Nizhny Novgorod: tarihin birnin (taƙaitaccen bayani), hoto, kallo

Rasha na da babban birnin, babban birnin kasar da kuma "aljihu na kasar" - wannan shine abin da Nizhny Novgorod ya kira. Tarihin fitowar birnin ya haifar da gardama tsakanin masana tarihi. Maimakon haka, kuskuren ba shine ranar kwanciya ba, amma dai abin da ya faru a shafin yanar gizo na Nizhny Novgorod kafin tarihin da kuma dalilin da ya sa sunan "Novgorod" ya haɗa da ma'anar "Nizhny".

Ƙarfafa Rasha

Shekarar da aka kafa harsashin birnin ana dauke shi ne 1221st. A shekara mai zuwa, bayan yakin neman nasara a kan Volga Bulgars, Yarima Yuri Vsevolodovich ya umarta a sanya birnin a bakin Oka: "Na yanke shawarar karfafa wani wuri mai muhimmanci ga Rasha." A cikin shaidu ana cewa an umurce shi da kafa sabuwar "gari," inda sunan ya fito. Amma akwai wasu nauyin bayyanar sunan. A cewar daya daga cikinsu, an fara gina sabon birni a kan shafin yanar-gizo na Mordovian, kuma a wani Nizhny Novgorod ya sami cikakken suna dangane da matsayinsa: An gina ta a cikin Volga stream karkashin Tsohon garin.

Akwai fassarar cewa an kafa ɗakunan birane da dama a kan kogin, kuma don rarrabe su, sun ba da suna biyu. Duk da haka dai, sabon shiri ya karbi sunan Nizhny Novgorod, tarihin sunan birni an ɓoye a cikin ƙarni, watakila akwai tarihin tsohuwar shekaru wanda ya haskaka wannan tambaya.

Da farko, an gina gine-ginen ƙasa da kremlin na katako, a wannan lokacin ya isa isa ya tattara ƙungiya kuma ya ba shi filin. Har ila yau, daga wannan wuri ne ya dace don tunawa da hare-haren 'yan tawaye da kuma tafiya tare da yakin basasa. Bayan 'yan shekarun baya, ɗakunan dutse masu dutse sun riga sun kasance a cikin garuruwan, daga wannan wuri ya fara Nizhny Novgorod.

Tarihin birnin, wani ɗan gajeren tafiya

Tun lokacin da aka gina Kremlin, birnin ya fara girma kuma ana amfani da shi don wannan dalili, wanda aka shirya shi. A cikin 1226, rundunar sojojin Svyatoslav da Ivan, wadanda suka kasance 'yan'uwa ga Grand Duke, sun ci nasara da yawa daga ƙauyukan Erzya. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, an yi wani ƙoƙari don cin nasara a kauyukan Zyryansky, a cikin wannan yakin da dan dan Grand Duke ya bayyana. Cibiyar ba ta samu nasara ba, amma wannan hujja ba ta tsaya ta mutane da yawa ba. A cikin 1229, a cikin hunturu, Grand Duke ya mamaye dukiyar mallakar Erzyan Sarkin Purgas, inda aka ci su. Purgas bai kasance cikin bashi ba kuma a watan Afrilu na wannan shekara ya kai hari kan Nizhny Novgorod.

Tarihin birnin (taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen bayani da cikakken nazarin tarihin tarihin ya tabbatar da wannan) yana cike da yakin basasa. Wannan yana nuna muhimmancin manufar birnin. Matsayin gefen yana da matukar amfani daga ra'ayi na tsarin soja. A gefe guda, an gina Kremlin a kan Dutsen Sentry, inda aka gani dirar ruwa guda biyu. A gefe guda, birnin yana da kariya ta jiki a cikin manyan bankunan na Volga, yana barazanar ci gaba da ɓacewa lokacin da yawancin mutane suka je musu. Grand Duke yana son abubuwan da suka faru, da dogara ga tashar Rasha, amma tatar-Mongol horde ya tilasta wa dukan shirye-shiryen sake tunani.

