Naman kaza Plasmodium: photo da kuma bayanin

Naman kaza plasmodium - shi ne daya daga cikin mafi ban mamaki rai kwayoyin cewa wanzu a wannan duniya tamu. Ya bayyanar da shi bewildering da tsoratarwa a lokaci guda mutane daga zamanin da. Ba abin mamaki shi ne ake kira mai da mayya kerkẽci jini. Bugu da kari ta zuwa ga sabon abu bayyanar, da naman gwari yana da wani da ban mamaki ikon - ya iya motsawa!

Overview

Duk da cewa naman gwari plasmodium, ko The tutsar sulug da aka sani zuwa ga mutane tun zamanin da, shi ne har yanzu kusan unexplored. Ya dogon dangana ga mulkin fungi da kuma kira slime kyawon tsayuwa, ko da yake ya ba da wuya harsashi, girma a kan vegetative jiki. Bugu da kari, shi ne muhimmanci daban-daban a cikin halin ikon, kuma yana da wata iyaka na wasu siffofin.

Sunan slime kyawon tsayuwa (a Greek - slimy namomin kaza) game da wadannan sabon abu kwayoyin da aka yi a farko 1833. Duk da haka, bayan kwata-karni Jamusanci botanist De Bari, wanda shekaru da dama da aka tsunduma a cikin tsanani nazarin su, ya gano cewa, Plasmodium yana da kõme ba yi da namomin kaza, kuma tabbas, yanã ga Mai rukuni na protozoa. Shi ya samarwa kiran wadannan halittu Mycetozoa, watau gribozhivotnymi ko gaskiya slime kyawon tsayuwa.

mazauninsu

Naman kaza plasmodium yada kusan a duk faɗin duniya. Ana iya gani ko da a cikin hamadar, a cikin dusar ƙanƙara, kuma a cikin tsaunuka. Duk da haka, wasu iri wadannan halittu, musamman wadanda suka rayu a yammacin sahara da kuma m yankunan, da mai iyaka jeri. A babban iri-iri plasmodia za a iya lura a cikin temperate zone, tare da deciduous gandun daji, kazalika a cikin Rum.

Wasu daga cikin jinsunan za a iya gani kawai a lokacin rani, yayin da sauran ake samu daga farkon spring zuwa marigayi kaka. A ci gaba da wadannan fungi ma ya auku seasonally. Iri slime mold kazalika da sauran ƙananan siffofin rayuwa, an ƙaddara da siffar wanda yana da fruiting jiki. Wasu na iya zaton cewa wani naman kaza ne edible Plasmodium. Duk da haka, shi ne ba. A tutsar sulug guba ne, kuma abin da ya hana ba kawai kwari, amma kuma kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa.

substrates

Mai jinsunan slime kyawon tsayuwa fi son su rayu cikin ragowar rubabben itatuwa ko a leaf zuriyar dabbobi. Kan bango daga 'ya'yan itãcensa Plasmodium jiki kusan ko da yaushe a fili bayyane. Ba mamaki, da suka bayyana a cikin mafi yawan nazarin mycologists wanda yafi bayyana nau'in hade daidai da wadannan substrates.

Da yawa kasa karatu wadanda kwayoyin da cewa rayuwa a cikin tumbi na herbivores, kazalika a kan haushi rai itatuwa. Wannan shi ne saboda girman su sporophores sosai bai isa a kula, da kuma haka lura da wadannan iri slime kyawon tsayuwa a yanayi ne musamman wuya.

Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa plasmodium - naman kaza (photo a cikin labarin), wanda a mafi yawan lokuta ba a daura wani daya irin substrate. Duk da haka, akwai ban ga mulkin. Wasu slime kyawon misali, HALITTAR Cribraria, fi son haushi bishiyoyi na ga conifers. Akwai wadanda slime mold, sporulation wanda mafi sau da yawa yakan faru a kan kore, ko a bara ta auku ganye, mai tushe, ko girma mosses.

yaduwa hanyar

Kamar tsiren ruwan teku, naman kaza zama plasmodium fara da shawara. Daga wannan taso cell tayi. Idan ta yanayi ne isasshe rigar, sa'an nan yana daukan nau'i miksoflaggellata, t. E. Zama kama infusoria da biyu flagella na daban-daban tsawon. Yana tafiyar matakai taimake wadannan kwayoyin zuwa taso kan ruwa da yardar kaina a cikin ruwa.

Idan danshi ne ba su isa ba, sai da spores kafa miksameba. Sha'awa, da sama-da aka bayyana siffofin iya hulɗa, da kuma iya zuwa daga ƙarƙashinsu a cikin juna. Bugu da kari, suna da wani haploid sa na chromosomes, wanda ke nufin cewa slime mold yana jima'i Kwayoyin. A kan aiwatar da Tasrifu auku zygote, bayan da kankanin miksoflaggellata ko miksameba da ake zama a vegetative jiki - a unicellular kwayoyin a cikin abin da sosai hanzari rarraba tsakiya. A sakamakon haka, tantanin halitta ne na girma da sauri, kuma asirce gamsai, yayin da samun launi. Kamar wancan ne aka haife kadan predatory kwayoyin, Plasmodium baya kafa naman gwari.

description

A gaskiya slime kyawon tsayuwa ne a manyan baki da kuma a fan-dimbin yawa branched cibiyar sadarwa ta igiya (shambura), kama da jini. A mataki na plasmodium zama a bayyane ba tare da wani magnification. A wannan mataki da ya ci gaba, ya shi ne wani nau'i ne na single-cell mass, fentin a rawaya launi. A mafi m yanayi, da ya fi girma shi za su yi girma a gare shi.

