Mene ne lardi da kuma abin da aiwatar da samuwar larduna?

A halin yanzu, 'yan kaxan mutane iya cewa wannan lardi tun da yankin rabo daga cikin kasar ne da za'ayi daban. Wannan sabon abu yana nufin sau da Rasha Empire, da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma RSFSR.

Lardunan dauke da mafi raka'a administrative da kuma yankin division da ke jihar. Su aka bayar daga 1708 zuwa 1929 a sakamakon da shiri na absolutist jihar. Wadannan yankin raka'a suna gangarawa ta gwamnonin.

fassarar da kalmar

Don amsa wannan tambaya na abin da wani lardi, za mu juya ga etymology na kalma. Kalmar "lardi" da aka samu daga kalmar Latin "GuBeRnAtoR", wanda yake nufin "m." Ashirin da tara Disamba 1708 by Bitrus da Great bayar da umarni a kan division da ke jihar a cikin sabon administrative raka'a - larduna. Har sai wannan shekara, Rasha Empire kunshi 166 kananan hukumomi. Saboda haka, larduna 8 da aka kafa.

Mun riga ya bayyana a sama, abin da ya aikata da kalmar "lardi". Next, mun yi la'akari da tambaya na tarihi na zargin sabon yankin-administrative raka'a a more daki-daki.

A farko sake fasalin na Bitrus

Ƙirƙiri larduna da ya faru a daidai da umurnin sarki. A farko line-up ya kamar haka:

1. Moscow lardin: karkarar Moscow yankin a yau, da manyan sassa na Tula, Vladimir, Kaluga, Kostroma, Ivanovo da Ryazan yankuna.
2. Ingrian lardin (bayan shekaru biyu sake masa suna St. Petersburg). Yana hada da na zamani Birnin Leningrad, Novgorod, Tver, Pskov, Arkhangelsk kudu, yamma da Vologda, Yaroslavl yankuna da Karelia.
3. Archangelgorod Governorate, wanda hada da Arkhangelsk, Murom, Vologda yankin, wani ɓangare na Kostroma, Karelia da Komi.
4. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na lardin Kiev - Little Rasha, ragowa da Belgorod da Sevsk, kashi na Orel, Belgorod, Bryansk, Tula, Kaluga, Kursk yankuna.
5. Smolensk lardin hada Smolensk halin yanzu yankin, kashi Bryansk, Tverskoj, Kaluga da Tula yankuna.
6. Kazan lardin - da Volga da Bashkortostan, da Volga-Vyatka, kashi na Tambov, Penza, Perm, Ivanovo da Kostroma yankuna, arewacin Dagestan da kuma Kalmykia.
7. Azovskaya qunshi da rabo daga Tula, Orlovskaya, Ryazan, Kursk, Belgorod, duk Voronezh, Rostov, Tambov, kashi Kharkov, Lugano, Donetsk da Penza yankuna.
8. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na Siberian lardin - Siberia, mafi yawan Urals, Kirov yankin da kuma wani ɓangare na Jamhuriyar Komi.

Abin da ke da ban sha'awa, da karshen 1719 shi ne goma sha larduna. Wannan ya faru saboda gaskiyar cewa akwai aka alama Nizhny Novgorod, Astrakhan kuma Riga lardin. A kai da cikakken yankin naúrar ne mai mulki-janar, kuma kowane rabo daga larduna gangarawa Landrat.

Na biyu administrative rabo daga cikin larduna (na biyu gyara Petra Velikogo)

Na biyu garambawul dauki wuri a cikin 1719, 29 May. A tafarkinsa lardin aka raba larduna karkashin jagorancin yaki da larduna, bi da bi, ya kasu kashi da gundumomi da shugabannin sojoji na kasar kwamishinan. Saboda haka, shi ya kafa 47 larduna da cewa yin up da 9 larduna, tare da banda Reval (yanzu Tallinn) da kuma Astrakhan (da suka ba su zuwa kashi sassa). A takardun da lokaci bayyana a cikin daki-daki, abin da lardi, da abin da iko shi ne baiwa.

The uku administrative garambawul

Abin da suke lardin a kwanan baya? A lokacin da na uku administrative garambawul kawar da gundumomi da kuma kananan hukumomi shiga sake. A sakamakon haka ne 250 kananan hukumomi na 14 larduna. Kafa Belgorod da Novgorod larduna, kananan hukumomi fara kai cikin gundumar shugabannin nobility.

Duk da haka, na gida nobility auna a kan sarauta da iko, domin jin kamar Masters na ƙasar. A administrative tsarin da aka yi karko na dogon lokaci, da kuma idan sabon naúrar bayyana, sa'an nan saboda da saye da ƙasa. A karshen watan Oktoba 1775 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Rasha jihar shi 23 larduna, 62 larduna, 276 kananan hukumomi.

