Makami mai linzami tsarin, "Shai an." "Shai an" - mafi iko nukiliya makami mai linzami a duniya

Our makamai tsarin ayan zama m da kuma tsaka tsaki sunayen, wanda a cikin hali na m leaks kadan ce m jami'an na kasashen waje leken. Dauki, misali, wannan "Poplar" ko "Ash". Bishiyoyi kamar itatuwa. Kuma idan ba, "Pinocchio" wasu ba dama. Amma akwai wani makami cewa a cikin West, kuma mun yi kira sinister: "Shai an" - makami mai linzami tsarin tsara ta uku, ya ke 15P018, aka P-36, kuma aka sani da SS-18, kuma aka sani da RS-20B, kuma aka sani a matsayin " voivod ". Irin wannan babban adadin sunayen ga wani dalili. Soviet amfani lambobin tsakanin NATO masana sun al'ada aka dauka, da suka fito da nasu nadi na kowane samfurin na mu kayan aiki, shi ne kuma yawanci quite m. To, abin da su haka ji tsoron 15P018 da kuma abin da Amirkawa wannan hadari - makami mai linzami "Shai an"?

A makamai tseren a matsayin wani kayan aiki na fitina

Samar da hadaddun ballistic makamai masu linzami - mai tsada, high fasahar da technologically nagartaccen. Don tilasta Tarayyar Soviet su shiga a cikin makamai tseren ya dade da burin na Amurka gwamnatocin daga daban-daban sau, daga Truman zuwa Reagan. Domin daban-daban dalilai, America ko da yaushe ya kasance aukaka fiye da Tarayyar Soviet, da kuma saka saukar da haddi bayar kyakkyawan samu nasara a Cold War. Don babban har yau, wannan siyasa ta shafi sabon Rasha.

Our amsar Amirkawa

By game da 1965, da damar da Amurka intercontinental ballistic makamai masu linzami ya kara da cika fuska, kazalika da sauran fasaha sigogi, ciki har da hit daidaito. Wannan barazana ga Soviet launchers, mafi yawan abin da aka sa'an nan gyarawa da kuma armashi, a mahakar sun mayar da hankali a wuraren aiki kungiyar manufa. Saboda haka, an American ICBM idan akwai wani mai nasara hit iya rufe da dama Soviet, ya ba tukuna da lokaci don fara. Gaggawa da ake bukata a amsa ga barazana. Fitarwa Akwai biyu watsa launchers, ya taurare shafts, ko sanya su mobile, yayin da rike wani babban iko, sabili da haka da nauyi da kuma girma. Amma a cikin shekaru da tauraron dan adam da wuya a boye da motsi na da hannu jefa gidaje. Matsaloli bukatar mafita. A sakamakon haka shi da P-36 "Shai an" - mafi iko nukiliya makami mai linzami a duniya.

babban Utkin

Academician Vladimir Fedorovich Utkin a lokacin rayuwar wani sanannen mutum ya ba. Amma abokansa, shirkinku, abokan aiki da kuma tsohon qarqashinsu, abin lura da Oktoba 17 da ranar haihuwa na da maigidan, babu shakka kira shi baiwa. Kuma akwai wani dalili na cewa. A karkashin shugabanci na wannan masanin kimiyyar da aka halitta da makami mai linzami tsarin, "Shai an," ko kuma wajen, 15P018 (devilish laƙabi brainchild Academician ya ba da Amirkawa). Yana duk fara da janar ra'ayi, to, shi ne zuwa kashi mutum fasaha matsaloli, duk wanda aka samu nasarar warware.

Makami mai linzami tsarin "Shai an" - da tsarin da aka sosai hadaddun, ta kowane naúrar dole aiki cikin jituwa, da kuma maye gurbin kowace lalacewar zai iya haifar da irreparable sakamakon. Bugu da kari, da m makami ya kamata ya fara daga biyu na tsit shafts kuma da musamman Railway dandamali, ya ɓadda a matsayin talakawa motoci.

Yadda za a kaddamar da wani nauyi roka daga nawa

Da makami mai linzami jiki ne Ya sanya daga aluminum da magnesium - wata fairly m karfe. bango kauri - 3 mm, in ba haka ba da harsashi zai zama ma nauyi. Weight da makamai masu linzami - fiye da 210 ton, kuma dole ne a gudu daga mai zurfi shaft. Abu ne mai sauki su yi tunanin abin da zai faru idan irin wannan da wuya da kuma m batu fara wanka tare da ja-zafi gas tsere daga nozzles. Ciki - 195 ton na man fetur, ba kawai man fetur da kuma fashewar. Amma dai ba duka. The shugaban da makaman nukiliya ne a cikin ikon hudu Hiroshima.