Feudalism a Rasha

Tun da Nizhny Novgorod yana kan iyakar Rasha kuma ba a da karfi, an ɗauka cewa Mongol-Tatars sun ƙone birnin a lokacin mamayewa, ba shi yiwuwa a tabbatar ko ƙaryatãwa game da wannan zato, babu matakan da aka rubuta. Ka sake gina shi da sauri, da yawa da karfafa karfi a duniya. A cikin karni na arni, birnin ya ci gaba da wucewa daga hannunsa tsakanin shugabannin Rasha. Wani lokaci daga baya, a cikin marigayi 13th karni, akwai Gorodetsky sarauta, mulki ta hanyar dan Aleksandra Nevskogo, Nizhny Novgorod shige shi.

Tarihin birnin, wani taƙaitaccen abin da za'a iya samuwa a cikin shafuka na dā, ya nuna cewa a farkon karni na 14th Gorodets Principality ya kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancin Vladimir. Rashin gwagwarmayar dabarun ba ta tsaya ba: a Moscow 1311 Moscow Yarima Yuri ya kama Nizhny Novgorod kuma ya dasa shi a cikin mulkin dan'uwansa Boris.

Gaskiya ta kasance har sai mutuwar yarima. A shekara ta 1320, birni ya sake shiga cikin mulkin mallaka na Vladimir. Sa'an nan kuma a cikin tarihin Rus ya zo zamanin duhu, inda shugabannin Rasha, tare da Mongol-Tatar masu cin nasara, suka rarraba ƙasashe, suka kafa sabon iyakoki na dukiya tare da taimakon yakin basasa. Wannan ya ci gaba har zuwa karni na 15, kawai a wannan lokaci a cikin kwanciyar hankali, kwanan nan kwanciyar hankali ya kafa. Yarima Prince Vasily na Moscow na ƙarshe ya hada birnin zuwa ga mulkinsa. Yaƙe-yaƙe na yaƙe-yaƙe da wannan bai ƙare ba, amma a karni na 16 an gina ginin Kremlin dutse a maimakon wani katako. Yanzu shine babban abin sha'awa ga mazauna da baƙi zuwa Nizhny Novgorod. Hoton birnin, abubuwan jan hankali suna da yawa, amma babban abu shine sansanin soja. Bisa ga lokaci na yi dutse Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin coeval na Moscow.

Kashi

A 1605, Tsar Boris Godunov ya mutu, kuma tare da mutuwarsa ya faru da Lokacin Matsala. Rashin ragamar kwamandan kishin soja mai suna Skopin-Shuisky a shekara ta 1610 ya ci gaba da yaƙe-yaƙe na fadace-fadace, halin da ake ciki bai kasa yin amfani da manoma na Poland ba. A Moscow, wanda ake kira Semiboyarschina ya yi sarauta: ta hanyar haɗin kai, 'yan jariri masu daraja sun yarda da sarkin Sichismund na kasar Poland Sigismund zuwa babban birnin kasar.

A lokaci guda kuma 'yan tawayen Nizhny Novgorod sun kulla yarjejeniya da kwamandan Sojan Sweden Gustav Adolf da kuma sanya shi tare da sojojin zuwa cikin yankunan. Ta haka ne, Nizhny Novgorod ya rushe, dan dan kasar Poland Sigismund Vladislav ya zama gwamnan Moscow. Yawancin mutanen Rasha sun yi gunaguni a kan mulkin kasashen waje, Nizhny Novgorod ya zama mai sassauci.

