Mene ne dalilin rasa haihuwa interspecific hybrids? Misalai interspecific hybrids

Tun zamanin da, mutane mamaki kyakkyawa da bambancin da suke kewaye da shuke-shuke, musamman furanni. Su dandano da kuma taushi a dukan zamanai sun kasance personification na soyayya, tsarki, magana na ji. A hankali, mutumin ya gane cewa shi ba zai iya kawai a ji dadin riga data kasance siffofin wadannan kyawawan halittu, amma kuma ya dauki bangare a cikin samuwar. Haka abin ya fara zamanin shuka kiwo, abu don samar da sabon nau'in tare da mafi amfani da muhimmanci fasali a genotypes da phenotypes. Biyu kimiyya, suna aiki tare a kan wannan batu, gudanar haka nisa a cimma wata dama sakamakon - shi ne halittar jini da kuma o.

The abu na nazarin o

O - da kimiyya da karatu kome game da shuke-shuke. Wannan shi ne, su:

• ilimin halittar jiki.
• itatuwa aure.
• Physiology.
• Anatomy.
• systematics.

Wannan horo maida hankali ne akan duk al'amurran da rai na Flora, tun da ciki matakai na numfasawa, photosynthesis da haifuwa, da kuma kawo karshen tare da waje iri-iri na phenotypic halaye.

Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin tsofaffin sciences, wanda ya bayyana tare da ci gaban mutum. Girma sha'awa a cikin halittun kusa da shi, don haka Popular kewaye yankin, shi ne wani mutum ko da yaushe. Haka kuma, ban da kyakkyawa, shi ya kasance kullum a mafi iko tushen abinci, magani sinadaran, gini abu. Saboda haka o - shi ne nazarin mafi tsoho, muhimmanci, bambancin da hadaddun kwayoyin a duniya tamu - shuke-shuke.

shuka kiwo

Tare da nassi na lokaci da kuma jari na msar tambayar ilmi game da tsarin da wadannan halittu daga ciki, su hanyar rayuwa da kuma matakai da ke faruwa a gare su, ya zama samuwa da kuma fahimtar yadda za a yi amfani da su girma da kuma ci gaba. Taru lokacinta kimiyya halittar jini, wanda damar domin chromosomal nazari daban-daban abubuwa haye su tare da juna, da samun alheri da ta sharri da sakamakon, zabi wani riba da kuma zama dole. Wannan ya yiwu ne da godiya ga wadannan samu.

1. Biyu hadi a cikin shuke-shuke.
2. Bude aiwatar da mitosis da meiosis.
3. Development giciye-kiwo dabaru.
4. Heterosis, inbreeding da outbreeding.
5. Deciphering kwayoyin code na shuke-shuke.
6. Biomolecular nazarin daga cikin abun da ke ciki na tsokoki da kuma Kwayoyin.
7. Binciken a fagen cytology da histology.

Hakika, shi ke ba duk preconditions, wanda sun yi aiki a matsayin farkon mai iko motsi da kuma ci gaban da kiwo hanyoyin aiki a kan shuke-shuke.

Hybridization kuma da halaye

Wani suna na aiwatar da mararraba - hybridization. Hanyar yin amfani da wannan sabon abu ne ake kira hybridological. Da farko amfani ga gwaje-gwajen, Gregor Mendel. Ya shahara gwaje-gwajen a Peas kowane schoolchild sani.

Jigon da dukan tsari ne haye tsakanin iyaye siffofin samar da heterozygous zuriyarsa a kan filaye da za a kira hybridomas. A wannan ma'abota iri ci gaba daban-daban. Suna zaba bisa mutum halaye na iri-iri, nau'in ko HALITTAR. A cikin duka, akwai biyu main iri irin wannan tafiyar matakai.

1. Outbreeding, ko outbreeding. Yana nuna cewa da farko iyayentaka siffofin ba su kasance a cikin wannan jinsin, HALITTAR ko iri-iri. Wannan shi ne ba da wani zumunta. Wannan mararraba ne daya daga cikin rare kuma mafi sau da yawa take kaiwa zuwa heterosis a cikin kiwo tsantsa Lines.
2. Inbreeding ko inbreeding - hybridization haɗa dangi jinsunan na ga wannan nau'in ko HALITTAR, aji. Wannan hanya da ake amfani da su amince da yawan jama'a a cikin wani amfani ãyõyi, ciki har da phenotypic. Lokacin da yadda ya kamata za'ayi maimaita inbreeding iya samun tsarki halittar jini shuka Lines.

Wadannan dabbar ta hanyar canjin iri da karin kunkuntar iri a ciki. Alal misali, daya nau'i na outbreeding dauke crossbreeding - hybridization tsakanin iri.

Bugu da kari ga iri mutane, akwai daban-daban na crosses. Su da aka bayyana a cikin daki-daki da kuma karatu ko ta Mendel, Morgan Thomas da sauran jinsi da ƙarni.

iri interbreeding

Gane da dama na asali iri na mutane da hybridization.

