Polyethylene - menene wannan? A amfani da polyethylene

Mene ne PE? Menene da halaye? Ta yaya ne samar da polyethylene? Wannan ne mai matukar ban sha'awa tambayoyi da cewa dole ne a yi la'akari a cikin wannan labarin.

janar bayanai

Polyethylene - a sinadaran abu wanda yake sarkar na carbon atoms, kowanne daga abin da yake da alaka da biyu kwayoyin na hydrogen. Duk da kasancewar wannan abun da ke ciki, duk da haka akwai iri biyu. suka sãɓã wa jũna a cikin tsarin kuma, sakamakon haka, Properties. Na farko shi ne a mikakke sarkar a cikin abin da mataki na Polymerization wuce index of dubu biyar. Na biyu tsarin - wani sashe na 4-6 carbon atoms cewa an haɗe zuwa babban sarkar da wani sabani Hanyar. Kamar yadda shaci samu ta hanyar mikakke polyethylene? Wannan shi ne cimma ta hanyar amfani da musamman catalysts, wanda zai shafi polyolefins a matsakaici yanayin zafi (har zuwa 150 digiri Celsius) da kuma matsa lamba (har zuwa 20 atmospheres). Amma abin da yake da shi? Mun san ta sinadaran Properties, da kuma waxanda suke nan a jiki?

Mene ne wannan?

Polyethylene - a thermoplastic polymer, a cikin abin da crystallization tsari aka yi a zazzabi na kasa da debe 60 digiri Celsius. Shi ne ba m, a wani lokacin farin ciki Layer ba wetted da ruwa, Organic kaushi a dakin da zazzabi ba ya canzawa. Idan zazzabi ya wuce 80 digiri Celsius, da kumburi ne da za'ayi na farko, sa'an nan kuma lalata wa aromatic hydrocarbons da halogen Kalam. Polyethylene - wani abu wanda withstands m tasiri mafita na acid, salts da alkalis. Amma idan zafin jiki ya wuce 60 digiri Celsius, shi zai iya quite da sauri rushe nitric da sulfuric acid. Domin bonding Polyethylene kayayyakin da suka iya sarrafa oxidants, bi da aikace-aikace na zama dole abubuwa.

Ta yaya ne samar da polyethylene?

A saboda wannan dalili:

• Hanyar high-matsa lamba (low yawa). Polyethylene aka halitta a high matsa lamba, wanda yake a cikin kewayon daga 1 000 zuwa 3, 000 atmospheres a zazzabi na 180 digiri Celsius. Kamar yadda oxygen ayyukan matsayin Mafarin.
• Hanyar low matsa lamba (high yawa). A wannan yanayin, polyethylene aka halitta a matsa lamba wadda ke akalla biyar atmospheres da zazzabi na 80 digiri Celsius amfani da kwayoyin da sauran ƙarfi da kuma Ziegler-Natta catalysts.
• Kuma dabam ne mikakke polyethylene samar da sake zagayowar, ake magana a kai a sama. Shi ne tsaka-tsaki tsakanin farko da na biyu da maki.

Ya kamata a lura cewa wannan ba shine kawai fasahar da cewa ana amfani da su. Saboda haka, quite na kowa da mafi amfani ne na metallocene catalysts. Ma'anar wannan fasaha ne cewa ta hanyar da shi kai babba nauyi na polymer, haka ne kara da ƙarfin da samfurin. Dangane da irin tsarin da kaddarorin ne na wajibi a lokacin da yin amfani da wani monomer, kuma ake amfani da su zabi hanyar da liyafar. Har ila yau, kuma zai iya shafar da narkewa zafin jiki da bukatun, karko, taurin da yawa.

Me ne akwai wani karfi bambanci?

Babban dalilin da bambance-bambance na Properties - shi branched macromolecules. Saboda haka, da ya fi girma shi ne, da ƙananan kuma mafi girma crystallinity polymer elasticity. Me ya sa wannan yake da muhimmanci? Gaskiyar cewa inji Properties na polyethylene suna girma tare da ta yawa da kwayoyin nauyi. Bari mu dubi wani mai sauri misali. A polyethylene takardar yana da babba rigidity da kuma nuna gaskiya. Amma idan kana amfani da low-yawa hanya, sakamakon kayan za su yi gwada da kyau sassauci da kuma zumunta ganuwa ta hanyar da shi. Me ya sa yake samar da irin wannan bambance bambancen range? Saboda da bambance-bambance a aiki yanayi. Alal misali, polyethylene copes tare da buga lodi. Ya kuma tolerates sanyi. A zafin aiki kewayon wannan abu - daga -70 zuwa +60 Celsius. Ko da yake mutum kan sarki aka maida shi musamman domin ɗan daban-daban dan tudu - kuma daga -120 zuwa +100. Wannan ne ya rinjayi da yawa daga polyethylene da tsarinta a matakin kwayoyin.

The bayani dalla-dalla na kayan

Ya kamata a lura daya drawback - da m tsufa polyethylene. Amma wannan an sauƙi remedied. Karuwan da sabis na rayuwa aka samu da musamman Additives, antioxidants, a wata rawa da za su iya aiki carbon baki, phenols ko amines. Ya kamata kuma a lura, duk da haka, da cewa low-yawa abu mafi danko sosai, sa shi sauki da za a sarrafa a cikin kayayyakin. Ba a ma maganar, da kuma lantarki Properties. Polyethylene domin shi ne mai ba iyakacin duniya polymer ne mai high quality high-mita dielectric. Saboda wannan m da kuma asarar tangent da dan kadan da canza zafi canje-canje, zazzabi (a cikin kewayon -80 zuwa +100) da kuma mita na lantarki filin. Ga kamata mu lura daya alama. Saboda haka, idan a cikin polyethylene ne mai kara kuzari sharan gona, shi kara habaka da dielectric asarar tangent, wadda take kaiwa zuwa wani tabarbarewar insulating Properties. To, muna yanzu halin da ake ciki da aka sake nazari. Yanzu bari kula ƙayyadaddu.

