Marubuci Helena Blavatsky - kafa na Theosophical Society. Biography, kerawa

Marubuci Helena Blavatsky aka haife Yuli 31, 1831 a birnin Ekaterinoslav (yanzu Dnepropetrovsk). Ta yi wani daraja jinsi. Ta kakanninsa da aka sani zuwa kasashen da jami'ai. Cousin Helena - Sergey Yulevich Vitte - ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan kudi na Rasha Empire daga 1892 zuwa 1903.

Family da kuma ƙananan yara,

A haihuwar Helena Blavatsky da wani Jamus sunan Gan, wanda ta gada daga mahaifinta. Saboda da cewa ya kasance a cikin soja, da iyali da kullum matsawa kusa da kasar (Saint-Petersburg, Saratov, Odessa, da sauransu. D.). A 1848, ta yi dumu-dumu to Nikifor Blavatsky - gwamnan Erivan lardin. Duk da haka, da aure dade ba. A 'yan watanni bayan bikin aure Helena Blavatsky gudu daga mijinta, sa'an nan ya tafi yawo a duniya. A farko abu a kan ta tafiya zama Konstantinoful (Istanbul).

Helena Blavatsky game da Rasha da kuma yara shekaru a mahaifarsa ya tuna da zafi. The iyali bayar da ita da duk abin da ka bukatar samar da ingancin ilimi.

Tafiya a cikin matasa

A Turkiyya babban birnin kasar, da yarinya da aka tsunduma ta gaskiya cewa circus mahayi. Lokacin da hatsari ta barke ta hannu, Elena yanke shawarar komawa London. A kudi ta yi: ita kanta tsirfanta, kuma a samu remittances aika da mahaifinta Petrom Alekseevichem Ganom.

Tun Helena Blavatsky ba su kiyaye a diary, ta ƙaddara shi ne kula a lokacin tafiyarka quite a fili. Mutane da yawa na ta Malaman tarihi saba, inda ta yi ziyarci, da kuma wanda hanyoyi sun kawai jita-jita.

Mafi sau da yawa, masu bincike ambaci cewa a karshen cikin 40s da marubuci ya tafi Misira. Dalilin wannan jarrabawa ya fara da Alchemy da Freemasonry. Mutane da yawa mambobi ne na lodges yi a cikin dakunan karatu, da littattafai, da ake buƙata karatu, wanda ya hada da girma daga cikin Masar "Littafi Matattu," "Code Banazare", "Hikimar Sulemanu" da sauransu. D. Ga Masons, akwai biyu main ruhaniya cibiyar - Misira da kuma India. Yana da da wadannan kasashe a hade da yawa nazari zuwa Blavatsky, ciki har da "Isis Bayyana." Duk da haka, za ta rubuta wani littafi da ya tsufa. A cikin matasa, da yarinya sami kwarewa da kuma m ilmi kai tsaye zuwa cikin rai yanayi na daban-daban duniya al'adu.

Isa a birnin Alkahira, Elena tafi hamadan Sahara nazarin tsoho Masar wayewa. Wadannan mutane ba su da abin yi da Larabawa, wanda ya yi mulki ga dama ƙarni a kan bankunan Kogin Nilu. Ilimi na zamanin d Masarawa aka rarraba a kan wani iri-iri batutuwa - daga lissafi don magani. Sun kasance sũ ne batun nazarin Helena Blavatsky.

Bayan Misira ya Turai. Ga ta kishin art. A musamman, ta dauki piano darussa daga cikin shahararrun Bohemian virtuoso Ignatsa Moshelesa. Tare da kwarewa, ta har ma ya ba jama'a kide a Turai manya.

A 1851, Helena Blavatsky pobyla a London. Akwai ta iya biyan karo na farko da wani real India. Sun kasance Mahatma Morya. Duk da haka, to kwanan sami wata shaida na kasancewar wannan mutumin. Yana iya kasance wani mafarki Blavatsky, gudanar da aiki daban-daban esoteric da theosophical ayyukan hajji.

Duk da haka dai, da Mahatma Morya ya wahayi ga Helen. A cikin shekaru 50 da ta kasance a Tibet, inda ta yi karatu na gida occult. A cewar daban-daban kimomi da masu bincike, Helena Petrovna Blavatsky ya can for game da shekara bakwai, lokaci-lokaci zuwa tafiya zuwa wasu sassa na duniya, ciki har da Amurka.

