Polotsk sarauta: tarihi, da ilimi. Al'adu na sarauta na Polotsk

A zamanin d ƙasashe na Belarus yana da 'yan dozin kananan jihohi. Amma mafi girma da kuma mafi muhimmanci da aka dauke Polotsk da Turov sarauta. A karkashin mulkinsu sun karami larduna. Kamar Pinsk, Minsk, Vitebsk da sauransu. A wannan labarin, za mu duba a cikin tarihi na ilimi, al'adu da shugabanni daga cikin mafi girma da kuma sanannun jama'a ilimi - da sarauta daga Polotsk.

Za ka iya jin cewa sarauta na Polotsk - na farko Belarushiyanci jihar. Saboda haka shi ne. Bayan duk, na farko ambaci asalin mulkin gargajiya dangantakar ciki Polotsk ƙasar. A nan, a shahara ruwa hanya "daga Vikings ga Helenawa", da kuma kafa karfi sarauta Belarushiyanci kabilu (Radimichi Krivichi Dregovichi).

samuwar

Kazalika akwai wani sarauta na Polotsk a Belarushiyanci ƙasashe? Abin baƙin ciki, amsar wannan tambaya shi ne ba yadda ya kamata yiwu. Don kwanan wata, babu rubuta kafofin ko archaeological ya gano cewa, da wanda daya zai iya sanin lokacin da samuwar da sarauta daga Polotsk fara. Masana tarihi ne kawai balanci zato. Kuma ya fi na kowa ka'idar da ake kira IX karni. Sai a wannan lokaci bace gama makabarta (dogon barrows). A maimakon haka, akwai Kadaitaccen tudun, akalla - hadu. Masana kimiyya bayyana wannan al'amari da wani karfi weakening na iyalin da tribal dangantaka. Bugu da kari, shi ne a cikin IX karni, shi ya fara bayyana cikin aji bambance-bambance tsakanin kaburbura. Wasu da aka yi wa ado da tsada, yayin da wasu - sauƙin. Wannan ne da ke nuni da dukiya rashin daidaito.

Kabilar rabo a cikin mawadata da matalauta ya kai ga zargin da nobility, wanda towered kan sauran 'yan al'umma, da kuma kama da tsakiyar iko. Na nobility, bi da bi, ya tsaya fitar da gida sarakuna. Su sahu kansu birane masu garu, waɗanda suke lafiya tare da su kabilu. Saboda haka, a farkon rabin na IX karni tribal nobility Krivichy gina wani birni a wuri inda kogin gudana a cikin Polota Yammacin Berezina. A nan, daga unguwar tattara haraji.

Uwar Belarushiyanci birane

Tarihi na sarauta na Polotsk farawa lokaci guda tare da halittar birnin Polotsk. A farko na aikin ambaci gari nasa ne da shekara 862. Duk da haka, masana tarihi jayayya da cewa ya bayyana da yawa a baya. Saboda haka, a cikin undated wani ɓangare na "Tale of bygone Years" (wani tsoho labarinsa na Slavic asashe) ya ambaci sunan "Polotsk" lokaci guda tare da "Kriviches". Yana iya ƙarasa da cewa ko da a sau da Krivichy ware raba jihar da ta babban birnin kasar a Polotsk. Long kafin na farko Vikings bayyana a cikin ƙasa, kuma siffofin da Old Rasha jihar.

City samu da sunan da saboda kogi, wanda aka located a kan bankuna. Kamar yadda aka ambata a riga, a kusa da shiri na kogin wofintar cikin Polota Yammacin Berezina.

ƙasa

Polotsk da Turov mulkoki da aka sanya a kan sosai infertile asashe. Duk da haka Polack yana da wani muhimmin amfani. A nan ne mahada da muhimmanci cinikayya hanyoyi na Berezina, Dvina da kuma Neman. Wannan shi ne, ruwan hanya "daga Vikings ga Helenawa." Wannan ya bayar da gudunmawar ba kawai ga ci gaban harkokin ciniki da tattalin arziki a jihar, amma kuma ya sa wani taro hijirarsa daga sauran al'umman da al'ummai a ƙasar Polotsk. Kuma da ƙasa na sarauta aka kewaye da impenetrable gandun daji, wanda aiki a matsayin wani dogara da kariya daga makiya. Kuma makiya Polochans tara da more kuma mafi kowace shekara. Tun da sarauta daga iko a kan cinikayya hanyoyi bai son jihohi makwabta - Kiev da Novgorod. Wadda daga ƙarshe ta kai ga yankin rigingimu da m zubar da jini.

