Mene ne muhalli alkuki: wani misali. Description na muhalli alkuki da kwayoyin: misalai

Kamar yadda daya daga cikin muhalli sassan synecology nazarin dangantaka a tsakanin mutane na alƙaryu na jinsuna daban da su adaptability zuwa muhalli da yanayi. Muhalli samu cewa kwayoyin na da rai al'umma nasaba da wani takamaiman sarari tsarawa a cikin abin da suka hul] a da juna da kuma sassa na biosphere: ruwa, ƙasa, yanayi.

Wannan wuri yana da wani sunan a kunsa - muhalli alkuki. A misalai aka tattauna a wannan labarin ana nufin su tabbatar da cewa shi ne muhimmi a cikin kowane nazarin halittu jinsin, kuma shi ne sakamakon da kwayoyin ta hulda da sauran mutane, da muhalli dalilai.

A muhalli halaye na jinsin

Ba tare da togiya, duk nau'in a lokacin phylogeny aka saba da takamaiman abiotic dalilai. Sun iyakance mazauninsu na yankin. Wannan, kamar yadda wata al'umma daga kwayoyin hulda da mazauninsu yanayi da kuma tare da sauran jama'a, shi ne wani muhalli faye hali, da lakabi na wanda - muhalli alkuki. Misalai na dabba rai sake zagayowar auku a daban-daban na sarari yankunan da trophic biogeocoenose - mazari ne alaka da irin Arthropoda, Class kwari. Manya - imago, kasancewa aiki da yara, sun ƙware da iska cover, yayin da su larvae - mollusk, numfashi tare da gills, suna cikin ruwa kwayoyin.

Halaye na muhalli alkuki na jinsunan

Author na classic aikin da "Manufofin Lafiyar Qasa" Yu Odum buga da Kalmar "muhalli alkuki," wanda ya yi amfani don nazarin biotic dangantaka yawan mutane a duk matakan da kungiyar. Bisa ga masanin kimiyya, matsayin da mutum a cikin yanayi, da cewa shi ne, ta m matsayi - wannan muhalli alkuki. An misali dake bayyana wannan definition - al'umma na shuke-shuke, da ake kira majagaba. Suna da musamman physiological dũkiyarsu da kuma ciyayi, kyale su su sauƙi lashe free yankuna. Wadannan su ne Calamagrostis ƙasa, kujera ciyawa, Mar Belaya. Su samar da primary biocenoses, wanda canza a kan lokaci. Odum kira jiki a cikin yanayin da ya adireshin, da kuma ikon rayuwa image - mai sana'a.

Model J. Hutchinson

Magana sake zuwa da definition "muhalli alkuki" da kalmar. An misali dake bayyana shi - fari-tailed barewa, wanda rayuwarsa sake zagayowar ake dangantawa da Understory sarari - perennial shrub thickets. Suna aiki ne kamar dabba ne ba kawai a tushen abinci, amma kuma kare. Kafa Hutchinson model hypervolume biogeocoenose yanki ne mai cell rayuwa goyon bayan mutane, na yawan jama'ar. Yana kwayoyin iya rayuwa na dogon lokaci, guje wa da iyakance dalilai na yanayi. Binciken kimiyyar rike da su a kan tushen da halitta ilmin lissafi model, ba wani tunani na mafi kyau duka iyakoki na zama al'ummomin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a al'amarin.

Gause manufa

Haka kuma an kira m wariya mulki da ake amfani da su bayyana biyu siffofin gwagwarmayar zama - daga cikin jinsunan karatu a cikin karni na 19th by Charles Darwin. Idan alƙarya da overlapping bukatun, kamar trophic (watau jimlar abinci tushe) ko na sarari (overlapping habitats - habitats) wanda ya dogara a kan su lambobi, yayin da co-wanzuwar wadannan al'ummomi yana da iyaka. Wannan shi ne karshen sakamakon zai kai ga fitar (kawar da kasa saba yawan) da kuma sake ma su matsugunni da more wanda aka kera da hanzari proliferating kwayoyin na sauran jinsinta.

Alal misali, musamman irin bera m hankali gudun hijira daga alƙarya da baki berayen. Su ne a halin yanzu 'yan kaɗan, kuma an same a kusa da ruwa a jikinsu. Uku sigogi fahince manufar "muhalli alkuki." An misali cewa ya bayyana wannan sanarwa yana dauke da mu a baya, wato: Species bera Gray aka zaunar ko'ina (sarari location), shi ne omnivorous (rage cin abinci), kuma farautar dare da rana (lokaci division aiki).