Tarihin birnin, taƙaitaccen motsi na 'yanci

Moscow, a matsayin babban birnin kasar da kuma zuciyar kasar, ya kasance a cikin wani mummunan halin. Vladislav ta cinye ƙasar, ta haifar da mugunta, ta tattake addinin Orthodox. Moscow boyars tambayi Sigismund ya zama masaraucin na Rasha, amma shi saɓa wa sarki Harmajanas. Ya rubuta takaddama kuma ya aike su zuwa gidajen ibada. A nan ne suka sami dama ga mutane da dama - ana karanta labaran a cikin tituna, sun yi kiran kira ga 'yanci. Hermogenes aka kama shi da matsayi kuma ya mutu a kurkuku daga yunwa. Wannan hujja ta kasance wani lokaci ne na rikice-rikicen da ake yi a kan mulkin mallaka.

A farkon wannan motsi shi ne Nizhny Novgorod: Kozma Minin mai cin gashin kansa da kuma soja tare da shugaba Yarima Dmitry Pozharsky. A watan Fabrairun 1612, sojojin suka tafi da yakin Moscow, a kan yadda suka saki Yaroslavl kuma suka tsaya har zuwa watan Agusta. A ƙarshen lokacin rani sojojin sun koma Moscow, amma sun kusan tafi, Poles sun ƙone birnin. Sauran 'yan kungiyar Sojan Poland sun kulle kansu a Kremlin da kuma kare kansu a kasar Sin. Mista Dmitry Pozharsky ya shiga garin China-City kuma ya kori abokan gaba daga wurin. Sauran 'yan kwaminisancin Poland sun bace bayan ganuwar Kremlin. A kewaye da cikin Kremlin ganuwar da aka short-rayu, da Dogayen sanda gane da rashin bege na matsayinsa da kuma mika wuya. Don haka Minin da Pozharsky sun tsunduma Moscow da Rasha daga mamayewa, tare da goyon bayan dukan mutane.

Tsarin tarihi

A feat na Minin da Pozharsky, kazalika da dukan kasa motsi tabbata Nizhny Novgorod. Hotuna ko kuma tarihin Moscow Minin da Pozharsky da aka sani ga kowane mazaunin Rasha. Jama'ar Nizhny Novgorod sun tattara kuɗi daga dukan duniya don tunawa da dakarun kasar don kafa shi a Nizhny Novgorod. Amma an shigar da shi a kan Red Square a Moscow, kuma Nizhny Novgorod ne kawai aka samu wani abu mai tsalle, inda aka kashe kuɗin jama'a.

Bukatar mutanen garin na ci gaba ne kawai a shekara ta 2005, lokacin da Zurab Tsereteli ya kaddamar da kwafin tarihin Moscow, an kuma shigar da ita a babban birnin gari kamar Nizhny Novgorod. Ana iya samun hotunan wannan abin tunawa a ko'ina, mazaunan sun fahimci wannan hujja kamar adalci na tarihi kuma suna nuna girman kai ga jaruntarsu.

A flowering na birnin

Bayan lokaci mai wahala a ƙasar ya zo zaman lafiya, kuma a Nizhny Novgorod ya fara farawa. Ciniki, gine-gine, aikin noma, da kuma kifi na ci gaba. An gina tashar jiragen ruwa, sana'a sun sami sabon numfashi da kuma turawa ga ci gaban duniya. Wannan ya taimaka wa garin na Makarevskaya Fair. Peter I, a shekara ta 1722, yana bikin tunawa da karni na karni, ya yanke shawarar yin gyare-gyare a birnin. Tun daga yanzu, Nizhny Novgorod ya zama babban birnin Nizhny Novgorod. A rabi na biyu na karni na 18th, asibitoci, bugu da gida, makarantar jama'a da kuma gidan wasan kwaikwayo na farko a Rasha sun bude a birnin. Amma lokaci ya yi don kare kasar daga sojojin Napoleon.

Yaƙin da Napoleon ya yi, da konewar Moscow ya sanya birnin zama wuri mai kyau ga jama'a da yawa a kasar. A wannan lokacin an ji labarin cewa za a iya mayar da babban birnin zuwa Nizhny Novgorod. A wannan lokaci wani wallafe-wallafen wallafe-wallafen ya buɗe a cikin birni, kashin baya shine Karamzin NM, Batyushkov KN da kuma sauran masu fasaha na kalma. Rikicin Nizhny Novgorod bai wulakanta Minin da Pozharsky ba, kuma tare da girmamawa sun yi yaƙi da mamaye.

