Project 1144 Cruisers da ayyukan 1144 "Orlan"

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, da m tsaro masana'antu hũra a little more yardar kaina: akwai gwamnati umarni, da kuma jihar karshe "balaga" da ra'ayin cewa ba da aiki, daga jirgi da samar da injuna domin su kasashen waje - ba mai kyau ra'ayin. Alas, har da cewa sake jiragen ruwa shi ne mai matukar m taki. Amma duk da haka shi yana zauna da ninkaya, "haihuwa maza" wanda aka dage farawa da gina a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. Wadannan sun hada da wani aikin da 1144.

asali bayanai

Wannan nauyi jirgin ruwa na soja tare da wata makaman nukiliya ikon shuka, alamar shafi kuma kaddamar da wanda aka za'ayi a Baltic masana'antar ƙera jiragen ruwa daga 1973 zuwa 1998. Su bambancinsa ne kawai da wannan a cikin nukiliya "zuciya" a matsayin wani ɓangare na Soviet da kuma Rasha rundunar surface jirãge daina sun kasance a can. NATO, waɗannan kwanoni ma kiyasta: girman ta da kuma makamai na yin ishãra da girmamawa ga wani m abokin gaba. Zanen a lura da aikin 1144 - Boris Israilevich Kupensky. A cikin post na mataimakinsa ya Yuhin Vladimir Evgenevich.

Kamar yadda shi na iya sauti kamar misali, amma wadannan jiragen ruwa da kuma a gaskiya babu analogues a duniya Shipbuilding. Su ne gaba daya duniya, da damar su gudanar da wani manufa don ya hallaka maƙiyi submarines da surface jirãge. A wadannan kotuna da aka kafa makamai masu linzami na wannan aji da za su iya zama sosai m don tabbatar da cikakken halakar kusan duk wani rukuni na yuwuwar maƙiyi.

Project 1144 da aka sani ga cewa wadannan jiragen su ne mafi girma a duniya, ba ciki har da jirgin sama dako. A mafi kusa analog na American jirgin ruwa na soja "Virginia", karami fiye 2.5 sau hijira. Kotun wadannan ne multifunctional: ba za su iya gudanar da wani dogon lokacin da fama manufa a kusan dukkanin sassa na teku, samar da goyon baya da kuma rufe biyu surface jirgi da jihar bakin teku kufaifan. All m, suna da kusan duk na latest kayan aikin a lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet. "Dutse" ne babban mai daukan hankali da karfi na makami mai linzami tsarin.

A Brief History of cikin jerin

A karshen watan Maris 1973 da aka aza farko nukiliya jirgin ruwa na soja Project 1144 "Kirov", wanda ya zama "Admiral Ushakov" a shekarar 1992. A karshen watan Disamba 1977 shi ya auku a cikin ruwa, da kuma daidai da shekaru uku da jirgin ya wuce duk Gudun kuma yaƙi-gwada, aka hukumance mika wa Soviet Navy. A karshen shekarar 1984 ya shiga aiki Tarka "Frunze". A wannan shekara ta 1992 an sake masa suna "Admiral Lazarev". A karshe, a shekarar 1988, bisa ga shirin, da jiragen ruwa samu Tarka "Kalinin", da aka sani tun 1992 a matsayin "Admiral Nakhimov". A shekarar 1986, Project 1144 zo don ta ma'ana ƙarshe: da shipyards aza karshe aikin jirgin "Potr Veliky".

Da farko sunan da jirgin ruwa na soja Project 1144 "Orlan" ya "Kuibyshev" ko "Yuri Andropov", amma da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, wadannan tsare-tsaren da aka ba a bã gaskiya. A tsakiyar gina kasar ta daina wanzuwa, wanda ya fara gina wannan jirgin, amma saboda ginin zai iya kawo karshen kawai a 1996. Saboda haka, rundunar jiragen shi ne na karshe jirgin na wannan jerin ne kawai shekaru goma bayan da ta tab a kan hannun jari.

Yadda kasance Cruisers wannan aikin?

A shekarar 1961, Tarayyar Soviet soja koya game da m gaskiya: Amurka ta kaddamar da makaman nukiliya makami mai linzami jirgin ruwa na soja "Long Beach". Wannan ya ba impetus zuwa gida bincike a fagen nukiliya reactors a matsayin ikon shuka jiragen ruwa. A ka'ida, aka sa ran yanke shawara: Tarayyar Soviet ya a ganiya ta ci gaba, sabili da haka, a dire bukatar manyan warships, wanda zai iya aiki na dogon lokaci tafi daga babban sojojin.

