Phosphorus a cikin jikin mutum: darajar, bugu

Biochemistry - ilmin halitta da karatu da sinadaran abun da ke ciki na mutum Kwayoyin da kwayoyin a matsayin dukan. An sani cewa kusan 98% na kwayar halitta abinda ke ciki sun hada da oxygen, carbon, nitrogen da hydrogen. Wadannan sinadarai ake kira organogenic. 1.8% ne potassium, sodium, magnesium, chlorine da phosphorus. A cikin mutane, su ne kashi na ma'adinai salts, kuma suna da wani nau'i na sauki ko hadaddun ions, samar da al'ada hanya na metabolism halayen. Alal misali, babbar fili daga cikin sel alhakin da canja wurin da kwayoyin halaye - nucleic acid - sun dauki anions ne anions na phosphoric acid.

A ATP kwayoyin a kan abin da software cell makamashi ma ya hada da phosphorus ions. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu gabatar da misalai da cewa tabbatar da muhimmiyar rawar da phosphorus a cikin jikin mutum da kuma tasirinsa a kan metabolism.

Covalent iyakacin duniya shaidu da su darajar

Dalili tsarin kwayoyin abubuwa constituting rai al'amari, shi ne ikon da kwayoyin ta samar da wani irin sinadaran bond. Shi ne ake kira iyakacin duniya covalent da kuma tasowa tsakanin nonmetal kwayoyin halitta, da kayyade asali halaye na sinadaran mahadi. Biochemistry, karatu da tsarin kwayoyin abubuwa a shuka Kwayoyin, fungi, da dabbobi, da kafa su sinadaran abun da ke ciki. Sai ya juya daga cewa, baicin nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, da kuma suna dauke da phosphorus. A cikin mutane, shi ne ba a samu a cikin free jihar, tun yana da matuƙar mai guba. Saboda haka, a tsarin halitta kashi yana da nau'i na anions meta-, ortho- ko pyrophosphoric acid, wanda suna da ikon samar da shaidu da karfe cations. A abin da abubuwa da za su iya saduwa da Kwayoyin?

Phosphorus a hadaddun kwayoyin kwayoyin

Sunadaran kwarangwal tsarin, hormones, bitamin, da kuma lipids samar da wata phosphorus-dauke da hadaddun ions hadaddun mahadi. A cikin mutane akwai hadaddun mahadi - da kuma fosfoproteidy phospholipids, sa up kwayoyin na ilimin aiki abubuwa - enzymes da steroids. Iyakacin duniya covalent shaidu a cikin DNA da RNA nucleotides damar da samuwar phosphodiester shaidu a cikin nucleic acid, sarƙoƙi. Me bukatar phosphorus a cikin jiki da kuma abin da suke ta ayyuka a metabolism? Bari mu farko la'akari da al'amarin a salon salula matakin da kungiyar.

Place phosphorus a cikin elemental abun da ke ciki na sel

Bisa ga abun ciki a cikin cytoplasm da wasu gabbansa (0.2-1%), wadanda ba ƙarfe ne a karo na hudu wuri bayan organogenic abubuwa. Mai cikakken locomotor phosphorus mahadi Kwayoyin - osteocytes, hakori nama abu - dentin. Great ne su abun ciki a cikin neurons da glia, wanda yin sama da juyayi tsarin. Phosphorus kwayoyin halitta na dauke a cikin membrane sunadarai, nucleic acid da kuma makamashi abubuwa - adenosine triphosphate ATP da kuma rage form nikotinamiddinukleotidfosfata - NADP × H _2. Kamar yadda muka gani a jikin mutum phosphorus da aka samu a duk vitally muhimmanci Tsarin: Kwayoyin, tsokoki, physiological tsarin.

An sani cewa matakin na cell homeostasis, wanda shi ne bude nazarin halittu tsarin dogara a kan taro na daban-daban ions a cikin intercellular ruwa da kuma hyaloplasm. Mene ne aikin na phosphorus a kiyaye da akai ciki yanayi na jikin mutum?

A buffer tsarin

Saboda da dukiya ta hanyar da matsanancin semipermeable membrane a cikin cell kullum na'am da daban-daban abubuwa, babban taro iya adversely shafi ta aiki. To neutralize da wuce haddi na mai guba ions, da cytoplasm, tare da cations sodium, potassium, alli, ya ƙunshi acidic sharan carbonate, sulfite, kuma phosphoric acid. Suna kuma iya amsa tare da wani wuce haddi na ions kama a cikin wani keji, da kuma iko da daidaito daga cikin kwayuka abinda ke ciki. A buffer tsarin fãce ions na rauni acid, dole hada anions HPO ₄ ^2- da H ₂ PO ₄ ^- dauke da phosphorus. A cikin mutane, aka hada da wani buffer tsarin samar da physiologically al'ada hanya na rayuwa halayen a salon salula matakin.

oxidative phosphorylation

The tsagawa gudanar da mahadi a cikin cell da aka kira aerobic numfasawa. A wuri - da mitochondria. A ciki folds - cristae wasu gabbansa - located enzymes gidaje. Alal misali, ATPase tsarin qunshi molekuly- electron dako. Saboda halayen catalyzed da enzymes daga ADP da free phosphoric acid kwayoyin hada ATP - duniya makamashi Kwayoyin wakili cinye domin su haifuwa, girma, motsi. Its samuwar za a iya wakilta a Saukake dauki makirci: F = ADP + ATP. Sa'an nan adenosinetriphosphate kwayoyin tara a cikin cytoplasm. Sun zama a matsayin tushen samar da makamashi ga inji aiki, misali, a cikin murdede tsarin, da kuma a cikin halayen na roba musayar. Saboda haka, phosphorus a cikin jikin mutum ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin makamashi metabolism.

