Paparoma John XXIII: sakamakon aiki

Paparoma - mafi girman matsayi a cikin Katolika duniya, shi ne a bayyane shugaban na Church, Tauhidi, kuma canonical aqidar. Ganin high matsayi na mai tsarki pontiff kuma a lokaci guda shugaban na sarki Vatican jihar, duk wanda ya sa wannan babban take, za a iya kira da gaske zababbun. Amma ko a cikin coci ayyana kabila sun musamman fice mutane, wanda tarihi zai tuna har abada.

Wadannan za a iya ainihin dangana Paparoma John XXIII. Ya zaben da kursiyin kuma akwai m, masana tarihi har yanzu raba da tarihi na cocin Katolika a cikin lokaci kafin na biyu Vatican Council, gudanar da Yahaya XXIII, da kuma lokacin bayan.
Hikima da kuma daukar manufofin ya gudummawar da Tarurrukan na sarki na mutum imani da wani babbar ikon, a cikin alheri da kuma tabbatar da adalci. Yana da wannan bangaskiya ta gaske ya kusan binne a karkashin m addini akidun, matattu dokokin adalci da kuma m koyaswar.

Biography saint kafin zaben da papacy

Paparoma John XXIII, a duniya Andzhelo Dzhuzeppe Roncalli, wanda ya zo daga wani matalauci, mai manyan baƙauye iyali. An haife shi a arewacin Italiya a cikin picturesque lardin Bergamo a 1881.

Tuni a cikin shekara ta farko da binciken a wani lardi makarantar firamare matasa manomi aka shirya don shigar da seminary. Tare da taimakon wani gida, firist, da yaron koya Latin. Ya samu nasarar sauke karatu daga seminary a Bergamo a 1900, da kuma shekara hudu baya, da kuma tauhidin Faculty of Fadar Fafaroma Seminary a Roma. A shekara ta 1904 ya aka wajabta wani firist, kuma ya kasance sakataren bishop D. Radin Tedeschi. Har ila yau, ya koyar da tarihin addini a cikin wannan seminary a Bergamo.

A lokacin yakin duniya na farko ya yi aiki a rundunar matsayin likita ma'ana a wani asibiti, sa'an nan soja capelin. A 1921, Andzhelo Dzhuzeppe Roncalli ya memba na alfarma taron na bangaskiya.

Paparoma John XXIII: diplomasiyya aiki, Nunciature, zaman

Roncalli nasara kamar yadda papal jakadan (nuncio) ma cancanci kulawa ta musamman. High haƙuri, hankali da kuma erudition wani jami'in diflomasiyyar taimake shi ya ci nasara wajen sadarwa tare da mutane masu bambancin addini, da addini, kuma hadisai. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa mutane ba su da bukatar yin magana da harshen akidarsu, da kyau dubaru da taboos, kuma da harshen girmama juna, don sauraron daban-daban, ra'ayin, to yarda da wanzuwar dama gaskiyar a cikin sunan alheri da zaman lafiya.

A lokacin da bautarsa daga shekarar 1925 zuwa 1953, ya kasance nuncio a Sofia, Ankara, Athens da kuma Paris. Ya diplomasiyya aiki razvertelas a wuya shekaru, wanda aka tare da soja ayyuka, juyin, canje-canje na gwamnati, da dai sauransu ya taimaka lumana warware rikice-rikice a daban-daban matakan - .. Daga mabiya addinai aure to siyasa rikici.

Kuma a 1953, an zabe Roncalli sarki na Venice, Cardinal.

Yahaya XXIII: farkon na sabis

Paparoma ta zaben a shekarar 1958 ba sauki kuma aka tare da wani administrative rikicin na Roman Curia. A gwagwarmayar da post na m patriarchal gudanar da yafi tsakanin biyu sansani: da Kadina-Conservatives da kuma "progressives." Kowane yana da da kansa takarar, amma ba wanda ya ba da aka ba wani isasshen yawan kuri'un da aka kada.

A ƙarshe, a kan 11th zagaye na conclave aka zaba Paparoma Roncalli, "duhu doki" daga cikin Kadina nema. Ya zama cikin tsofaffin shugaban Kirista da zabe a lokacin (ya kasance 77 years old.) Roncalli zaba papal sunan Yahaya XXIII. Wannan m sau daya tsakanin dads sunan wani irin "la'ana". Kafin wannan, 550 shekara babu wani daga cikin pontiffs zaba ba addini suna Yahaya a matsayin abin ƙi Yahaya XXIII Balthazar Cossa - Antipope - don haka ya kira kansa. Amma Roncalli ya jaddada cewa, ya zavi wannan sunan a cikin girmamawa St. Ioanna Predtechi da ManzonSa Ioanna Bogoslova , kuma a cikin memory daga ubansa. Ya kara da dangantaka ta kusa da iyayensu, 'yan'uwa a duk bulan na ecclesiastical aiki. Sarki kuma ce Yahaya XXIII (Antipope) ya ba da wani istinbadi Paparoma, kamar yadda "sharudda" a lokacin da kasashen yammacin sãɓãni kawai sabõda, wani m zunubi, kuma yana da wani hakki a sa wannan suna mai tsarki.