Makaman nukiliya ikon shuka da gudummawar da mai nasara aiwatar da irin wannan ayyuka. A shekarar 1964, kasar ta gudanar da aiki da bincike a wannan yanki. Da farko, masana'antu da kuma masana kimiyya da aka kallafa tare da zane na jirgin, da kawar da abin da ba za adadin zuwa dubu takwas tons.

yaki da kamar wata

Design aka za'ayi daga ra'ayi, nan gaba na kowane jirgin ruwa na soja Project 1144 dole iya yi adawa kowane irin kayan samuwa ga rundunar m maƙiyi. Bugu da kari, cikin Soviet soja da kyau zaton barazana daga makiya da jirgin sama, sabili da haka ya nema ya haifar da mafi tasiri na sojan ruwa da makami mai linzami. Da farko, da zanen da shawarar cewa daya jirgin ruwa na soja Project 1144 kawai ba zai iya kai irin wannan yawan makamai. Saboda haka da farko sun so su haifar da kawai biyu jiragen ruwa: Type 1165 da kuma 1144. Type da suka kamata su rufe juna, aiki a matsayin naúrar.

A farko jirgin ruwa mun kasance a antiship, na biyu - anti-submarine makamai masu linzami. Antiaircraft makamai sun sami a daidai rabbai, to, game da shi haifar da wani iko da iska tsaro. Duk da haka, kara ci gaban Soviet kimiyya da fasaha m ikon rage yawa daga cikin jirgin ta tsarin, da kuma ta overly makamashi-m aikin na biyu jirgin ruwa da aka watsi. All ayyuka da irin a cikin 1165 aka katse, wasu aukuwa canjawa wuri zuwa nukiliya-powered jirgin ruwa na soja Project 1144 "Orlan".

A karuwa a tonnage da makamai

A cikin shakka daga cikin jirgin da shi da aka samun karin kuma mafi makamai, wanda ya kai ga m girma na ta hijira. A sakamakon - babu daya tunani game da ainihin manufar antisubmarine jirgin, kamar yadda injiniyoyi samu cikakken 'yanci, a cikin halittar wata babbar duniya jirgin ruwa na soja tare da kawar da har zuwa 20,000 tons. Aka yanke shawarar zuwa yi ta "shaƙewa" na duk mafi fasaha ta zamani, wanda a wancan lokaci ya iya ya halicci Tarayyar Soviet. An sa'an nan Ya ƙaddara ta wani sabon irin motocin - nauyi nukiliya makami mai linzami jirgin ruwa na soja (jirgin sama m). New makami mai linzami Cruisers Project 1144 "Orlan" ya yi alkawarin zama mafi alamar rahama da kuma iko kadara ga dukan na Soviet surface jiragen ruwa.

A karshe, cikin bukatun ga sabon inji aka bayar a shekarar 1972. Ci gaban da aikin da aka gudanar kara tempo a Birnin Leningrad. Kamar yadda a duk irin haka, masanan kimiyya da injiniyoyi aiki karkashin shugabanci na ba kawai nan da nan magabatansu, amma kuma da curator na rundunar motoci. Wannan lokaci shi ne Kyaftin 2nd Rank A. A. Savin. Wannan dabarar yarda da jiragen ruwan yaki zuwa sama wadanda abin da suka kasance da ake bukata, wajen dace sabawa a kan gardama.

Na'uran haɓaka aiki da kuma inganta

Ya kamata a tuna cewa na biyu, na uku da na hudu na nukiliya mai linzami Cruisers Project 1144 da za a gina, bisa ga sabuwar, inganta aikin 11442. shi ya kamata ya maye gurbin na m tsarin da ya yi lokacin da sabon iri na makamai: hasumiya shida-barreled 30-mm igwa maye gurbinsu a cikakke "Dirk". Maimakon Sam "shada" scripting "wuƙa" duniya ya karu zamo manyan bindigogi tsarin to 130 mm, anti hadaddun "Snow Storm" maye gurbin ingantattun "waterfall" sabon tsarin harin bom (zurfin zargin) sun kuma an gano da kuma t. D.

Da farko an zaci cewa duk nauyi makami mai linzami Cruisers da ayyukan 1144 bayan da "Kirov" za a gina daidai a kan wannan aikin, amma bari saukar da masana'antu: ba dukkan wadannan samfurori ya makamai kawai kai ga bukatar tsari, kuma haka sa da cewa lokaci zuwa gama. Saboda haka, a gaskiya (kusan ba tare da reservations) da ya zayyana 11442 dangantaka kawai "Petr Veliky", da kuma na biyu da na uku tasoshin ne tsaka-tsaki, tsaka matsayi. Wannan saboda akwai wani aikin "Orlan" (1144), da na zamani da kayayyakin da ke zuwa wannan rana.