Mene ne high yawa polyethylene?

Wannan na roba haske crystallizable abu wanda zafi juriya yake a cikin kewayon daga -80 zuwa +100 digiri Celsius. Yana yana da wani m surface. Vitrification fara a -20. A narkewa - a cikin kewayon 120-135. Halayyar ne mai kyau tasiri ƙarfi da zafi juriya. yawa polyethylene muhimmanci shafi sakamakon Properties. Saboda haka, da shi ke tsiro da ƙarfi, stiffness, taurin da kuma sunadarai juriya. Amma a lokaci guda rage-rage da hali to a budewa da kuma permeability to gas da kuma vapors. Ya kamata a lura creep da ya auku a lokacin da shafe tsawon load. Irin wannan polyethylene ne ilimin inert, kuma shi za a iya sauƙi sake yin fa'ida. Wanne ne da amfani sosai a cikin zamani duniya. Da yake jawabi game da amfani da polyethylene, ya kamata a lura da cewa shi da ake amfani da yi na marufi da kwantena. Saboda haka, game da wani uku na samar da ke fita don ƙirƙirar wani akwati duka gyare-gyaren, wanda aka yi amfani a cikin masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci, kayan shafawa, mota, mabukaci, makamashi filayen da kuma fina-finai. Amma shi za a iya samu a lokacin da samar tube da kuma bututu sassa. An muhimmanci amfani da wannan abu ne da karko, low cost da kuma sauƙi na waldi.

Low yawa polyethylene

Wannan na roba haske crystallizable abu da zafi juriya (ba kaya) a cikin kewayon daga -120 zuwa +90 digiri Celsius. Kadarorin ne kuma karfi da dogara a kan da yawa daga cikin sakamakon abu. Kamar wancan akwai wata karuwa da ƙarfi, taurin, stiffness da kuma sunadarai juriya. Tare da wannan polyethylene kauri adversely rinjayar da tasiri ƙarfi, elongation, crack juriya da kuma permeability to gas da kuma vapors. Bugu da kari, shi ne wani daban-daban girma zaman lafiya da kuma muhimmanci mummunan tasiri a gwada low lodi. Ya kamata a lura, lalle ne m sunadarai juriya da kyau kwarai dielectric halaye. Daga korau - a kan wani polyethylene ne bad fats, mai kuma ultraviolet radiation. Ta ilimin inert, za a iya sauƙi sake yin fa'ida. Har ila yau, har yanzu a halin kamar yadda resistant zuwa radiation. Aikace-aikace na high-yawa polyethylene za a iya gani mafi lokacin da samar fasaha, abinci da kuma noma, fina-finan. Ko da yake, ba shakka, shi ne ba kadai zaɓi.

Ƙirgar polyethylene

Yana da wani na roba abu crystallizes. Yana iya jure yanayin zafi har zuwa 118 digiri Celsius. Wani muhimmin amfani da wannan abu ne da juriya ga fatattaka, zafi juriya da kuma tasiri ƙarfi. Ana amfani da masana'antu kunshe-, kwantena da kwantena. Abin da offers da PE? A halaye na wannan abu ne sosai high idan aka kwatanta da na da art ta shirya Hanyar low matsa lamba. Saboda haka, yana da kyawawan mai kyau dukiya. Amma har yanzu, kamar yadda mai mulkin, ba za a iya daidaita da wani high-matsa lamba polyethylene.

Kamar yadda za a iya wakilta abu?

Saboda haka, mun rufe na asali iri polyethylene. A abin da siffar da ya halitta? Mafi mashahuri - a polyethylene takardar da fim. Wadannan siffofin iya kerarre daga duk wani abu da yawa. Ko da yake har yanzu akwai wasu fifiko. Saboda haka, domin samar da m da kuma bakin ciki fina-finan suna yadu amfani low matsa lamba m. Da nisa daga cikin samu abu, yawanci kai 1400 mm, tsawon - 300 mita. Ƙirgar low yawa polyethylene kuma mafi m, duk da haka, suna amfani ga Tsarin wadda dole ba za a shafi: wannan zanen gado, kafa da shafi articles da sauransu.

ƙarshe

Kuma a karshe, ba a ma maganar dokokin takardun, bisa ga abin da samar polyethylene. Gost 16338-85 alhakin samar da abin da aka halitta a low matsa lamba. Yana aiki fiye da a shekarar 1985. Gost 16337-77 shugabancin al'amurran da suka shafi alaka da high-matsa lamba polyethylene. Shi ne ma mafi tsufa da kuma Dates a mayar da 1977 shekara. Wadannan normative takardu dauke da bayani game da bukatun ga kayan daga wanda aka kerarre da kuma film, marufi da kuma sauran daban-daban kayayyakin. Haka kuma, ya kamata a lura da fadi da kewayon aikace-aikace na kayayyakin samu da kuma da jinsin bambancin. Saboda haka, misali, sosai na kowa karfafa polyethylene fim. Su peculiarity ne cewa for guda kauri ne kai, kuma kafadu sama dũkiyõyinsu fiye da na al'ada samfurin samfurori. Daga cikin guda karfafa polyethylene fina-finan sa tablecloths, bags, kuma da yawa wasu amfani abubuwa. Dũkiyõyinsu, an samu da gabatarwar musamman yarns daga halitta ko roba zaruruwa.