A zaben na Paparoma John XXIII wani irin mai tilasta mataki, a lokacin da babu wani daga cikin babban contenders gaza samun isasshen kuri'u daga Kadina. Yahaya XXIII Baden ya "tsaka shugaban Kirista", wanda ya kamata ya yi mulki har cocin Katolika bai ƙayyade karshe Hakika na akida (ra'ayin mazan jiya, ko m). Kila wasu rawa a cikin shawarar da Kadina taka leda da kuma cewa John ta sarautar iya dade ba, saboda ya riga ya 77 years old. Amma a gaskiya, wannan "wucewa daddy" ya zama mai sadaukarwa adadi a cikin Kirista duniya, mafi proactive adadi na zamaninsa. A lokacin gajeren lokaci da ya pontificate, ya ya iya gabatar da wani yawa na manya canje-canje.

Paparoma Church manufofin

Kamar yadda wani soja likita, sa'an nan nuncio, Yahaya XXIII gan, ji kuma dandana mai yawa na saɓani gaskiya, ya gana da gangami matsalolin zamantakewa sadarwa tare da mutane masu bambancin addini, gani da yawa mutuwar, rikici, halakarwa. Shi ne wani mutum da ya fahimci nawa Adam, ta shiga wani wuya yaki da postwar shekaru na ruinous: talauci, cuta, da talauci. Kuma ya san cewa empathy, sadaka, ku bauta wa m gaskiyar, kamar alheri, da adalci da kuma addini a cikin mafi alhẽri - wannan shi ne abin da mutane sa ran daga cikin coci, ba na yau da kullum canons, akidun, sujada a gaban biyun nan.

Dad wani sosai basu baye mutum, sai ya tafi zuwa ga Vatican ba tare da wani retinue, bai yi amfani da matsayinsa ga inganta iyali, ko abokai a cikin harkokin siyasa da kuma addini da'irori. Ya ba ki hadu da iyayengijinsu, ko da ma'aikata da kuma abin sha a kan titi. Amma duk da irin wannan eccentricity, ya kasance da aminci ga dokar Allah.

Ya gane cewa gaskiya da dokokin Allah zai iya kawo wa mutane ne kawai a lokacin da ake rubutu da Kiristoci cikin harshen saurãren natsuwa ra'ayin wasu, da mutunta 'yan'uwanmu masu bi.

Ya soke genuflection, da gargajiya sumbancewa da zobe, da umarnin da kau daga lexicon flowery kalmomi na type "glubokochtimy baki" da "The m Matakai".

Dad bude coci duniya. Idan, a dukan zamanai da kuma a cikin farkon rabin karni na ashirin, Katolika da aka hade da mulkin, bayan mulkinsa, da halin da ake ciki ya koma daga matattu batu. The coci ci gaba lashe mayar da key siyasa, akida aiki, amma ikon da limaman daina zama Hurumi.

Bugu da kari ga kusa Inter-addini tattaunawa, Yahaya XXIII - Duniya Dad - qaddamar da wani sabon manufofin don magance wakilan duk wanda ba Kirista ba addinai. Ya sanar da ka'idojin girmama su da iska dabi'u, al'adu kwastan, hadisai, zamantakewa halaye.

An farko biya ziyara a Urushalima, ya furta wani uzuri ga Yahudawa shekaru da yawa na tsananta, tashin hankali, anti-Semitism. New papal gwamnatin furuci da cewa zargin na Yahudawa ga mutuwar Yesu Almasihu ba ta da tushe, da kuma sabon Katolika jagorancin bai shiga da su.

Paparoma John XXIII sanar da cewa duk mutanen da ya kamata gama duniya, bangaskiya mai kyau a cikin mafi kyau girmama juna, da marmarin ya ceci dan Adam rayukansu, maimakon biyayya ga canons. Ya ne watakila na farko na dukkan shugabannin Vatican furuci da cewa shi ne ba da muhimmanci, abin da harshen da aka gudanar da coci sabis, ikilisiya tsaya ko zauna. Padre haka a dace da adalci kusantar da hankali ga gaskiya cewa coci, maimakon mutane su sulhunta da sanya su mafi alhẽri kuma mafi jitu, fiye na da ruɗar da kuma ya raba, nuna rubutu da bukatar su bi ainihin jerin addini hadisai cewa bambanta ga kowane denomination: da dama da za a yi masa baftisma, rukũ'i daidai da nuna hali a cikin babban coci.