Phosphodiester shaidu gadar hali kwayoyin

High atomic phosphorus abun ciki da aka rubuta a cikin cell nucleus din, a matsayin wani ɓangare na memba na nucleic acid. Bude a cikin karni na 19th Swiss masanin kimiyya F. Miescher, su ne biopolymers hada da monomers kuma - nucleotides. Phosphorus ne ba duka a cikin purine da pyrimidine kwasfanta, da kuma links kafa da sarkar RNA da superhelix DNA. A monomers na da nucleic acid iya kafa polymer tsarin da samar da covalent shaidu tsakanin pentose sharan da phosphoric acid kwance m nucleotides. Suna da ake kira phosphodiester. Wulãkanci na DNA da RNA kwayoyin da ke faruwa a ɗan adam Kwayoyin fallasa su tukuru gamma radiation ko guba abubuwa saboda guba ne saboda katsewa na phosphodiester shaidu. Yana take kaiwa zuwa tantanin halitta mutuwa.

nazarin halittu membranes

Structure fassara ciki abinda ke ciki na cell, kuma an hada da phosphorus. A cikin mutane har zuwa 40% da bushe nauyi da dama a kan mahadi dauke da phospholipids da fosfoproteidy. Su ne manyan aka gyara na membrane Layer, a cikin abin da akwai kuma abubuwa irin sunadaran da carbohydrates. High phosphorus abun ciki shi ne na hali harsashi neurocytes da kuma matakai - dendrites da axon. Phospholipids membranes ba plasticity, da kuma godiya ga cholesterol kwayoyin da kuma ko da ƙarfi. Sun kuma taka rawar da biyu manzanni - sigina kwayoyin da suke activators na effector sunadaran da hannu a jijiya turu.

Parathyroid gland da kuma rawar da suka taka a phosphorus metabolism

Similar fis kwance a kan duka biyu lobes na thyroid gland shine yake da ciwon nauyi na 0.5-0.8 g kowane, da parathyroid gland shine yake zuwa asirce parathyroid hormone. Yana shirya musayar abubuwa kamar alli da phosphorus a cikin jiki. The ayyuka ne kamar yadda su effects a kan osteoblasts da osteocytes - kashi Kwayoyin, wanda ake rinjayi hormone fara zuwa asirce gishiri da phosphoric acid a cikin extracellular ruwa. Lokacin da hyperfunction na parathyroid gland na ƙasusuwansu rasa ƙarfi, laushi da kuma rushe, da phosphorus abun ciki a cikin su rage-rage sharply. A wannan lokaci, wani ƙãra hadarin samu karaya da kashin baya, kafafuwa da kuma kwatangwalo, barazana haƙuri ta rayuwa. Lokaci guda, da kara yawa na alli. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa hypercalcemia tare da bayyanar cututtuka na gefe jijiyoyi da fall na kwarangwal tsoka sautin. PTH abubuwa a kan kodan, Munã rage reabsorption phosphorus salts daga primary fitsari. Kara phosphate abun ciki a koda nama sa hyperphosphaturia da kuma ilimin lissafi samuwar.

A ma'adinai abun da ke ciki na kashi nama

A taurin, ƙarfi kuma elasticity na goyon bayan tsarin dogara a kan sinadaran abun da ke ciki na kashi Kwayoyin. Osteocytes dauke kamar yadda Organic mahadi, msl ossein gina jiki, da kuma inorganic abubuwa dauke da sinadarin phosphate salts alli da magnesium. Tare da shekaru, a mutum na ma'adinai gyara irin yadda hydroxylapatite a osteocytes da osteoblasts ƙaruwa. Mahaukaci kashi mineralization, jari na alli salts da kuma wuce haddi phosphorus a cikin jiki take kaiwa zuwa asarar elasticity da ƙarfi daga cikin kasusuwan sa, sai tsofaffi mutane sau da yawa ne a hadarin raunin da samu karaya.

Chanza na phosphorus da mahadi a jikin mutum

The most narkewa kamar gland shine yake a cikin jikin mutum - da hanta - ya taka rawa wajen musayar halayen da phosphorus-dauke da mahadi. Parathyroid hormone da kuma bitamin D kuma taimakawa wajen wadannan matakai. A kullum da ake bukata domin adult kashi ne 1,0-2, 0 grams, ga yara da kuma matasa - 2.5 Phosphorus a cikin nau'i na sauƙi digestible salts, kazalika da a gidaje tare da sunadaran da carbohydrates a cikin jikin mutum ya zo daga abinci.

A cike suke da sunflower tsaba, kabewa, hemp. A abinci na dabba asalin yawa phosphorus a kaza hanta, da naman sa, da wuya cuku, kifi. Wuce haddi phosphorus a cikin jiki iya haifar da daga cuta reabsorbtsionnoy koda aiki, rashin amfani bitamin, alli karanci a abinci. A mummunan sakamako na phosphorus a kan jikin mutum ne da farko bayyana a cikin rauni na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini tsarin, koda da kuma kashi na'ura da kuma iya nuna wani tsanani rayuwa cuta.