Catherine Mai girma garambawul

Wannan doka na Catherine na 7 Nuwamba 1775 ya furta cewa, wajibi ne a gudanar da administrative reshe na jihar. Ƙirƙiri larduna tsaya, kuma su lambobin sun ragu, lardin cire da kuma canja da manufa na kafa gundumomi. A kasa line shi ne cewa County ya zama 20-30 dubu mutane, kuma a lardin -. About 300-400 dubu.

Shi ne kuma manufar yin gyare-gyare da aka karfafa da ikon bayan da mamayewa na Emelyana Pugacheva. Gwamnonin da kuma gwamnonin sallama zuwa da m ta dubawa, gangarawa ta atoni-janar da kuma majalisar dattijai.

By karshen Catherine II ta sarautar matsayin wani ɓangare na Rasha juya a kira su 48 gwamnoni, 2 larduna, 1 yankin da kuma Residence Don Cossacks. Gwamnan-Janar nada ta Empress, kananan hukumomi da aka gudana da shugabannin-jami'in 'yan sanda. Har 1796 halittar sabon gwamnoni ne saboda Accession da yankuna.

ba wata tambaya tashi a tsakaninsu da jama'a cewa irin wannan lardi, kuma ga abin da aka halicce su. Ana zargin sabon administrative raka'a zauna kusan kada a gane shi.

Paul garambawul na da Alexander I

Ilimi larduna a zamanin mulkin Paul na ya faru a sakamakon maye gurbin sunayen administrative raka'a. A garambawul a 1776, akwai wani hadewa: gwamna a hukumance ya zama larduna, da yankuna, inda akwai wata alama na tawayen ko waje hari, ya kasance a ƙasa gwamnonin-janar.

Tuki Control larduna a zamanin Alexander na bai canja ba, amma a cikin tsawon daga 1801 zuwa 1802 shekaru, soke ƙasa mayar.

Ka yi la'akari da abin da ya lardin a wannan lokaci. Ya kamata a lura da rabo daga yankin raka'a cikin 2 kungiyoyin: a Turai na Rasha shi ne obschegubernskaya kungiyar (kunshi - 51 lardin), a kan karkata na kula da tsarin Generalgouvernement (kawai 3 larduna). A wasu wuraren - Kuban, Ural, Transbaikal, Don Sojojin, Terek - gwamnonin kasance biyu ataman Cossack sojojin. A 1816 akwai 12 gwamnoni, tare da wani bangare na 3-5 larduna.

Daga cikin lardin zuwa yankin

By ƙarshen XIX karni shi ƙãga 20 yankunan - administrative raka'a ne kama da larduna. The kalmar "yanki" da bambanci zuwa kasashen waje "lardi" gaskiya haihuwa Slavic kuma yana nufin "mallakan" (mallakar).

Area located a yankunan da ke da iyaka da wasu kasashe, su ba su yi Duma da aka adversely shafi sauran dokokin kasashen da soja gwamnoni da kasance wani ɓangare na gwamnatin Janar. Yana simplifies da na'ura na gida gwamnati da kuma ya karu biyayya da kaina ga Gwamnan.

A farko gwamnan-janar a Rasha - AD Menshikov - kafara domin ofishin a 1703

Gudanarwa ma'aikatan kamar na shekara ta 1914

Har ya zuwa farkon karni na ashirin a lardin karamar naúrar ya yi ta sakamako. Daga 1907 zuwa 1910, a lokacin da Stolypin ya gyara, shi ya kafa majalisar United tsada.

Gwamnatin wucin ya kiyaye lardin division, sun kai lardin kwamishinoni, da kuma kananan hukumomi - County. Layi daya ga wannan, da tsarin na Soviets kafa a 'yan adawa ga wucin gwamnatin.

A Soviet lokaci

A farko lardin division zauna wasu lokaci bayan juyin juya hali a watan Oktoba 1917, amma da aka kafa a lardin kwamitin zartarwa. Wannan kwamitin zartarwa da aka zaba a lardin majalisa na Soviets.

By karshen 1918 a matsayin ɓangare na jihar akwai 78 larduna, da kuma a lokacin har zuwa 1920, 25 daga cikinsu shiga a Finland, Poland da kuma Baltic Amirka. Daga 1920 har 1923. a karkarar da RSFSR akwai sabon m raka'a - kafa wani sabon lardin kowace shekara.

Abun da ke ciki ya canjãwa a kai a kai, amma a sakamakon yin gyare-gyare na lardin ta 1929 gaba daya bace, akwai yankuna da kuma yankuna, kuma sũ, a bi da bi, hada da gundumar, County, kauye majalisarku, mu kiyaye wannan rana.

a ƙarshe

A cikin wannan labarin da muka lissafa abin da lardin kasance a kan ƙasa na Rasha. Bugu da kari, za mu duba key Concepts da kuma tarihi na zargin daban-daban administrative-yankin raka'a.