Ya ce: "A cikin babban coci coci hadisai mamaye stale musty iska, kana bukatar ka bude taga kadan fadi."

The Na biyu Vatican Council

Paparoma John XXIII cikakken arko fatan Kadina da Curia a unassuming tsaka tsaki mulki, cikin kwanaki 90 bayan da zama na papacy, Paparoma ya bayyana niyyar kira wani ecumenical majalisa. A dauki kasance wuya a Kadina approving. Suka ce cewa ta 1963 zai kasance da wuya sosai da shirya da kuma kira da Council, a Paparoma ce lafiya, sa'an nan kuma shirya zuwa 1962.

Ko kafin babban coci Giovanni koyi cewa yana da ciwon daji, amma ya ƙi da m aiki domin ya so ya rayu in ga ainihin ranar a lokacin da bude daga cikin Cathedral roko ga gaskiya mutane karban zaman lafiya, tausayi da jin kai.

A haƙiƙa na babban coci da aka daidaita Church da zamani duniya, ku yi abokai, tattaunawa, da kuma yiwu tara da Department of Kiristoci. A Cathedral aka kuma gayyaci wakilan da Orthodox al'umma daga Girka, Rasha, Poland, da Urushalima.

A sakamakon Vatican II, wanda ya ƙare, bayan mutuwar Paparoma John XXIII, shi ne tallafi na wani sabon pastoral tsarin mulki "Joy kuma Hope", inda sabon hanyoyin addini da ilimi da aka yi la'akari, da 'yancin imani da hali to ba Kirista majami'u.

Results da kimantawa da

Gaskiya kyau yi na Pontifex Maximus iya kimanta kawai mabiyansa 'yan shekaru baya. Amma duk wanda zai tãra a takaice wasu sakamakon da sarautar, lalle jiran wani m cakuda ji cewa wani abu ya kan gab da ni'ima kuma mamaki. Bayan duk, sakamakon ayyukan da Paparoma ne staggering.

Za ka iya ma ce cewa ya ci gaba da tasiri da Katolika duniya har shekaru da yawa bayan mutuwarsa. Bayan koyo daga m rashin lafiya, Paparoma John XXIII covertly shirya wanda zai gaje shi Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, wanda ya zama sabon Paparoma bayan John gama na biyu babban coci da kuma ci gaba da girma da kyau abubuwa na ubangijinsa.

Known Turai 'yan siyasa, ciki har da Samuel Huntington, kuma ya jaddada muhimmancin da coci a ci gaban al'umma a cikin karni na ashirin. Musamman a kan abin da aikin taka leda a cikin wannan tsari ta Paparoma John XXIII, sakamakon ayyukan wannan babban Pontiff kuma aka nuna a cikin ci gaban dimokuradiyya a duniya.

Sv ta short "aiki" a kan kursiyin da Katolika Paparoma bayar 8 musamman papal takardu (da encyclicals). A cikinsu, sai ya bayyana wani sabon ra'ayi na cocin Katolika a kan rawar da fasto a cikin zamani al'umma, mata, da zaman lafiya, ci gaba. Nuwamba 11, 1961 ya bayar encyclicals "Madawwami Divine hikima", wanda ya nuna wani tabbatacce ra'ayi mu ecumenism - hadin kan akidar vsehristianskogo. Ya yi kira ga Orthodox da Girkanci Katolika Kirista "yan'uwa".

