A Yak-40. Fasinja jirage na Tarayyar Soviet. Yakovlev Design ofishin

Yawanci a lokacin da muka ji game da sifirin jiragen sama da jirgin sama, mun gabatar da wani mahaukatan jet cewa iya tashi dubban kilomita hanyoyi. Duk da haka, fiye da arba'in bisa dari na iska ne da za'ayi ta gida iska Lines, na tsawon abin da yake 200-500 kilomita, da kuma wani lokacin su auna kawai a dubun kilomita. Yana da ga irin dalilai da Yak-40 da aka halitta. Wannan musamman jirgin sama da kuma za a tattauna a cikin labarin.

akai-akai na farko

Yak-40 (photo ba a cikin labarin ya nuna cewa jirgin sama) shi ne na farko a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da kuma duniya ta fasinja jet, wanda aka tsara domin ya yi aiki a kan gida kamfanonin jiragen sama. Ya zama na farko da jirgin sama zuwa da Tarayyar Soviet, wanda ya karbi takardar shaidar da airworthiness a West har irin wannan takardar shaida a kasar mu. A Yak-40 shi ne na farko cikin gida Airbus samu takardun shaida a Jamus da kuma Italiya. Ya kuma kasance na farko Soviet jirgin sama ya wuce duk ma'aunansa na airworthiness BCAR Ingila da kuma Amurka - FAR-25. Aiki a kan takardar shaida daga cikin jirgin sama sun taimaka wajen hanzarta kungiyar na ta jirgin sama littãfi a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, tallafi na ma'aunansa na airworthiness, kazalika da ci gaban mu masana'antu, da dama raka'a da kuma kayayyakin da saduwa da bukatunsu na "da yamma." Bugu da kari, ya zama na farko da fasinja jirgin sama zuwa Yakovlev Design ofishin.

A farko mai saye da kuma comments daga masana

Italiya ta zama kasa ta farko a duniya, ya samu cikin Yak-40. Ta kuma shirya gabatar da high yi na na'ura. Piloted da gwajin matukin M. G. Zavyalov da Italian matukan jirgin, da jirgin sama sanya wani jirgin daga babban birnin kasar Italiya a Australia. Wannan hanya da aka shawo kan ba tare da wani kasawa da kuma breakdowns. A watan Afrilu 1970 da Faransa sufurin jiragen sama Magazine mujallar lura cewa Yak-40 shi ne na asali a zane, da kuma size jirgin halaye. A cikin West, akwai kusan babu jirgin sama cewa za a iya tsayayya da su Rasha sabon zuwa. A Amurka, kawai ɓullo da irin ayyukan, da aiwatar da abin da yake faru kawai 'yan shekaru.

All duniya masana ya ba da mafi girma da rating da kuma Rasha jirgin sama Yakovlev Design ofishin.

samar da jirgin sama

By da ci gaban da Yak-40, injiniyoyi fara a watan Afrilu na 65th shekara na karshe karni. Dalilin da sabon jirgin sama ya maye gurbin m model na fistan Il-12, Il-14 da kuma Li-2, wanda ya yi aiki a kan gida kamfanonin jiragen sama. Soviet jirgin sama masana'antun dauki daya kawai shekara for zane da kuma gina samfur. Saboda haka, 21 ga watan Oktoba, 1966 gwajin matukin Arseniem Kolosovym aka farko tashe a cikin iska samfur - da Yak-40. A musamman alama ne da ikon da jirgin sama don a fille daga unpaved hadahada. Yana da aka ciyar da suka wuce haddi gefe na jirgin sama gini, ta kwantar da shi injiniyoyi Yakovlev Design ofishin.