Wani misali, wanda characterizes mulkin m wariya: na farko natsuwa zo a Australia, ya kawo jama'ar na Turai ƙudan zuma. A dangane da ci gaban da beekeeping yawan wadannan kwari ya kara da cika fuska, kuma suka hankali ƙwace 'yan qasar Australia kudan zuma mazauninsu na dindindin mazauninsu, sa irin wannan a kan gãɓar rãmi na nau'i nau'i.

A irin wannan hali ya faru a alƙarya na cikin gida da zomo, shigo da wannan discoverers na nahiyoyi. A yalwar abinci, m yanayin damina da kuma rashin gasar ya nufi da cewa mutane na wannan nau'in fara kama da yankin da sauran mazauninsu da alƙaryu sun yawaita a irin wannan lambobi da suka fara zuwa hallaka noma amfanin gona.

Wajen da nau'in a cikin al'ummar yanayin kasa

Zai ci gaba da amsa tambaya, abin da yake da muhalli alkuki. Misali, ba da mafi cikakken amsar - shi ne m matsayi shuke-shuke ja Clover. A fannin ta rarraba - Turai, Arewacin Afrika, Asiya ta tsakiya. Yawan girma optimally a fairly m fadamun, a yanayin zafi na +12 ... + 21 ° C. Sun samar da perennial ciyawa ko gandun daji bene, kuma suna da kera da abinci sarkar a al'amarin.

Rukunan muhalli alkuki

Yana hada da wani misali na hadaddiyar sarari rabo yanayin kasa cewa yana da wani sigogi abiotic dalilai da kuma bayar da siffofin daban-daban na hulda da wata alƙarya da mutane na sauran jinsunan: .. Competition, parasitism, commensalism da dai sauransu The aforementioned halaye biogeocoenose samar da wani cikakken bayanin da muhalli alkuki na wani kwayoyin. Misalai na dabba sharar gida, na a gidan hakori (gophers, gerbils, gerbils) mamaye yankunan semidesert saba da kaifi shakka daga dare da rana yanayin zafi. Cin sparse ciyayi, suka bauta wa a matsayin abinci domin ya fi girma dabbobi da tsuntsaye: Foxes, gaggafa, peregrine Falcons, owls.

Mafi kyau duka da real sarari na yawan na zama

Ka tuna cewa kafa dangantakar kwayoyin da mutane na sauran jama'a, kuma tare da kula da muhalli da yanayi - wannan muhalli alkuki. Misali na kasar gona kwayoyin-saprotroph, feed a kan matattu kwayoyin halitta da kuma tsarkake ƙasar, kazalika da inganta ta agrochemical Properties, ya tabbatar da samuwar babban adadin biotic dangantaka da sauran mazaunan ƙasa: da larvae na kwari, inji Tushen, fungi. M ayyuka na ƙasa kwayoyin cuta ya dogara da yawan zafin jiki da kuma zafi na kasar gona, ta physicochemical abun da ke ciki.

Sauran mazaunan - nitrifying kwayoyin chemotroph - samar da barga biotic sadarwar da alƙarya na shuke-shuke Leguminous iyali: alfalfa iri vetch, lupines. Dukkan wadannan sigogi, duka biyu biotic da kuma muhalli da yanayi, sune gane muhalli alkuki na kwayoyin. Yana da wani ɓangare na m (muhimman hakkokin alkuki) biogeocoenose, wanda shi ne mai sa na mafi kyau duka yanayi a wanda jinsin iya zama illa ma sha Allahu.

Dokokin da ake buƙata filin hadaddiyar mãkirci yanayin kasa

Idan biogeocoenosis mummunan fallasa zuwa matsananci abiotic events kamar gobara, ambaliyar ruwa, girgizar asa ko korau ayyukan mutane, wasu sassa na shi ne free, cewa shi ne bã tãre da baya rayu a nan alƙarya na shuke-shuke da dabbobi. A bayyanar sabon rai siffofin - maye - kaiwa zuwa wani canji a wannan bangare na biogeocoenose, sunansa - muhalli alkuki shuke-shuke. Misalan ta yarjejeniya bayan da wuta nuna cewa maimakon m-Leaved gandun daji zo daya ko biennial herbaceous shuka tare da wani babban vegetative makamashi: Willow, Willow-ganye, uwa da uwar rana, da sauransu, dole yantar da wasu sarari da zarar karkashin mulkin mallakar sabon nau'in jama'a.

A cikin wannan takarda, mun yi karatu a daki-daki, irin wannan abu a matsayin muhalli alkuki na wani kwayoyin. A misalai dauke da mu tabbatar da cewa shi ne a hadaddiyar hadaddun maida shi musamman domin mafi kyau duka rai yanayi na alƙaryu na shuke-shuke da dabbobi.