Paparoma Giovanni XXIII dangantaka da gurguzanci

Ko Yahaya XXIII kira "Paparoma of Peace" ko "Red Paparoma" saboda ya m hali ga gurguzu kasashen da so da su aiwatar da wani irin "addini gurguzanci". Ya jaddada cewa amfanin dukkan al'umma dole ne a dogara ne a kan 'yancin, so, kuma nauyi na kowane mutum, amma kula da halin kirki da kuma ecclesiastical norms. Makiyayi ya nuna cewa, a cikin Dalili na bayani da matsaloli na jama'a da ya kamata a bisa ka'idojin juna taimako da kuma humanism. Ya kuma yi magana a cikin ni'imar da 'yancin zabi da sana'a, domin kai-ganin daidai da dama ga mutanen da dukan ƙasashe.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa jari da kuma kwaminisanci ra'ayoyi sa'an nan ko da yaushe share ajiye ta Katolika a matsayin mai karkata. Paparoma John XXIII nuna unprecedented hikima, da goyon bayan huldar diplomasiyya tare da Cuba, Tarayyar Soviet, kamar yadda rightful mulkin Vatican jihar. A lokaci guda, ya jaddada cewa, a cikin wani hali ba ya yarda da maguzawan ra'ayoyi, da kuma a can ne kawai a gaskiya Katolika da kuma "bawan Allah". Amma a lokaci guda mutunta kasa ra'ayoyi na dukan mazaunan duniya. Kuma mayar da hankali a kan rawar da girmama juna da kuma ha} uri a cikin rigakafin rikice-rikice da kuma yaƙe-yaƙe.

A cikin celebratory magana, Yahaya XXIII kira mafi girma a duniya da kuma masu daraja mai kyau a cikin duniya. A zamanin mulkinsa, da Vatican ya daina zama totalitarian, cemented, da aminci ga hadisai na wani matattu kungiyar, kuma ya juya a cikin wani iko ecclesiastical ma'aikata, imbued tare da ruhun sverhneytraliteta.

Afrilu 11, 1963 Paparoma bayar encyclicals "Aminci a duniya", wanda ya mayar da hankali a kan Social Harkokin, da ake kira da bukatar tattaunawa a tsakanin socialists da arzikin masu arziki, da kuma mayar da hankali ne a kan gaskiyar cewa babu akida sabani da cewa ba za a iya warware, idan muka yi aiki da sunan zaman lafiya da adalci.

Abokan adawar na siyasa pontiff Yahaya XXIII

Yana da aka zaci cewa abokan adawar Yahaya XXIII Baden kuma ba zai iya tãrãwa, saboda a cikin zaben, papal chancery natsuwa kima na shekaru da kuma jihar kiwon lafiya. Add to wannan ta siyasa neutrality da juriya, endemic. Ya aka gani a matsayin irin wannan Sirri na tsofaffi yankunan karkara Padre da matalauta iyali, eccentric tsohon mutum, mai kyau-natured picky. Amma da Kadina a conclave ne sosai underestimated ya ƙarfi bangaskiya da kuma babbar sha'awa ga halittar ayyukan ƙwarai.

Initiative, da encyclical Paparoma aka idon samu ta Katolika na "na uku a duniya", amma Roma, kuma Vatican Kadina rungumi yawa da sauye-sauye, a saka shi mai laushi, unfavorably.

More in cewa coci ma'aikata ya kasance kullum "tam sauya." Kuma da wannan Paparoma John XXIII qaddamar da yarjejeniyoyin da yawa coci da kuma karrama kamar "saukar da" ikon Katolika limaman. Mafi yawa daga cikin zanga-zangar bayyana da Vatican ta ministoci, da Ruhu Mai Office.

A mutuwa da shugaban Kirista, da canonization, canonization

3 Yuni, 1963, ya rasu, Paparoma John XXIII. Paparoma ta jiki da aka embalmed nan da nan a cikin Katolika University of alfarma Zuciya na Yesu Gennaro minnow kuma binne shi a Mogao na St. Bitrus Basilica.

Yau, ragowar Padre adana a wani crystal akwatin gawa a cikin Basilica na St. Bitrus Cathedral a Roma. A shekarar 2000, Paparoma John Paul II ya ranked ta daraja gada zuwa beatified, kuma a shekarar 2014 dukkansu sun yi kira a matsayin tsarkaka. The Catholic Church ya girmama ƙwaƙwalwar na Paparoma Giovanni XXIII, wani biki a masa mutunci a ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba.

A fim game da Paparoma John XXIII

A mayalwaci gode almara Papa Giovanni XXIII, domin taimako ga ci gaban addini, da zaman lafiya da kuma alheri da kowa da kowa zai iya, idan ka shawararsa, ya dauki 'yan matakai wajen kai-ci gaba da kuma philanthropy. Amma saboda manyan-sikelin hanyoyin da za a gode da Pontiff domin ya ayyuka za a iya kira da fim "Yahaya XXIII. A Paparoma na zaman lafiya." A fim tattaunawa game da 2002 Dzhuzeppe Ronkalli, ciki har da yara a Bergamo, makaranta, coci aiki da kuma aiki a kan papal kursiyin. Wannan ban mamaki yanayi Italian film shiryarwa ba Dzhordzhio Kapitani ably nuna Paparoma ta halin, da sadaukar da akida na matasa, na sirri da 'yanci, mutunta juna da ragowa da toleration.