"Fighter kananzir" ko "baƙin ƙarfe butt"

Yak-40 (photo sama nuna) shi ne mafi sauki inji tsara don jirgin da ƙasa ma'aikata da sakandare cancantar. Bãya gare shi da aka a haɗe biyu miyãgun sunãye na laƙabõbĩ - "baƙin ƙarfe butt" (a gwada da kananan size, kuma m dymlenie ikon raka'a) da kuma "Fighter na kananzir" (domin mafi girma man fetur amfani). Wannan Airbus yana da matukar high AMINCI da aiki aminci. Yak-40 zai iya daukar kashe idan daya daga cikin uku injuna, da kuma yin jirgin a kan daya daga cikin ikon raka'a. A unprepared hadahada aiki barorinsa sauƙaƙe m jawo na'urar, mai nadawa tsani, high controllability na mota. Sakawa da injuna a raya da fuselage ya rage vibration da amo.

aiki nasarori

Total Soviet jirgin sama masana'antu samar 1011 raka'a Yak-40 model. Batun da aka tsaya a shekarar 1981, amma wannan bai kawo karshen rayuwa na jirgin sama. Fiye da shekara arba'in a duniya Airways - shi ne ba da mafi kyaun shaida daga cikin AMINCI na na'ura, da daidai fasaha mafita ga hadaddun matsaloli da cewa bayyana a lokacin da halittar wannan model! Kuma da zanen kaya da kuma gujiya Minsk Aircraft Gyara Shuka ba kawai sabon iri na biyu rayuwa da jirgin sama, amma kuma a tare da kwararru Yakovlev Design ofishin da aka bayar an halicce - tashi dakunan gwaje-gwaje, wanda sun kwanan nan tsiwirwirinsu mai muhimmanci a cikin kasa da tattalin arziki. The jirgin kasar Rasha samu sosai m aikace-aikace. Saboda haka, ta tsakiyar seventies na Yak-40 da cikakken maye gurbin Tsohon soji Il-12, Il-14 da kuma Li-2 da gida kamfanonin jiragen sama. Bayan ƙware da jirgin na fiye da ɗari uku kwaminonin na kasar, wadannan wuya ma'aikata ta 1988 hawa fiye da tamanin da miliyan fasinjoji. Kuma tarihin wannan jirgin sama da ya ba tukuna aka kammala. Aiki kwarewa da wannan model a cikin kasar da kuma goma sha takwas kasashen waje shakka ya nuna shirme kawai na yanke shawara a kan karbo daga cikin Yak-40 samar. Saboda haka, sauyawa daga injuna more man fetur m zamani injuna za a yarda ka kara samar da fitarwa na jirgin sama.

fitarwa

Bayarwa na farko Yak-40 jirgin sama don fitarwa da aka fara a shekarar 1970, kamar shekaru hudu bayan da Take-kashe matukin jirgin model. Domin shekaru goma a Asia, Turai da kuma Jamhuriyar Cuba shi ya sayar 125 raka'a daban-daban bambance-bambancen karatu na shimfidu da kuma gyare-gyare. Export model kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da serial da wani yawan bambance-bambance a cikin abun da ke ciki na iyali, kuma kewayawa kayan aiki. Wadannan fasinja jirage Tarayyar Soviet kawota a goma sha takwas ƙasashe: Afghanistan, Angola, Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, Zambia, Italy, Cambodia, Kyuba, Laos, da Malagasy Jamhuriyar, Poland, Syria, Jamus, Equatorial Guinea, Habasha, {asar Yugoslavia. A 2000, da Kamchatka kamfanin jirgin sama sayar daya jirgin sama zuwa Honduras. Tun da 1967, da Yak-40 da aka takara a duk jirgin sama na gyaran gashi Ingila, Jamus, Japan, Italy, France, Sweden da kuma sauran kasashe. Wannan almara jirgin sama tare da wani jirgin zanga-zanga, ya sanya fiye da ɗari biyar kilomita dubu kuma ziyarci kasashen da dama, ba kawai a Turai amma kuma Asia, America, Afrika da kuma Australia. Ya kamata a lura da cewa Yak-40 shi ne na farko Soviet jirgin sama, wanda aka sayar a cikin jari hujja kasashen da su ci gaba jirgin sama masana'antu. Wadannan jirgin sama ne a yau sarrafa ta kamfanonin jiragen sama na goma sha shida kasashe.