Wannan kwayoyin ne sau da yawa idan aka kwatanta da wani voracious predatory dodo cewa jan kome a cikin hanyar. Kuma yana da gaskiya, domin kamar yadda ta maimaitawa shi na kama da garwaya da daban-daban kwayoyin cuta, fungal spores, yeasts kuma ko da microscopic dabbobi. Naman kaza Plasmodium motsa a kan substrate yayin da kara a girma da kuma ƙunsa wani abinci kamar amoeba. A wannan yanayin, jiki Forms ake kira sinadirai vacuoles, a cikin abin da Highlights da musamman narkewa kamar enzymes. Bayan da cewa akwai sha na zama dole abubuwa. Saboda haka akwai wani tsari na phagocytosis.

Duk da yake a mataki plasmodium The tutsar sulug aka karin girma: unicellular mahaluži iya isa 30 cm a tsawon kuma 3-5 cm a kauri! Yana da aka rubuta cikin cikakkar duniya rikodin - guda cell na plasmodium Physarum polycephalum ya girma ga irin rabbai cewa ya dauki yanki na 2 murabba'in mita.

kan aiwatar da motsi

Tafiya naman kaza plasmodium cikin jikinka yana da wani irin tsoka - actin da myosin strands cewa rage m cytoplasm, game da shi, samar da wani ripple da kuma yiwuwar ambaliya. Saboda haka akwai wani motsi na jiki. Rarrafe kan substrate, shi iya motsa da sauri na 1 cm a kowace awa.

Yana haka ya faru da cewa a cikin yanayi ba su da isasshen danshi, don haka Plasmodium o ƙarin stiffen, taurara kuma ƙarshe canza kama zuwa sclerotia. Wani lokaci yana ne zuwa kashi da dama makrotsist wanda suke isasshe da karfi daina kai hare hare tare da mahara tsakiya ciki. Zama a cikin wannan jiha, jiki zai iya tsira ga dama shekaru, amma a lokacin da yanayi ya zama m, kowane makrotsist zama sabon Plasmodium.

m siffofin

Plasmodium da wasu semblance wani sinadaran turare, saboda, kasancewa kusa da abinci, za su matsawa purposefully wajen ta. An sani cewa a wasu tsawon rai na korau phototaxis aka canza zuwa tabbatacce, kuma namomin kaza daga damp yanayi fara ja jiki fita zuwa surface, kokarin hasken rana. Mafi m, wannan ya faru a lokacin da karshe maturation da kuma m samuwar spores.

Har ila yau ban sha'awa shi ne gaskiya cewa a lokacin da biyu parasites na daya irin su "Fused" tare, kafa na kowa jiki. A balagagge jihar na jini a wadannan wurare fara cunkoso da kuma samar da fruiting jikin. Su halittu farfadowa da girma a cikin size, kamar yadda su ne a aiwatar da makaman nukiliya fission tare da samuwar haploid spores. Bayan wani lokaci periderm m harsashi bursts, da kuma slime mold spores ana yada ta iska. Amma wannan ya auku ne kawai a karkashin sharadi gwargwado. Idan jihar na yanayi ba ya dace su saboda wasu sharudda, da spores iya zama fiye da shekara saba'in, yayin da rikewa su ikon germinate.

Gwaje-gwajen a kan slizevikov

A rukuni na Japan masana kimiyya ya yanke shawarar ya tsayar da plasmodium, kamar yadda suke quite sauƙi ladabi a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Sun gudanar da wani gwaji kan gudun motsi slime mold, canza yanayi zafi. Lokacin da iska zama bushe, Plasmodium ragae motsi. Daga wannan bincike sun bincika rinjayar da lokaci-lokaci daukan hotuna, bushe iska tanã gudu da shi tare da wani tazara da sa'a daya. Plasmodium zarar ya fara rage gudu a gaba. Ya alama da za a yi tsammani da farko na gaba daukan hotuna. Yin wannan kwarewa, da masana kimiyya yanke shawarar cewa slime kyawon tsayuwa da wasu semblance memory.

da kuma sauran binciken da aka gudanar wanda ƙaddara cewa Plasmodium iya warware sauki matsaloli, alal misali, zuwa sami hanya mafi guntu, wucewa daga daya batu zuwa wani Maze. Dole ne in ce cewa wadannan gwaje-gwajen ne na bayar da muhimmanci, tun da gubar da fahimtar da hali na wadannan m halittun da tarihi na juyin halitta.