Mene ne DNA, abin da shi ne da aiki da kuma muhimmancin da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta

DNA - a deoxyribonucleic acid, wanda ya samar da aminci da kuma watsa kayyade bayani. A da tsarin da zane bayanai a kan tsarin da RNA da kuma sunadarai na jiki. Bude wannan tsarin Swiss I.Mishlerom a 1869.

Na farko, da real Properties na DNA sun kasance ba a sani ba. An yi imani da cewa shi ne alhakin rike jikin phosphorus da kuma da kaddarorin a aika bayanai da aka ba ma sane, saboda dako na hereditary bayanai al'ada dauke da sunadarai. Kawai a shekarar 1944, bayan jerin gwaje-gwajen a kan canji na kwayoyin cuta, an gano cewa, irin wannan DNA, da kuma gano ta asali ayyuka. Bayan shekara ta 1952, da bayanai game da kwayoyin widened - da ya zama sananne cewa shi ne babban m na bayanai game da tsarin da genotype (sa na genes a wani kwayoyin), amma bai san wani abu a lokacin da ta sosai tsarin, tsarin da DNA da aka ba a rubuce.

Its kwayoyin tsarin da aka deciphered a 1953 da James Watson da Francis Crick. Su m cewa wannan DNA - kwayoyin samar da wata biyu Helix kunshi deoxyribose da sinadarin phosphate kungiyoyin, cewa daura nitrogenous sansanonin - adenine, saitosin, Bibyun da kuma taimain.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa hade da wadannan ka'idojin yana da wani fili a tsare hanya - adenine ta ɗaure kawai tare da taimain da Bibyun da saitosin, wadda tabbatar daidai da daidai kai-kwafi na cikin jigidar halittar DNA bisa ga ka'ida na complementarity tare da daya daga cikin rassa spirals.

Irin wannan sarari ganewa daga cikin kwayoyin tsari ya sa mafi fahimtar abin da DNA - tsarin cewa tserar da kwayoyin code shi ne tushen gadar hali a duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, ciki har da eukaryotes da wasu ƙwayoyin cuta.

A kayyade code da aka adana a matsayin takamaiman nucleotide jerin. Saboda haka, kowane amino acid da furotin da sauya ta uku nucleotides kuma acid jerin ne a gene.

Idan wani canje-canje faruwa a cikin jigidar halittar DNA nufi maye gurbi ko gene. Point mutational canje-canje a cikin kwayoyin tsarin ne magance, wanda shi ne sauki gane da biochemical ko hybridological analysis. Gene maye gurbi faruwa lokacin da canza interleaving nucleotides, wanda shi ne sakamakon tafiyar matakai kamar mi, transversions, sa ko asarar mutum tushe nau'i-nau'i, wanda karya aiki da kaddarorin DNA.

Idan wadannan tsarin canje-canje kai ga murdiya daga cikin muhimman sassa na polypeptide a cikin kwayoyin akwai tsanani take hakki, wanda ƙayyade ba kawai wani take hakkin da cin gaban kwayoyin, amma kuma ga halaka su. Alal misali, maye gurbi iya faruwa ko a lokacin fetal ci gaba, haddasa haihuwar matattu ko maras yiwuwa yara. Bugu da kari, irin wannan take hakki ne a cikin zuciya na da yawa haihuwa lahani cewa za a iya daukar kwayar cutar zuwa nan gaba.

A takaice, ana iya kammala kamar yadda da DNA cewa shi ne - shi ne musamman muhimmanci tsarin kayyade bayanai, wanda shi ne babban bangaren chromosomes. Bugu da kari, DNA - acid, wanda shi ne ke da alhakin aiwatar da kwayoyin bayanai da kuma aiki na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.