Da samuwar da Theosophical koyarwar

A lokacin da wadannan shekaru kafa rukunan cewa professed da kuma bayar da shawarwari, a cikin rubuce-rubucen Helena Petrovna Blavatsky. Yana da aka musaman nau'i na theosophy. A cewar ta, da mutum rai ne sõyayya da abin bautãwa. Wannan yana nufin cewa a duniya akwai wasu ilimi fiye da kimiyya da cewa shi ne samuwa ne kawai zuwa Elite da kuma haskaka. Yana da aka wani nau'i na addini syncretism - gicciye tsakanin yawa al'adu da camfin da daban-daban al'ummai a daya koyarwa. Wannan ba abin mamaki bane, tun Blavatsky tunawa da ilmi na kasashe da dama inda ta yi ziyarci cikin matasa.

Babbar tasiri a Helen da India falsafa, wanda ya samo asali a cikin kadaici na shekaru dubbai. Blavatsky, Theosophy kuma hada da addinin Buddha da kuma Brahmanism, rare daga cikin mutanen India. A koyarwa tasa Helen yi amfani da Kalmar "karma" da "reincarnation". Theosophy rukunan rinjayi irin shahararrun mutane kamar Mahatma Gandhi, Nikolay Rerih da Wassily Kandinsky.

Tibet

A cikin 50s Rasha lokaci zuwa lokaci (sai su yi magana masu zuwa) ziyarci Helena Blavatsky. Biography mace mamaki da na gida jama'a. Ta dauki maƙil seances, wanda ya zama m, a St. Petersburg. A farkon 60s ta ziyarci Caucasus, yankin gabas ta tsakiya da kuma Girka. Sai ta yi kokari da farko lokacin da za a shirya a jama'a mabiya da abokansu. A birnin Alkahira, ta kafa wa aiki. Saboda haka akwai wani "Spiritist Society". Duk da haka, shi dade ba, amma shi ya kasance wani alheri kwarewa.

Wannan ya biyo ta wani dogon tafiya zuwa Tibet - sa'an nan Blavatsky ziyarci Laos da kuma Karakoram duwãtsu. Ta ya iya ziyarci cloister, inda ba wanda ya gabãta wani Turawa. Amma irin wannan shi ne bako na Helena Blavatsky.

Books mace dauke da yawa nassoshi Tibet da al'adu da kuma rayuwa a cikin Buddha,. A wannan wuri ne da muhimmanci da kayan da aka samu, wanda aka kunshe a cikin edition na "Voice of shiru."

Saba da Genri Olkottom

A cikin shekaru 70 na Helena Blavatsky, wanda falsafa zama mai farin jini, ya fara ayyukan wa'azi da kuma koyar da ibada. Sa'an nan ta koma Amurka, inda ta samu ta dan kasa da kuma naturalization tsari ya faru. To, ya zama wata babbar na hannun daman Genri Stil Olcott.

Yana da aka lauya, samu da daraja na kanar a lokacin American Civil War. Ya aka nada Kwamishinan na War ma'aikatar gudanar da bincike a cin hanci da rashawa a cikin kamfanonin da cewa samar da harsasai. Bayan yaki, ya zama mai nasara lauya da kuma memba na New York Collegium, yana da iko. Ya specialization hada da haraji, kudade da kuma dukiya inshora.

Gabatar Olcott sihiri faru baya a 1844. Da yawa daga baya, sai ya sadu da Helena Blavatsky, wanda ya tafi zuwa tafiya cikin duniya, kuma ya koya. Ya kuma taimaka mata ta fara rubuce-rubuce aiki a lokacin da ta yarda da zuwa rubutun "Isis Bayyana."

Theosophical jama'a

Nuwamba 17, 1875 Helena Blavatsky da Genri Olkott kafa Theosophical Society. Its main haƙiƙa ya marmarin gama kamar shiryayye mutane, a duniya, ko da kuwa kabila, jinsi, caste da kuma bangaskiya. Domin wannan aiki a kan binciken da kuma kwatanta da daban-daban sciences, addinai da kuma falsafa makarantu da shi da aka shirya. Duk wannan da aka aikata domin ya san ba a sani ba ga mutãne da dokoki na halitta da kuma sararin samaniya. Duk wadannan manufofi da aka yake kunshe a kundin tsarin Theosophical Society.