fasaha hoto

Mu yanzu la'akari da bayani dalla-dalla. Yak-40, bisa ga fasfo bayanai, yi nufi ga wani tsawon daya da rabi kilomita dubu. Reshe yana da wani fairly babban yankin - 70 murabba'in mita, wanda sanya shi yiwuwa ta yi watsi da tsarin na rikitacciyar multislit bude yatsun da slats. A cruising gudun ne 510 km / h. Ainihin ra'ayin jirgin tsarin da aka sauki, mai hade da uku jet injuna da kuma manyan reshe, high takeoff da kuma saukowa yi. Ja da ikon da ikon naúrar ne a rabin ton. Wani amfani ne powerplant talakawan engine, wanda aka shirya a fuselage, shi yana da baya da dirka - musamman na'urar da damar canza shugabanci na shaye gas rafi a lokacin braking na jirgin sama. Wannan naúrar ya rage nisan miloli na mota a saukowa zuwa mita 400. Kuma da masu gadi ne zuwa baya da membobinsu ba engine da jirgin sama. Wannan yana da muhimmanci sosai ga daidaituwa da ikon shuka da kuma sauƙaƙe sauyawa daga tsakiyar naúrar. A shasi na na'ura sanye take da taushi damping tsarin, shi yake rage matsi kan surface na titin jiragen sama. Duk wannan ya yarda da jirgin sama dauki kashe da kuma ƙasar amince a kan ƙasa da ƙasa sutura.

Matuka jirgin daidai da mutane biyu: shugaban da co-matukin jirgi, amma za ka iya saita uku wurin zama, idan ya cancanta. Cab gilashi ne na musamman lantarki dumama. Shop Yak-40 shi ne irin abin da damar 27 zuwa 32 fasinjoji. A jirgin sama sanye take da zamani avionics acrobatic kewayawa kayan aiki wanda ba ka damar tashi dare da rana, a wani wajen m yanayin yanayi. Kayan aiki ya hada da: autopilot, wucin gadi sararin sama, directional tsarin, Magnetic kamfas, biyu atomatik shugabanci manemin, kursoglissadnuyu saukowa tsarin, rediyo altimeter ga low altitudes. Jirgin sama sanye take da inganci sosai iska-kadan tsarin su hana icing daga cikin gidaje. Radio weather radar taimaka wajen gane gaban hadari fronts a kan jirgin hanya. Bisa ga fasfo bayanai, da jiragen hanya shi ne talatin da dubu hours, da kuma sabis rai - har zuwa shekaru 25.

biyu matasa

A 1999, Yakovlev Design ofishin injiniyoyi sun samar da karatu da kuma lissafin, wanda ya nuna cewa jirgin na sarrafawa rayuwa za a iya ninka a karfafa zane da kuma tsaftacewa da airframe. A shirin tsawo sabis zai ba da damar kamfanoni don cira da bukatar sayan sabon jirgin sama, wanda zai ajiye babba kudi. Zamani Shirin ya hada da maye injuna cheap powertrains.

hatsarori

A yawa na mutane, har ma da wadanda suka kai a kai amfani da sabis na iska dako, suna tsoron tashi. Kuma yau da kullum da hadarin jirgin sama da taimako ga ci gaban wadannan phobias. Irin wadannan mutane ne m nuna statistics, bisa ga abin da, a cikin mota hadarurruka kashe fiye da hadarurruka. Wannan ra'ayi ne sauƙi bayyana, saboda a lokacin da hadarin, ko da yake su ne sosai rare, yayin da mutane da dama na mutane aka kashe. Yana da yaushe a buga, ba kawai ga dangi wadanda ke fama, amma kuma ga baki. A fili, da tsoro da aka bayyana ta da cewa da fasinja ba zai iya canja wani abu, babu wani abin da dogara, ya bada kansa da kuma rayuwarsa a hannun matukin jirgin da kuma soulless inji.