1. Monohybrid ko sauki. Kwakwalwa iyayentaka ma'abota siffofi samar da wata farko zuriyarsa ne da za'ayi sau daya.
2. Biyu-matasan - dauka a matsayin tushen da iyaye suka sãɓã wa jũna a cikin nau'i biyu daga ãyõyinMu.
3. Koma - a matasan na farko ƙarni crosses da asali iyaye mutane.
4. Poligibridnoe, ko biyu - na farko ƙarni na mutane da ci gaba da zuwa hybridize tare da juna, da kuma bin-up da sauran iri da kuma jinsin.

All filayen alama jinsunan da darajar a kowane takamaiman halin da ake ciki. Wannan shi ne, domin wasu tsire-tsire wajen sauki da mararraba don samun ake so sakamakon. Amma wasu bukatar wani hadadden phased poligibridnaya hybridisation to samu da ake so hali, kuma m da shi a cikin jama'a.

Hybrids na daban-daban ƙarnõni

A sakamakon haka, wani ma'abota ko in ba haka ba kafa zuriya. Dabiu da cewa shi ya dauki iyãyensa ne iya bayyana kanta a cikin sãɓãwar launukansa digiri.

Saboda haka, fasali na farko tsara hybrids phenotypically ko da yaushe uniform, kamar yadda evidenced da dokar Mendel (na farko) da gwaje-gwajen a Peas. Saboda haka sau da yawa don samun wannan sakamakon cewa kana so duk a lokaci daya, amfani da shi monohybrid irin hybridization.

Bugu da ari, duk m samfurori riga hada da kaddarorin, don haka akwai tsagawa a wasu rabo. Bayyanannu recessives tsoma baki mutational tafiyar matakai. Saboda haka, mafi muhimmanci ga mutum masana'antu aiki, ta noma, shi ne na farko da ya sami tsara shuke-shuke.

Hankula misali: idan manufar ne kafin su sami kawai rawaya tumatir a sakamakon yanayi lokaci, da giciye ya zama rawaya da kuma ja tumatir ja amma dole a samu a baya daga rawaya iyaye. A wannan yanayin, ƙarni na farko, lalle zã zama uniform - yellow 'ya'yan itãcen tumatir.

Interspecific hybrids: halayyar

Interspecific hybrids ne waɗanda aka samu ta hanyar outbreeding ko m mararraba. Wannan shi ne sakamakon da ma'abota na mutane da na ga jinsuna daban, domin ya sami sabon tare da qaddara halaye da dukiyoyinsu.

A wannan hanya, mutane a cikin masana'antun, da yawa muhimmanci noma da kuma ornamental shuke-shuke da aka samu, da kuma a zabin dabbobi bred yawa sabon nau'in dabbobi.

Misalai na irin wannan kwayoyin

Misalan interspecific hybrids tsakanin shuke-shuke:

• zernokormovaya alkama.
• triticale - alkama da hatsin rai.
• Hatsin rai-dimbin yawa wheatgrass.
• alkama-elimusnye.
• nau'i nau'i na taba da sauransu.

Idan muka magana game da dabbobi, kamar yadda da yawa wakilan iya buga a matsayin misali:

• alfadarai (doki da jaki).
• liger - zaki da kuma wani tigress.
• rackelhahn - black takaddamarsu da kuma capercaillie, da sauransu.

Babban matsalar irin wannan hybridizations cewa zuriya ko bakararre ko maras yiwuwa. Shi ya sa mutane da halitta da kuma ci gaba mai yawa da hanyoyin shawo kan wadannan abubuwan. Bayan duk, idan da ake so sakamakon da aka samu, yana da muhimmanci sosai ba kawai a gyara shi, amma kuma don gabatar a samu irin wannan kwayoyin.

Mene ne dalilin rasa haihuwa interspecific hybrids?

A dalilai na wadannan matsaloli suna kafe a cikin matakai na meiosis da mitosis, wato a anaphase lokacin chromosomes watsa to sandunan da tantanin halitta. A wannan lokaci, kowane daga cikinsu neman ta homologue biyu. Tun kafa dukan chromosome da chromatid tasowa na kowa karyotype na wani kwayoyin.

Amma ga wadanda mutane da ke Fusion faruwa daga daban-daban iyayentaka siffofin, da yiwuwar saduwa irin Tsarin shi ne kadan ko ba zai yiwu ba. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa akwai wani bazuwar hade da haruffa da kuma a sakamakon mutane da zama bakararre ko maras yiwuwa. Wato, da kwayoyin halitta, a gaskiya, ya zama m.

Idan muka duba a matakin kwayoyin da kuma gano abin da dalilin sterility na interspecific hybrids, amsar shi ne cewa shi ne m sassan na DNA daga tsakiya na sel da mitochondria. A sakamakon haka, akwai wani Tasrifu na chromosomes a meiotic tsari.

Wannan take kaiwa zuwa m sakamakon a shuka kiwo, da kuma a mararraba da kiwo jinsin da kuma sabon nau'in. Musamman sau da yawa shi zai faru a cikin Flora. Saboda haka, samun wani girbi na matasan shuke-shuke mai yiwuwa ne kawai sau daya, wanda shi ne sosai m ga ci gaban aikin noma.