Bugu da kari ga wadanda suka kafa, shi ya ɗauki wani yawa na shahararrun mutane. Alal misali, ya kasance Thomas Edison - .. kasuwa da kuma kirkiro, Uilyam Kruks (shugaban kasar na Royal Society, sunadarai), Faransa falakin Camille Flammarion, astrologer da occultist Maks Gendel, da dai sauransu A Theosophical Society ya zama wani dandali ga ilimi muhawara da kuma shawarwari.

Fara rubutu aiki

Don yada koyarwar da kungiyar, Blavatsky da Olcott a 1879 ya tafi zuwa India. A wannan lokaci da wallafe-wallafen aiki Elena ya shahara. Na farko, da mace a kai a kai wallafa sabon littattafai. Abu na biyu, shi ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai zurfi da kuma ban sha'awa marubuci. Ta iyawa aka yaba a Rasha, inda Blavatsky da aka buga a "Moscow Gazette" da "Rasha Journal". A lokaci guda, ta kasance cikin edita na ta kansa mujallar "Theosophist". A da shi, misali, da farko ya bayyana a cikin juyin Turanci na shugaban harshen Dostoevsky ta labari "The Brothers Karamazov." Da shi shi ne misali na Grand Inquisitor - a tsakiyar episode na ƙarshe na Littafi Mai girma Rasha marubuci.

Travel Blavatsky kafa tushen ta memoirs da kuma tafiya rubutu, da aka buga a cikin daban-daban littattafai. A matsayin misali, samfurin "kabilan m Blue Mountain" da "Jungle daga kogon da India." A 1880, addinin Buddha ya zama sabon abu na binciken, wanda aka gudanar Helena Blavatsky. Reviews domin ta aiki da aka buga a daban-daban jaridu da kuma anthologies. Domin koyi game da addinin Buddha kamar yadda zai yiwu, Blavatsky da Olcott tafi Ceylon.

"Isis Bayyana"

"Isis" ya mai farko da manyan littafin, da aka buga da Helena Blavatsky. Ta fito a biyu kundin a 1877 da kuma na dauke da babbar tafki na ilimi da kuma tattaunawa a kan esoteric falsafa.

Marubucin kokarin kwatanta da yawa tsoho masana kimiyya, da tsakiyar zamanai da Renaissance. A rubutu na dauke da manyan yawan links a kan aikin na Pythagoras, Plato, Giordano Bruno, Paracelsus da t. D.

Bugu da kari, da "Isis" dauke addini koyarwar: Hindu, Buddha, Kiristanci, Zoroastrianism. Da farko ta yi ciki kamar yadda wani littafi review na Eastern makarantu na falsafa. Ya fara aiki a kan Hauwa'u na da tushe daga cikin Theosophical Society. Kungiyar na wannan tsarin jinkirta saki samfurin. Kawai sau daya a New York, an sanar da kafa da motsi, ya fara m aiki a kan rubuta littattafan. Blavatsky rayayye taimake Genri Olkott, wanda shi ne a wancan lokaci ta zama ta babban Majibinci, kuma collaborator.

Kamar yadda ya recollected kansa wani tsohon lauya, ba kafin Blavatsky bai yi aiki ba tare da irin wannan himma da kuma jimiri. A gaskiya, shi ya takaita a cikin aikinsa duk da Multi-faceted kwarewa tsiwirwirinsu shekaru masu yawa na tafiya zuwa daban-daban sasanninta na duniya.

A littafin farko an Kwafa da "key ga m ƙofofin", kamar yadda marubucin ya ce a cikin wata wasika ga Aleksandru Aksakovu. Daga baya aka yanke shawarar zuwa title na farko girma kamar yadda "da labulen Isis." Duk da haka, da Birtaniya m, wanda ya yi aiki a kan ta farko edition, na gano cewa da sunan littafin shi ne fitar da yanzu (shi ne na kowa theosophical lokaci). Saboda haka, karshe version of "Isis bayyana" da aka soma. Yana nuna wa yaro amfani Blavatsky da al'adun zamanin d Misira.

A littafin da yawa da ra'ayoyi da kuma raga. A tsawon shekaru, malaman Blavatsky daban tsara su. Alal misali, na farko bazawa a United Kingdom na dauke da gabatarwar da m. A da shi, ya gaya wa mai karatu da cewa littafin ya ƙunshi manya-manyan yawan kafofin na theosophy da kuma kungiyar asiri zata, wanda kawai wanzu a adabi kafin. Wannan na nufi cewa mai karatu zai iya samun kamar yadda kusa da amsa wannan tambaya na da wanzuwar sirrin ilimi da cewa aiki a matsayin tushen da dukan addinai da kuma kungiyoyin asiri na mutanen duniya.