Saboda haka, mun yi la'akari da statistics na asarar da jirgin sama Yak-40. Bala'i da kuma asarar da jirgin sama ga sauran dalilai, don fiye da arba'in da shekara tarihi na wannan model wuce goma bisa dari shãmaki. Saboda haka, 117 da jirgin sama da aka rasa tun farkon aiki. Daga cikin wadannan 46 inji aka karya domin dalilai daban-daban, sau da yawa saboda kurakurai na matukan jirgin da kuma iska zirga-zirga masu kula. Sauran 71 Yak-40 da aka lalace, domin duk abin da dalili, a nan hada da jirgin sama ya hallaka a lokacin soja a daban-daban zafi aibobi. Ba zato ba tsammani, na karshe irin wannan na'ura da cewa an rasa - shi jirgin sama, lalace a lokacin yakin for Donetsk filin jirgin sama May 26, 2014.

Yakovlev Aircraft

A Yakovlev Design ofishin yana da wani arziki tarihi. Daga cikin ganuwar zo da yawa daban-daban inji, daga jiragen yaki ga mahaukatan jiragen sama. Akwai samuwa kamar yadda wasanni da kuma manufa ta musamman model, misali, don horar da matukan jirgi. Ka yi la'akari da wasu daga cikinsu, kamar Yak-42. Wannan tsari da aka ɓullo da a cikin tsakiyar 70s na karshe karni da jirage masu zuwa babban hanyoyi kusa da Tarayyar Soviet. Commercial aiki da wannan jirgin sama ya fara a cikin 80th shekara. A lokacin da ya 194 jerin samar da jirgin sama da aka gina a 1980-2002. Daga cikin wadannan, 42 Yak-64 tushe cikakken naúra da kuma 130 - inganta gyare-gyaren Yak-42D - ƙãra dauki-kashe nauyi da iyaka. A cruising gudun 700 km / h. A jirgin sama da aka tsara don iyakar jirgin kewayon hudu kilomita dubu. A fasinja gida da aka tsara don 120 kujeru. Wannan jirgin sama ba ya bukatar talla, kyaututukan da ya samu magana don kansu. Bayan duk, suka kafa tara duniya records! Saboda haka, a cikin daya daga cikinsu da Yak-42, tsara don kusa Lines, ba zai shige da nisa daga babban birnin kasar na Rasha zuwa Khabarovsk. Abin mamaki har yanzu shi ne gaskiya cewa kafin halittar model na Yak-40 da kuma Yak-42 Yakovlev Design ofishin tasowa Multi-fasinja jiragen a general ba tsunduma. Su main specialization - yana da ilimi, wasa da kuma soja jirgin saman soja jirage.

Yak-18 jirgin sama

Wannan jirgin sama ne zuriyar UT-2L saki da 44th karni na karshe. Yana ne aka yi nufi ga na farko horo na matukan jirgi. A postwar shekaru, da Yak-18 shi ne na farko m ilimi na'ura. A cikin ra'ayi, kayan aiki, da kuma zane bayyana ra'ayin jirgin a mummunan yanayi da kuma da dare. A jirgin sama sanye take da wani ikon naúrar da damar 160 lita. sec., m farar propeller aeromechanical. A fuselage tsari ne mai mallakar tajirai irin karfe bututu. A hanci da rufaffiyar lids yi hatches, da wutsiya da aka rufe ta da zane. Cakosoban kuma keel da karfe frame tare da wani sosai m siffa yatsun kafa. Wing - dvulonzheronnoe, m, tare da cibiyar sashe. M wasan bidiyo da kuma dukan cibiyar sashe to na farko gefen memba yana da wani m casing, yayin da sauran ake rufe ta da zane. A Yak-18 model, duk da shortcomings da wanda ya riga an shafe ta, shi ne sosai a barga, kuma saukin sarrafawa da jirgin sama, kuma yana da kyau handling halaye. A iyakar gudu daga jirgin sama ne 257 km / h, hawa 4 m / s, matsakaicin tsawon hudu dubu mita, iyaka - wani kilomita dubu, saukowa gudun 85 km / h. A Yak-18 da aka bayar tare da wata dama daban-daban kayan sa zai yiwu cikin dare kuma "makafi" tashi.