Zamanin zinariya a cikin ci gaba da furanni na Nizhny Novgorod shi ne gaskiyar canja wuri na Makarevskaya Fair a birnin. Wannan shi ne lokacin da suka fara kira shi "aljihu na Rasha." A lokacin watanni na ciniki don kowane mazaunin ƙasar, baƙi tara sun isa. Binciken Nizhny Novgorod Fair ya kafa farashin duniya na zinariya, furs, azurfa da yawa. A daidai wannan lokaci, an samu rassan raƙuman jiragen sama zuwa dandalin ciniki, wanda ya karfafa matsayin birnin, kuma cinikayyar ya sami karfin da aka samu a duniya. Kasuwancin kaya yanzu suna ƙaunar Nizhny Novgorod. Hotuna na d ¯ a na nuni ya nuna kyau da ginin ginin. Gidan sharadin yana da alamar gari.

Juyin Juyin Juya da Yakin Kasa

Juyin juyin juya halin ba sauki ga kowa ba, saboda Nizhny Novgorod sababbin lokuta sun zo nan da nan - a cikin kaka na 1917. Mai mulkin tunani na 'yan juyin juya hali na Nizhny Novgorod shine Maxim Gorky (Peshkov), ɗan gari. Daga baya, a ranar 7 ga Nuwamban 1932, an sake kiran birnin Gorky. Bayan lokaci bayan juyin juya halin da kuma kafin Warrantan Kariya nagari ya alama ta masana'antu ta yankin.

A watan Mayun 1930, an gina ginin motoci, an kammala shi a cikin shekaru biyu. Da farko, Gorky Automobile Plant (GAZ) ya samar da motoci, bayan 'yan watanni aka kafa motoci. A 1933 an gina wani gada a fadin Oka, wanda ya haɗa da bangarori biyu na birnin, kadan daga bisani, a wannan shekara, an gina gada tsakanin Volga.

Tun daga shekarar 1941, dukkanin masana'antu na yankin suna aiki a kan hanyar da aka samu na Nasara. Masu aikin agaji suna zuwa gaba. A kamfanin motsa jiki, an gina sababbin kayan aikin kayan aiki da kuma sanya su a cikin kayan aiki - motoci masu makamai. A yayin yakin da aka yi a gundumar Gorky, makamai, makamai, motocin da aka yi garkuwa da su, an horar da ma'aikatan soja. Ya kasance a Gorky Automobile Plant cewa fasalin fasinja mota "Victory" da aka sanya a cikin samar a cikin shekaru bayan yakin.

Bayan yakin, rayuwa a cikin birnin na inganta, masana'antu sun bunkasa, dalilin da ya kasance masana'antun tsaro. Saboda haka, a shekara ta 1959 an rufe birnin zuwa ga 'yan kasashen waje da mutane marasa dogara. An cire wannan matsayi a cikin 90s na karni na 20, sannan aka mayar da birnin zuwa sunansa na tarihi - Nizhny Novgorod. Hotuna na birnin, abubuwan da suka faru a zamanin dā sun cika da nasarori da nasara na kakanninmu.

Modern zamani

Nizhny Novgorod ya kasu kashi takwas, ya yada a bankunan biyu na Oka. Tsohon ɓangaren birnin shine kasuwancin kasuwanci da al'adu, a nan an mayar da hankali ga bankuna, ofisoshin, zane-zane. A sabon bangare, ake kira Zarechye, masana'antu da wuraren zama. Birnin yana da gida ga fiye da mutane miliyan. Sadarwa tsakanin sassan birni ana bayar da su ta hanyoyi guda biyar, daya daga cikinsu yana wucewa ta cikin Volga, kuma ɗaya shine gado mai matashi. Masu ziyara suna da lokaci don ziyarci Nizhny Novgorod.