Polotsk ya hada da ba wai kawai ƙasar Polotsk, amma kuma wani ɓangare na ƙasa Dregovichi, Lithuanian da Finnish kabilu. Polochans zaunar cikin kasashen yammacin Dvina, canvases, kazalika a tafkunansu Berezina, Neman kuma Svisloch. A tsarin da sarauta hada da irin wannan manyan birane kamar yadda Minsk, Vitebsk, Orsha, Borisov, Logoisk, Zaslavl, Drutsk, Lukoml da sauransu. Saboda haka, a lokacin da IX-XIII ƙarni shi akwai wani babban iko Turai jihar.

farko Prince

A farko ambaci sarki wanda sõyayya da sarauta daga Polotsk, a cikin rabi na biyu na karni X. Kamar yadda ya bayyana a cikin labarinsa, "valadaryu, trymau i knyazhyu Ragvalod Polatskayu zyamleyu".

Norman Rogvolod "zo daga teku", da kuma mulki daga 972 978 a shekara. Wannan lokaci ne dauke da karshe mataki na samuwar da sarauta daga Polotsk. A jihar ta ɓullo da kansa iyaka, gindin siyasa da administrative tsarin, kafa wani karfi da sojojin, ya fara kafa cinikayya. A tarihi core da cibiyar ta zama birni na Polotsk.

Princess da uku sunayen

Tarihi na sarauta na Polotsk - a tarihin gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai, wanda aka ƙarshe rasa. Saboda haka, a cikin 980, da ƙasashensu aka dauke a matsayin wani ɓangare na Old Rasha jihar. A sarauta ya zama wani ciniki guntu tsakanin takaddama sa'an nan Novgorod da Kiev.

Kamar yadda ya bayyana a cikin labarinsa, a 978, Prince Rogvolod karfafa kan iyakar su bayyana, ya yanke shawarar ba da 'yarsa da sarkin Kiev Rogneda Jaropolk, da musun a lokaci guda Vladimir Svyatoslavich (sarki daga Novgorod Rurik daular). Iya tsayawa ba da wulãkanci, Vladimir kutsa Polotsk, kashe Rogvolod da 'ya'yansa biyu, da kuma Rogneda kan tilas ya ɗauki matarsa ta wajen ba ta sunan Gorislava. Sai Prince of Novgorod, kama Kiev da kuma kawo Polotsk sabon addini - Kiristanci.

Bisa ga "Tale of bygone Years" a Rogneda da Vladimir da 'ya'yansa hudu: Izyaslav (Prince of Polotsk), Yaroslav Mudry (Prince of Kiev da Novgorod), Vsevolod (Vladimir-Volyn yarima) da kuma Mstislav (Chernigov Prince). Kazalika da 'ya'ya mata biyu Premislava, wanda daga baya aure Laszlo Baldy (Ugric sarki), da kuma Predslava, ya zama matar Boleslaw III da Red (Czech Prince).

Bayan Rogneda Vladimir kokarin kashe ta tare da dansa Izyaslav (interceded kafin mahaifinsa ga mahaifiyarsa) aika a Polotsk, birnin Izjaslavl. A gimbiya dauki da shãmaki kuma dauki uku sunan - Anastasia.

Dukiya da sarauta daga Polotsk

The 988 mazauna Izjaslavl gayyace Rogneda dan da Vladimir Izjaslava sarauta. Ya zama shahararren matsayin sire-magatakarda da kuma rabawa na sabon imani, Kiristanci, a kan Polotsk ƙasar. Ya fara da Izyaslav sabon reshe a Rurik daular - Izyaslavich (Polotsk). Zuriyar Izyaslav, sabanin da yara 'yan'uwansa, ya jaddada cewa su kinship tare da Rogvolod (juna biyu). Suka kira kansu Rogvolodovichami.