Aleksandr Senkevich (daya daga cikin mafi daraja bincike Blavatsky bibliography) a kansa tsara da babban sako na "Isis Bayyana." A aikinsa a kan biography na marubuci, ya bayyana cewa, wannan littafi shi ne wani misali na zargi da coci kungiyar, tarin theories game da qwaqwalwa ne qwarai mamaki da kuma asirin yanayi. "Isis," binciko asirai na Kabbalistic koyarwar, esoteric ideas na addinin Buddha, kazalika da su gani a cikin Kristanci da kuma sauran addinai na duniya. Sienkiewicz kuma lura da cewa Blavatsky ya iya tabbatar da wanzuwar m abubuwa.

Musamman hankali ne ya biya zuwa asiri al'ummu. Yana magina, da Jesuits. Su ilimi ya zama m asa, wanda amfani da Helena Blavatsky. Quotes daga "Isis" daga baya ya zama darasi bayyana a cikin occult kuma theosophical rubuce-rubucen da ta mabiya.

Idan na farko edition da aka mayar da hankali a kan nazarin kimiyya, da na biyu, a kan m, dauke tauhidin tambayoyi. A gabatarwar, marubucin ya bayyana cewa, rikici na biyu makarantu ne key ga ilimi na duniya domin.

Blavatsky soki sabawa rubuce-rubucensu na kimiyya da ilmi da cewa mutum ne ba a cikin ruhaniya. A marubuci kokarin samun shi da taimakon daban-daban na addini da koyarwar ibada. Wasu malaman Blavatsky lura da cewa a cikin littafinsa, shi yayi karatu bayyanannu na zama na sihiri.

Na biyu shi ne Tauhidi, na nazarin daban-daban kungiyoyin addini (kamar Ikilisiyar Kirista) da kuma soki su da munãfikai hali zuwa nasu koyarwa. A wasu kalmomin, HP Blavatsky ya bayyana cewa, mabiya ci amanar ta asalin (Littafi Mai Tsarki, Kur'ani, da sauransu. D.).

Marubucin sake nazari sanannen sufi koyarwar cewa ta sabawa addinai na duniya. Binciko wadannan mazhabobin, ta yi kokari a sami wani na kowa tushen. Mutane da yawa na ta theses sun babu kimiyya a ciki da kuma anti-addini. Domin wannan "Isis" an soki wani iri-iri masu karatu. Amma wannan bai hana ta saya shahararsa da sauran ɓangare na sauraro. Nasarar "Isis Bayyana" ya yarda ta fadada Blavatsky da Theosophical Society, wanda ya samu mambobi a kowane kusurwa na duniya, daga Amirka zuwa India.

"Voice na Shiru"

A 1889 ya buga littafin "Voice na Shiru", ta dauki nauyin da cewa wannan Helena Blavatsky. Biography of wannan mace na da shi da cewa shi ne mai nasara ƙoƙari gama karkashin daya cover yawa theosophical bincike. Babban tushen wahayi ga "Voice of Shiru" ya zama wani marubuci ya kwana a jihar Tibet, inda ta zama Mai ƙididdigewa ga koyarwar da mabiya addinin Buddha da ya zama ruwan dare rai na gida gidajen lama.

A wannan lokaci, Blavatsky bai gwada ko kimanta da dama mazhabobi. Ta kafa textured bayanin irin Buddhist koyarwarsa. Ya ƙunshi wani cikakken bincike na wannan sharuddan kamar "Krishna" ko "Higher Kai." Mafi yawa daga cikin littafin da aka samu a cikin addinin Buddha style. Duk da haka, shi ya kasance ba da wani Orthodox lãbãri daga wannan addini. Yana da aka ba wa sabõda Blavatsky sufi bangaren.

Wannan aikin ya zama musamman rare tare da mabiya addinin Buddha. Ya jimre da yawa bugu a Indiya da na Tibet, inda da yawa masu bincike suka bukata karatu. Ta yabo da Dalai Lama. A karshe daya (af, yanzu rayuwa) da kansa ya rubuta gabatarwar ga "Voice of Shiru" a bisa ɗari tunawa da farko edition. Wannan shi ne mai kyau tushe ga wadanda suke so su sani, ka kuma gane addinin Buddha, ciki har da Zen makaranta.