A Yak-18T - wani gyara na na'ura na Yak-18. Wannan shi ne wani haske multipurpose jirgin sama. Shi ne daya daga cikin safest jirgin sama a yi amfani da jirgin makarantu. Yana da aka hukuma da ya bayyana a kan daya daga cikin jirgin sama fasaha taro, 650 inji Yak-18T sun Flown fiye da rabin miliyan sa'o'i ba tare da wani tsanani fasaha laifi. A zamani version, wannan jirgin sama yayi versatility, shi zai iya zama wani fasinja, koyarwa da kuma horo, kiwon lafiya, sufuri. Bugu da kari, shi da ake amfani da sintiri da kuma man gas bututun, ikon Lines, hanyoyi da tsada da kuma Woodlands, kazalika da su safarar uku da fasinjoji zuwa nesa na ɗari biyar kilomita.

Sports jirgin sama daga Yakovlev Design ofishin

May 8, 1979 a sararin sama a kusa da Tushino Airfield akwai wani kananan jirgin sama tare da wani haske ja fuka-fuki. Jirgin Sama da sauki tsãwa famously yi aerobatics: ganguna, madaukai, flips. An gogaggen ido zai yi nan da nan ya lura da cewa shi ne ba al'ada ga yan unguwa guda wasanni Yak-50, da wani daban-daban model. Manyan lantern m Matuka jirgin ya nuna cewa, wannan biyu na'ura. A lokacin saukowa iya bambanta da sauran bambance-bambance: saukowa kada kuma hanci saukowa kaya. Shi ne mai halitta sãbuwa daga aikin injiniya zane hukumar Yakovlev - da Yak-52 jirgin sama na iya gamsarwa da mafi bambancin da kuma mai saɓani bukatar. Wannan shi ne m, saboda for wasanni horo na'ura bukatar kadan kwanciyar hankali ribace-ribace, kadan kokarin, abin da ya kamata sa matukin jirgi don sarrafa na'ura hannu. Ya kamata karye sauƙi yi aerobatics. Kuma da jirgin sama na farko da horo, shi ne, a maimakon haka, dole ne sosai a barga, da wuya a gudanar da bai samu bogged saukar a tailspin.

The inji for jirgin horo kayan kamata a kafa fairly m sa na kewayawa da kewayawa kayan aiki, da kuma ga wasanni version of shi zai zama wani karin nauyi. Tare da duk wadannan matsaloli da kuma fuskantar wani rukuni na injiniyoyi da kuma zanen kaya. Duk da haka, da jirgin sama zanen kaya sun jimre da wannan aiki a matsayin "m" da kuma maza maza: da Yak-52 da aka gina a cikin kasa da watanni shida. Wannan shi ne wani biyu-karfe monoplane. A fuselage - Semi-monocoque, shi yana da aiki karfe rufi. Yana ta haɗu da firam countersunk riveted. Wing - single-spar, sanye take da saukowa bude yatsun, rataye a kan shompolnye madauki da kuma sarrafawa da iska Silinda. Cantilever wutsiya naúrar. A stabilizer filafilin kifi da kuma aiwatar da dvulonzheronnoy makirci. Yak-tara-fistan 52 da aka bayar tare da wani radial drive naúrar damar 360 lita. wani. tare da atomatik m farar propeller. Kewayawa da jirgin kayan aiki ba ka damar tashi a musamman m yanayin yanayi. Bugu da kari ga misali sa na na'urorin, wannan model saita musayar kudi tsarin, VHF rediyo da kuma atomatik shugabanci manemin. Lokacin da za a kashe aerobatic horar da, wani abu karin kewayawa da jirgin kayan aiki da aka dismantled.