Izyaslav mutu matasa (a 1001), bayan ya tsira uwarsa Rogneda kawai shekara guda. Polotsk sarauta ya fara sarauta autansa Bryachislav Izyaslavich. Har 1044 da sarki gudanar da nasa manufofin da nufin fadada ƙasar. Shan amfani da jayayya da raunanar da Rasha, Bryachislav kãma Novgorod da shekaru biyar da aka gudanar ikon da ya kawu Yaroslav Mai hikima. A daidai wannan lokaci aka gina shi da kuma birnin Bryachislavl (zamani Braslav).

flowering

Height na da iko da sarauta daga Polotsk kai a 1044-1101 gg., A lokacin zamanin mulkin Vseslava Veschego dan Prince Brjachislav. Sanin cewa ya zai yaƙi domin rayuwa da mutuwa, yarima har cikin tsakiyar 60-ies XI karni da aka shirya don yaki - garu gari, sai ya tattara dakaru. Saboda haka, Polotsk aka koma zuwa dama banki na Yammacin Dvina, to bakin Polota.

Vseslav Polotsk fara fadada ƙasar nisa da arewa, hore kabilan Latgale da Liv. Duk da haka, a cikin 1067, lokacin da ya yin yawo a Novgorod kasance m, yarima da 'ya'yansa maza aka kama da Izyaslav Yaroslavich, da kuma jihar da aka kama. Amma a shekara daga baya da mutãne fãsiƙai warware Vseslav, kuma ya ya iya sake samu batattu ƙasa.

Daga 1069 1072 da sarauta daga Polotsk jagoranci wani m da jini yaki tare da Kiev sarakuna. Yana da aka kama Smolensk sarauta, kazalika da wani ɓangare na Chernigov a ƙasar arewa. A waɗannan shekaru, yawan mutanen babban birnin kasar na sarauta aka fiye da dubu ashirin da dubu mutane.

fadowa

Bayan rasuwar Vseslav a 1101, da 'ya'yansa raba sarauta a cikin fiefdoms: Vitebsk, Minsk, Polotsk, Logoisk da sauransu. Kuma a cikin 1127 , ɗan Vladimira Monomaha, shan amfani da bambance-bambance tsakanin shugabanninmu, nasara kuma ya kori Polotsk. Izyaslavich ya aka dauka fursuna, sa'an nan gaba daya kawar da su zuwa m Rum. Saboda haka, nan da karshen na XII karni ikon sarauta na Polotsk a cikin kasa da kasa fagen fama karshe fadi, kuma wani ɓangare na yankuna kãma Novgorod da Chernigov.

A XIII karni a Polotsk shi buga wani sabon matsalar - da Order of takobi, wanda daga baya ya zama Livonian. Dama sa'an nan Prince Vladimir na Polotsk yi yaƙi da 'Yan Salibiyya ga fiye da shekaru ashirin, amma ya dakatar da su ya kasance ba a karkashin karfi. A da farkon na karshen 'yancin kai. Kuma a cikin 1307 Polotsk ya zama wani ɓangare na Grand Duchy na Lithuania.

Al'adu na sarauta na Polotsk

An wannan sarauta ya zama wani wuri inda haife Belarushiyanci statehood da kuma al'adu da kuma rubuce-rubuce. Tare da Polotsk hade da irin sunayen kamar yadda Evfrosiniya Polotskaya, Lazar Bogsha, Frantsisk Skorina, Kirill Turovsky da Saminu na Polotsk. Su ne girman kai na Belarushiyanci al'umma.

Da zuwan addinin Krista a cikin Polotsk gine suka fara samar. Saboda haka, da farko monumental gini dutse ya zama Polotsk St. Sophia Cathedral, gina a 1050 ta. Kuma a cikin 1161 da mai yin kayan ado Lazar Bogsha aka halitta mai fitacciyar aiyuka art na gabashin Slavs - na musamman da giciye Euphrosyne. XIII karni wani lokacin da akwai da Belarushiyanci harshe.