Ga mai fasaha matsalar. Kuma ta Soviet injiniyoyi yanke shawarar. Roka smoothly kuma a hankali janye zuwa surface na uku takamaiman propellant cajin, da ake kira da matsa lamba accumulators tãyar da dubun mita, da kuma kawai bayan da fara pretreated ( "duka") injuna fara mataki.

Wannan bayani ma yarda to muhimmanci ƙara da fama radius daga cikin tsarin. A farko rinjãyarsu nauyi cinye yawa na man fetur, a wannan yanayin, ta saving ne game 9 ton.

Wannan misali ne guda kawai na alherin mafita hoto na baiwa mai girma Utkin. Mutane da yawa daga cikinsu sun tafi a dukan littafin, don bayyana da sauran. Zai yiwu multivolume.

Munin nukiliya jirgin kasa

Ba abin mamaki ba Tarayyar Soviet da aka kira da babbar Railway iko. Nisa prompted to gina wani dogo layi a wani mataki taki ko Tsarist Russia, a Soviet shekaru da aka mika a matsayin sabon Lines, rufe dukan ƙasar kasar mu hanyoyi cibiyar sadarwa. Dare da rana a kan su ne qagaggun, daga cikinsu wanda zai iya taba rarrabe tsakanin waɗanda ake yi wa rufi na motoci da lurk yawa megasmerti. Mobile tsarin, "Shai an" da za a iya dogara ne a kan wani jirgin dandamali, ya ɓadda a matsayin talakawa jirgin kasa, wanda ya bambanta daga cikin saba iya ba da mafi m leken asiri da tauraron dan adam. Hakika, shirin mai gabatarwa nauyi na 130 ton da iziznin amfani da sauki mirgina stock, don haka da cewa a cikin Bugu da kari ga fasaha kalubale da za a jawabi da kai, da kuma a cikin kungiyar tarayyar sikelin. Katako As'hab tare da kankare wadanda sun canza, da inganci da karko da na zane kawo wa matakin qarshe, saboda wani hatsari ya iya sauri juya a cikin wani bala'i. Roka shirin mai gabatarwa "Shai an" yana da tsawon mita 23, kawai a karkashin girman da firiji mota, amma fairing ya ci gaba musamman - mai nadawa tsarin. Akwai sauran matsaloli, amma sakamakon kubutar da halin kaka. Biya da za a iya amfani da a wani unpredictable batu, ya kuma inganta aka tabbatar da makawa.

roka

Yana nufin isar da shugaban rabo, wanda aka shirya a cikin nukiliya cajin, wakiltar wani biyu-mataki intercontinental makami mai linzami nesa yankin wanda yana da wani yanki na 300 murabba'in kilomita. Ita iya shawo kan iyakoki na high-yi da kuma nan gaba makami mai linzami tsaron tsarin, da kuma buga goma daban-daban dalilai rarrabe aka gyara daga cikin jimlar iya aiki cikin sharuddan takwas megatons na TNT. Neutralize tasirinta bayan guje kusan ba zai yiwu, ga abin da ta samu a matsayin mai laifin sunan - "Shai an". Makami mai linzami tsarin sanye take da dubban abubuwa, simulating nukiliya warheads. Goma na su da wani taro kusa da ainihin cajin da sauran da aka yi da wani metallized roba da kuma dauki kamannin warheads, busa a cikin stratospheric vacuo. Babu makami mai linzami tsaron tsarin ba zai iya jimre da haka mutane da yawa a raga.

lantarki kwakwalwa

Development management system aka tsunduma cikin mataimakin babban Designer Vladimir Sergeev. An gina a kan inertial manufa, yana da uku tashoshi da kuma tiered mazhoritirovanie. Wannan yana nufin cewa tsarin jami'in dake duba yawan kanta ta samar da wani kai-gwajin. Idan wani mismatch sakamakon management kwakwalwa tashar, ya samu nasarar wuce gwajin. na USB dubawa kuma an dauki daidai m Lines sadarwa gazawar da aka ba rubuta ba ko da sau daya a duk lokacin, a lokacin da makami mai linzami tsarin R-36M "Shai an" ne a sabis.