Da zarar ya bayyana a gare masana kimiyya, da dalilin sterility na interspecific hybrids, da aiki aiki don nemo hanyoyin da za a magance wadannan haddasawa. Wannan ya kai ga halittar hanyoyi da dama don kawar da sterility mutane.

Hanyoyi na shawo kan rashin haihuwa

Babban hanyar da ya zaɓa don magance matsaloli na ilmin halitta, kamar haka. A mataki meiotic chromosome diverge lokacin da cell sandunan, shi an saka musamman abu - colchicine. Yana inganta aka rushe filaments dogara sanda (cell cibiyar). A sakamakon duk chromosomes kasance a cikin wannan cell, maimakon fada cikin daban-daban. Yanzu akwai free Tasrifu tsakanin homologue nau'i-nau'i, sabili da haka, shi ne mai al'ada aiwatar da meiosis a nan gaba.

Saboda haka, m zuriya zama sauki da kuma fruiting nan a giciye tare da daban-daban siffofi. Mafi sau da yawa, wannan hanya da ake amfani da shi ne a shuka kiwo, ya kira polyploidy. An farko amfani da mu masana kimiyya Karpechenkovym. Saboda haka ya samu na farko m matasan kabeji da radish.

Mene ne dalilin sterility na interspecific hybrids, mun riga samu. Sanin yanayin da matsalar, shi ne zai yiwu don ƙirƙirar biyu mafi hanyoyi na magance shi.

1. Shuke-shuke pollinated da pollen daga daya kawai iyaye. Wannan hanya damar ƙarni da dama na matasan mutane, m. Amma sai ku shiga ta wata hanya dawo, da kuma mutane da sake zama bakarare.
2. Pollination na hybrids a ƙarni na farko pollen iyaye.

A halin yanzu, fiye da hanyoyin da gwagwarmaya ba halitta ba, amma aikin a cikin wannan shugabanci suna da za'ayi.

Furannin bi-rana, kuma su hybrids

Alama ce ga tsarkakuwa, kuma rashin laifi, da furanni na baƙin ciki, da baƙin ciki domin ya tashi, m kuma da dabara wakilan da Lily - Lily. Wadannan shuke-shuke suna mai daraja ta mutum ga mutane da yawa ƙarni a jere. A wannan lokaci, kawai wasu iri ba a kafa! Babu shakka, da interbreeding shãfe su, kuma.

A sakamakon da aka kawar da tara kungiyoyin na matasan iri wanda ake staggering kyau na phenotypic halaye! Daga cikin su musamman wuri ne shagaltar da biyu daga cikin mafi m da kuma rare wakilin:

• Oriental hybrids.
• Lily OT-hybrids.

Ka yi la'akari da fasali na biyu kungiyoyin da ba su da wani description.

Oriental hybrids

Shi ne mafi girma daga cikin sahun matasan flower. Su sanin halitta ba ya bambanta daga abin da na sauran members. Girma girma kofuna iya isa 31 cm a diamita, da kuma canza launi ne daban-daban. Da kyau sosai iri-iri na Nippon, wanda yana da fararen furanni tare da manyan m datsa. Petals sun crimped.

Shuka tsawo data dabam har zuwa 1.2 m. Wannan damar da su zuwa kasa a nesa na 20-25 cm daga juna da kuma samar da wani kyakkyawan blooming kunya. All membobin wannan kungiya exude wani karfi dandano.

Orienpity

Wannan ne RT-Lily hybrids raguwa wanda aka kafa ta da cikakken sunan: Gabas-tubular siffar. Suna kuma kira Lily itatuwa domin sosai high adadin shuka da kuma manyan furanni. A daya kara zuwa 2.5 mita tsawo za a iya kafa ya fi girma fiye 25 (30 cm) furanni da cewa suna sosai m, kuma mai haske a canza launin.

Wannan damar wannan rukuni na hybrids zama Popular tsakanin lambu, ko da yake ba kowa da kowa zai iya jimre ga kiwo. Yana daukan wani kyau kula da ta dace saukowa cewa irin siffofin iya kwanta da kuma samar da zuriya.

Sunflower, kuma ta hybrids

sunflower hybrids bambanta cikin sharuddan iri maturation. Saboda haka, release:

• ripening (a cikin kwanaki 90).
• farkon-maturing (har zuwa kwanaki 100);
• ne tsakiyar (har zuwa 110 days).

matasan tsaba ma samar da zalunci. Mai ciki da kuma yawan amfanin ƙasa ne daban-daban da kuma dogara a kan lokaci na maturation. A daina shuka a cikin ƙasa, da hakan ingancin amfanin gona. Akwai da dama ya fi na kowa a duniya da hybrids wannan shuka, mafi bukaci a fannin aikin gona.

1. Tunka.
2. Bosphorus.
3. Rocky.
4. PR64A15.
5. Jason.
6. Forward.

Daga cikin su main abũbuwan amfãni:

• fari haƙuri.
• cututtuka da kuma kwari.
• amfanin gona da ake samu.
• high quality iri.
• mai kyau fruiting.