Tarihin birnin da abubuwan jan hankali suna mayar da hankali ga tsohuwar ɓangaren birnin. Masu sauraron suna farin cikin nuna filin tsakiya mai suna Minin da Pozharsky, an gayyatar su don yin tafiya zuwa tsohon titin tsakiyar Bolshaya Pokrovskaya, yanzu shi ne titin mai tafiya. Birnin yana tasowa, kara yawan masana'antu, sababbin gidaje da wuraren zama. Sabbin hanyoyi na aiki suna bunkasa, yawon shakatawa yana goyon bayan goyan baya.

Shakatawa

Kowane yawon shakatawa yana so ya ga yadda ya yiwu, don taɓa wuraren tarihi. A Rasha ga ɗan kasashen waje da yawon shakatawa akwai wasu dalilai da dama don mamaki, mamaki. Kuma hakikanin ainihin neman m - Nizhny Novgorod. Hotuna na birnin da kuma abubuwan da za ku iya gani, don yawancin lokaci na tafiya, a ajiye su da kyau kuma ku tuna da kalmomin mai jagora ko masu sanin game da tarihin birnin.

Lallai na Nizhny Novgorod shine tsohon Kremlin. A cikin tarihin wanzuwarsa, babu wani daga cikin maharan da ya ci nasara. Kuna iya zuwa Kremlin ta Dmitrovsky Gate, wanda yake a kan Square na Minin da Pozharsky. Tabbatar tafiya a kan tsinkayen Chkalov. Wannan ita ce hanya mafi tsawo a Volga, yana da matakai 560.

Tsoffin ɗakin birnin na birnin za su yi mamaki da maƙerin tare da tsohon gine-gine, mafi yawansu suna aiki. A Nizhny Novgorod akwai 3 masallatai: Pechersky da Blagoveshchensky - mazajen auren maza, da kuma karamar Krestvozdvizhensky - mata. Babban haikalin Volga yankin, mita 80, da Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, ma yana cikin yankunan gari.

Ba abin da ban sha'awa ba ne nasarori na zamani: ana jefa motar mota mafi tsawo a cikin Volga a Nizhny Novgorod. Gwargwadon tsawon yana mita 3661, ya zama aiki a shekarar 2012. Ban sha'awa wuri domin manya da yara ne a locomotive gidan kayan gargajiya a karkashin bude sararin sama. Bawa kyauta, duk motocin za a iya ziyarta daga ciki don ganin abin da kuma yadda aka shirya. Nizhny Novgorod ya shirya mai ban sha'awa da ban sha'awa.

Tarihin birnin ga yara zai bude a gidan kayan gargajiya na gida, gidan Rukavishnikovs da aka gyara kwanan nan. Har ila yau, ban sha'awa sune: Art Museum, Museum of Crafts, da Museum of Russian Photography da kuma sauran wuraren tarihi da al'adu.

Mutane masu ban mamaki na gari

Nizhny Novgorod ya halicci mutane. A lokuta daban-daban, an haifi manyan masanan, marubucin, da masu kirkiro a nan. A nan ne Kulibin, mashahuriyar injiniya da mai kirkiro, an haifa kuma ya rayu. Minin da Pozharsky sun hada da sojojin Rasha. A cikin wannan birni mai kyau an haifi Lobachevsky, Sakharov, Ilinsky.

Tsarki ga birnin ya kawo Nizhny Novgorod: marubucin Gorky, matukin jirgi Chkalov, actor Yevgeny Evstigneev. Mutane da yawa daga cikin 'yan heroes na Warrior Patriotic ya ba kasar Nizhny Novgorod. Tarihin birnin da hotuna na wuraren tarihi da na zamani da kuma shimfidar wurare za su adana tunawa da dumi ga matafiyi kuma zai damu da sha'awar dawowa.