awa kudi ko rage kudi wadata. A rashin na kowane irin ya kasance tasiri ayyuka da babban bankin iya kai wa ga rashin tabbas a cikin al'umma da kuma sauran mummunan sakamakon. Duk da haka, shi ya kamata a fahimci cewa deflation zai iya haifar da wani akan rage samar. Saboda haka, yana da muhimmanci don daidaita farashin, ba kyale su su yi shakka a kan wani daga cikin jam'iyyun.

macroeconomic model

Domin a fili bayanin yadda duniya da kuma na kasa da tattalin arziki, amfani da graphics. Macroeconomics aka bayyana a matsayin wani yanki na tattalin arziki da karatu da uku main iri model:

1. AD-AS. A tsarin na tara wadata da kuma bukatar da sikẽli aka duba yiwuwar biyu da takaice da kuma cikin dogon lokaci.
2. NE-LM. Jadawalin-ceton zuba jari - mai hade da ma'auni a cikin kudi da kayayyaki, a kasuwanni.
3. girma model. Alal misali, ka'idar Roberta Solou.

Harkar Kuɗi da kuma kasafin kudi manufofin

Macroeconomics ne sau da yawa a tsare a matsayin yanki na ka'idar, karshe kuma tsinkaya cewa za a iya samun sauƙin saka a cikin yi. Kuma wannan gaskiya ne. Don daidaita tattalin arzikin ne sau da yawa amfani da monetary da kuma kasafin kudi manufofin. Babban manufar wadannan fuskanci - cimma GDP girma a kudi na cikakken lokaci aiki.

Monetary siyasa da aka gudanar da bankunan tsakiya da kuma ake dangantawa da iko da kudi wadata via da dama sunadaran. Alal misali, a jihar iya fitowa tsabar kudi saya shaidu ko wasu kadarori. Wannan zai rage sha'awa rates. Monetary siyasa ba zai iya zama mai tasiri saboda liquidity tarko. Idan kumbura kuma amfani rates kusa da sifili, da gargajiya da matakan ba su aiki. A wannan yanayin, shi iya taimaka, kamar gwada yawa easing.

Kasafin kudi siyasa shafi yin amfani da jama'a kudaden shiga da kuma kashe kudi ba domin tasiri a kan tattalin arzikin. Misali, a cikin kasa tattalin arzikin akwai kasa damar yin amfani. A jihar iya kara ta halin kaka ta haɗa wani multiplier sakamako, kuma ba za mu iya tsayar da girma a cikin fitarwa na dukiya da kuma ayyuka.

A tarihin ka'idar raya kasa

Macroeconomics aka bayyana a matsayin wani masana'antu da cewa fito daga tattaunawa da kasuwanci sake zagayowar. Quantity ka'idar kudi ya Popular kafin yakin duniya na II. Daya daga cikin versions mallakar Irving Fisher. Yana tsara da aka sani da lissafi: M (kudi karo) * V (su wurare dabam dabam rate) = P (farashin matakin) * Q (fitarwa). Ludwig von Mises, wakilin kasar Austria makaranta, a 1912 ya wallafa wani takarda a cikin abin da daidaituwar tattalin arziki batutuwa aka rufe a karon farko. Yana kafa ka'idar bayan da girma mawuyacin. A zamani irin na macroeconomics fara ne da littafin da Dzhona Meynarda Keynes 'General Theory of Employment, Interest kuma Money. " Bugu da ari bincike kansu a matsayin dukan shiga wakilai daga duk kwatance, musamman monetarists da neo-gargajiya.