A littafin da aka bayar da marubuci Lvu Tolstomu, wanda a karshe shekaru maida karatu mabambantan addinai. Endowment misali da aka yanzu kiyaye a cikin Yasnaya Polyana. Marubucin hannu murfin, kiran Tolstoy "daya daga cikin 'yan wanda zai iya fahimta da kuma fahimtar abin da aka rubuta a can."

Count kansa ya yi magana game da warmly kyauta a cikin wallafe, inda ya harhada excerpts daga m rinjayi ya littattafai ( "Yau da kullum", "tunani na hikima", "karanta da'irar"). Har ila yau, wani marubuci a daya daga cikin sirri haruffa ce cewa "Voice na Shiru" ya ƙunshi mai yawa na haske, amma kuma ya shãfe a kan al'amurran da suka shafi cewa mutane kullum ba su sani ba. Haka kuma an sani cewa Tolstoy da aka karanta mujallar "Theosophist" Blavatsky, wanda sosai nuna godiya, kamar yadda ya ambata a cikin diary.

"The Secret Rukunai"

"The Secret Rukunai" yana dauke da karshe aiki na Blavatsky, a cikin abin da ta taƙaice duk da ilmi da kuma tattaunawa. A lokacin da rayuwar da marubuci na farko guda biyu da kundin da aka buga. The uku littafin da aka buga a bayan ta mutuwa a 1897.

Na farko shi ne su bincika, kuma kwatanta daban-daban ra'ayoyi a kan asalin halitta. Na biyu yayi nazari juyin halittar mutum. Yana tashe launin fata al'amurran da suka shafi, da kuma gano hanyar ci gaban mutane a matsayin jinsin.

A karshe girma ya mai tarin tarihin rayuwa da kuma koyarwar da wasu occultists. Babban tasiri a kan "Asirin Rukunai" ya stanzas - ayoyi daga cikin littafin Dzyan, wanda sukan kawo sunayensu a cikin shafukan da aiki. Wani bincike da aka baya daftari littafin, "The Key to Theosophy."

New littafin rarrabe fasali na harshe. A marubuci amfani da wata babbar adadin haruffan da kuma hotunan da generated da mabambantan addinai da kuma mazhabobi.

"The Secret Rukunai" ya ci gaba da "Isis Bayyana." A gaskiya, shi ne mai zurfi look at cikin al'amurran da suka shafi kayyade a cikin Littafin farko na Littafi marubuci. Kuma a cikin aiki a kan wani sabon edition da Madame Blavatsky Theosophical Society taimaka mata.

Aiki a kan rubuta wannan monumental aiki shi ne mafi wuya gwajin, wanda ya zazzaga Helena Blavatsky. Books buga kafin, ba su riƙi makamashi sosai, kamar wannan daya. Da yawa shaidu daga baya a cikin memoirs, ya Notes cewa marubuta kawo su, don cika haukata a lokacin da daya shafi na iya dace ashirin sau.

A babbar taimako a cikin littafin na wannan aikin da aka bayar Archibaldom Keytli. Shi ne memba na Theosophical Society a 1884, da kuma a lokacin wannan rubuce-rubuce, ya sakatare janar na sashen a Birtaniya. Wannan mutumin da aka edited by kansa tari na zanen gado na tsawo a mita. M sabawa shafi alamar rubutu da kuma wasu maki da suke da muhimmanci ga nan gaba bugu. Its karshe version aka gabatar da marubuci a 1890.

An sani cewa "Asirin Rukunai" farincikin sake karanta girma Rasha mawaki Aleksandr Skryabin. Daya lokacin da ya zo kusa da theosophical ideas na Blavatsky. Mutumin da yaushe kiyaye littafin a kan tebur da bayyane sha'awar ilimi na marubuci.

'yan shekarun nan

Ayyukan Blavatsky a India wani rabo. Akwai bude reshe na Theosophical Society, wanda ya shahara tsakanin yankin. A karshe shekaru, Elena rayu a Turai da kuma tsaya tafiya saboda rashin lafiya. Maimakon haka, sai ta fara rayayye rubuta. A sa'an nan da ya bar mafi yawansu ta littattafai. Blavatsky mutu May 8, 1891 a London, bayan rashin lafiya mai tsanani mura.