Menene kwayoyin da kuma rawar da suka taka a cikin yanayi

Kusa da ƙarshen XIX karni, masana kimiyya ya fara tara ilmi game da bambance-bambance tsakanin prokaryotic da eukaryotic cell , kuma haka sannu a hankali kasaftawa a raba mulkin kwayoyin, a hade rashin bambantawa na Kwayoyin, - Protista. Duk da haka, abin da kwayoyin cuta a lokacin da suka sani kawai, da ya yi nazarin: kawai a cikin XX karni. wannan ilimi da aka systematized. A kwayoyin suna sanya a duk yanayin, wanda ya isa ya gina up kwayoyin halitta. Sun yi haƙuri high da kuma low yanayin zafi, gwargwado, kuma acidity. Saboda haka, Mulkin kwayoyin zaune ba kawai a cikin yanayi, inda suka decompose kwayoyin halitta ga rayuwar, amma kuma densely populates da yawa daga cikin mucous membranes na dabbobi da mutane, inda ya taimaka wa nike abinci, da kuma gasar da pathogens. Musamman manyan rawar da suka taka a cikin nitrogen metabolism, tun cyanobacteria ne iya handling kawai na yanayi nitrogen. Duk da haka, wasu kwayoyin ne causative jamiái na cututtuka: rinderpest, anaerobic da hanji cututtuka, syphilis, cutar kwalara da Anthrax.

ilimin halittar jiki

Ultrastroenie kwayoyin bayyane ne kawai tare da wani na'urar hange, duk da haka, cewa irin wannan kwayoyin cuta, da kuma yadda suka duba a kan waje, kana iya ganin da nutsewa bincike da madubin likita ta amfani da musamman batawa dabaru. Girma na wadannan kwayoyin iya bambanta daga 0.1 zuwa 10 microns, amma damar da ilimin halittar jiki na kwayoyin cutar su raba su ƙungiya uku main kungiyoyin: siffar zobe - cocci (mono-, da kambun da tetra-, streptococci da sartsiny), sanda - bacilli (mono-, diplo- , streptococci) da kuma juya - vibrio, spirilla da spirochetes. Karkashin awon yanayi domin sanin irin da kaddarorin da enzyme suna girma a kan talakawa ko na musamman na gina jiki kafofin watsa labarai ta hanyar mallaka samuwar, da kuma a cikin daban-daban yanayin da suka sami wani daban-daban juna na girma.

tsarin

A general, abin da kwayoyin kayyade su ultrastructure. Waje tanada kwayoyin cell bango, kunsha da yadudduka na peptidoglycan, teichoic acid da kuma sia. Taro na farko kayyade ikon da kwayoyin gram stained da hanyar a shafa, bisa ga abin da suke classified a Gy + kuma GR. Wasu daga cikin su suna da ƙarin m tsarin - wani kwantena dauke K antigen da kuma hana su phagocytosis cikin kananan kwayoyin, mai guba illa da kuma inji dalilai. Don ƙarin koyo game da abin da kwayoyin cuta, ya zama dole ya yi nazarin su kwayuka tsarin: da kwayoyin cuta suna cike da cytoplasm, wanda narkar da sauran wasu gabbansa (ribosomes, chromatophores) da kuma hada da na gina jiki (lipids, sugar). Wadannan, kamar duk prokaryotes ba bayar da tsakiya da kuma duk kwayoyin bayanai da aka adana a biyu-stranded nucleic acid kwayoyin da aka ayi a yankin na nucleoid da gyarawa zuwa membrane a daya batu. Beyond ta kayyade bayanai kunshe ne cikin wata plasmid wanda zai iya sanin ko kaddarorin da kuma ci gaban pathogenic dalilai. Domin motsi suka yi amfani da flagella da spirillum, gyarawa a cikin cell muhimmi jiki, da kuma su haifuwa faruwa ta rarraba a biyu.