hangula Amirkawa

A shirin, ta kaddamar a Amurka da aka sani da Strategic Tsaro Initiative, da nufin haifar da wata duniya "laima" cewa za su iya kare kasar "free duniya", da kuma musamman Amurka, sakamakon retaliatory thermonuclear yajin aiki a taron na duniya rikici. Dabarun makami mai linzami tsarin 15P018 ( "Shai an") suna gaba daya kwace ma'anar wannan kamfani. Babu anti-makami mai linzami tsaron gida, har ma da tsada sarari-tushen abubuwa, zai zama kasa tabbatar da lafiya kashi na abubuwa a kan ƙasa da Tarayyar Soviet American "Pershing". Bukatarsa ce, wannan ya sa cizon yatsa tsakanin mazaunan fadar White House da kuma Capitol. Harba tare da makamai, wadannan gidaje, da Soviet shugabanci a ba sauri, imani da cewa su samar da wani abin dogara nukiliya garkuwa. Amma al'amarin da aka sa a tashin bayan shan kan "hump" da kuma farkon perestroika.

Yadda murƙushe "Shai an"

Kowane biyu roka shirin mai gabatarwa "Shai an" da aka halaka a karkashin sharuddan da Fara-1 yarjejeniya, ya sa hannu ta babban sakataren na CPSU M. S. Gorbachevym. Bayan da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet da yanayin ci gaba shugaban kasar Rasha B. N. Eltsin. A ãdalci ya kamata a lura da cewa decommissioning kuma m zubar da mahara warhead makamai masu linzami da aka yi ba kawai saboda matsin lamba daga Amirka gefen kasa ko ta cin amana (as bukaci unduly Maxaukakin Sarki m yan'uwanmu 'yan ƙasa). A dalilai sun mafi prosaic, kuma sun kasance m a yanayi. A kasar kasafin kudin bai kula da irin wannan babban matakin soja kashe kudi, da suka hada da kashe kudi a kan tabbatarwa da kuma ambata waƙoƙi. Kuma ba tare da su da shi zai iya faruwa da wani nuclear, kawai mafi tsanani. Makami mai linzami tsarin "Shai an" ya mai azabtar da janar hargitsi da cewa tare da Lalacewar Tarayyar Soviet.

cikin lumana

Da zarar kan yankin da zarar indestructible Tarayyar Soviet wani matasa jihar, ba zato ba tsammani gano cewa duk samarwa, bincike da gwaji dakarun cewa halitta hadaddun ne exceptionally Ukrainian. Kara ci gaba da kuma tsirar iko tsaro tsarin ya zama ba zai yiwu ba, a kalla a cikin gajeren lokaci.

Decommissioning da makamai masu linzami a kawo hadari ga Amirkawa ba ya nufin wani ban a kan ta yin amfani ga dalilai wanin masu sun sauri ya dauki amfani da latest kofe. Kamar yadda shi ne yanayin da sanannen "Gabas", da tuba abin hawa ya, shi aka yi amfani da ƙaddamar da kasuwanci da kuma kimiyya kaya, ciki har da kasashen waje wadanda. Abin da ya yi? Lokacin da kasar yana bukatar kudi, cikin shakka zai tafi da kuma "Shai an." Intercontinental ballistic harsashi a cikin lokaci daga 1999 zuwa 2010 a kan "Dnepr" shirin kawo hudu dozin da tauraron dan adam zuwa cikin falaki. The jefa dauki wuri 14, wanda daya ya m.

"Voivod"

A cikin marigayi eighties, R-36M makami mai linzami na zamani da aka yi domin ya kara da juriya ga sakamakon wani yiwu nukiliya hari da kuma inganta yi cikin sharuddan daidaito. Bugu da kari, da ake buƙata bita a cikin ra'ayi na sabon fasali na latest Amurka makami mai linzami tsaron gida tsarin. CB "ta Kudu" (Dnepropetrovsk) ya samu nasarar sun jimre da aiki, sakamakon na aikin ya kasance da samfurin 15A18M kira "Voivode". A jawo sama da rubutu na Start-1, shi ne wakilta code "RS-20B", amma a ainihi shi ne guda makami mai linzami tsarin, "Shai an", amma sabunta hanyoyin.

A canji a cikin kasa da kasa halin da ake ciki, inda ya bayyana a cikin bin NATO jagoranci, da da farko da United States, knead ka tushe kusa yadda ya kamata zuwa iyakar Rasha, prompted to sake duba sharuddan da Fara-2, wanda ya ba shige ƙulla, a cikin kashi abin da ya shafi ninka ICBMs. 15A18M da makamai masu linzami (soja monoblocks), a tsaye a kan wajibi a wannan lokacin, za a maye gurbinsu da sabon Rasha "Sarmat" gidaje, m na dauke da mahara warheads. Amma suna da wani labarin daban-daban ...