Babban tsarin halaye

Kowane gidaje "Orlan" bambanta markedly tsawo forecastle. A cikin akwati - 16 babban compartments wanda rabu da juna ta hanyar watertight bulkheads. Cikin dukanin tsawon na jiki ne biyar da cikakken cikas. Sonar system "polynomial" da aka kafa a cikin baka. A tsananin akwai wani rumfar ajiye jiragen sama (kasa bene), wanda damar da jeri na uku anti-submarine jirage masu saukar ungulu Ka-27. A nan mun shirya lifts for jirage masu saukar ungulu, kazalika da ajiya tankuna for man fetur saukar ungulu.

A tsananin akwai wani sashe daga abin da yake sauka "polynomial" towed eriya hadaddun. Kusan dukkan ikon ƙwanso yi sanya daga aluminum-magnesium gami. A layout na classic makamai - mafi yawan fama tsarin located a tsananin da baka.

M halaye na jirgin

Kowane makami mai linzami jirgin ruwa na soja Project 1144 daukawa mai iko torpedo booking, duk kan jikin bayar da wani biyu kasa. A m ɓangare na jirgin gida kare da makamai. Belt makamai a cikin gargajiya nau'i ne ba samuwa (as kan mafi jiragen ruwa). Primary kariya ne dake a cikin zurfin na jiki. Ba kamar sauran Cruisers lokacin da fata yana da wani thickened TAKR daga tushe to tsananin tsawo na 3.5 mita. Meter - karkashin waterline 2.5 mita - kayan kariya da ma'aikatan jirgin.

Kuma shi ma ya nuna musamman da suka bambanta, daga jirgi da wannan aji, a matsayin nauyi nukiliya jirgin ruwa na soja Project 1144 ne na farko tun yakin duniya na II jiragen ruwa, da samar da irin wannan ajiyar fasaha. Engine daki reactor da kuma kare ta makamai linzami daki 100 mm. Battle tashoshin kuma da umurnin post na jirgin kare kamar wancan. Akwai kusa da makamai da kuma saukar ungulu rumfar ajiye jiragen sama, kamar wancan kare ammonium. Tuƙi kaya daki an rufe gida.

ikon shuka

A zane amfani 3 CN-reactor (S VM-16 core). A saitin - a kai tsaye daga zuriyar icebreaker reactors OK-900, amma yana da yawa daban-daban daga gare su. A manyan bambance factor ne babban mataki na inganta ma'adinin Uranium. A daya gas tashar jirgin ruwa na soja a iya aiki domin akalla shekaru goma. Reactors dual kewaye, kowane kewaye da coolant ruwa da ake amfani da (m, bidistillate). Wannan musamman sosai babban mataki na ruwa tsarkakewa, circulating ta hanyar da zuciyar karkashin wani matsin lamba na 200 atmospheres. Wannan na samar da kusan instantaneous tafasar na biyu kewaye da high dace da duka da kafuwa.

Ikon shuka makirci yana amfani da biyu shafts, da kuma a kan kowane daga cikinsu, "aiki" na 70000 lita. wani. Cikakken shigarwa an located in uku feed compartments. A total number of nukiliya reactors - biyu, su duka iya aiki ne 342 MW. Don kwatanta, da Perm GRES samar 2400 MW, don haka da cewa jirgin jan makamashi, wanda shi ne isa ga birnin da 100-150 da mutane dubu. A injin turbin sashe yana da (ban da babban) a biyu jiran aiki tukunyar jirgi.

Yana dole ne a tuna da cewa aikin a 1144 "Orlan" ne a madadin ikon naúrar (ba makaman nukiliya), wanda damar hawa zuwa isa gudu daga 17 kullin. Inventories na man dizal ne wannan da cewa jirgin ruwa na soja iya daukar har zuwa 1,300 mil. Lokacin amfani da makaman nukiliya reactor jirgin ruwa zai iya isa gudu daga sama zuwa 31 nodes, da kuma ikon ajiye zama Unlimited. Dauke ƙwanso Lines samar da wadannan ban mamaki jiragen ruwa seaworthiness, ba ka damar da sauri rufe tsawon nisa.

Domin bayani game da ƙungiya

A cikin duka, da ƙungiya kunshi 759 mutane, ciki har da 120 sanda. A total na 1600 gidãjensu. Don saukar da da shugabanni da sammacin jami'an bayar 140 guda bukkokin, akwai 30 forecastles ga tuƙi, da dattawa suna sanya a bukkokin da damar 8-30 mutane. Household 15 bukatar samar da biyu shawa dakuna da kuma wanka, waha size 6h2,5 mita da kuma wani sauna.

Domin likita bukatun amsa Duplex naúrar ciki har da outpatient dakin da wani cikakken sanye take aiki dakin, insulators, likitan hakora ofishin, da kuma wani kantin magani. The jiki irin na ƙungiya iya kula a cikin dakin motsa jiki, da cikakken sanye take da duk yiwu inji. Akwai uku rikici-daki, raba falo domin shakatawa, kazalika da real silima.

Babban makamai na Cruisers 1144

Kamar yadda muka ce, irin rawa da babban makamai ASM P-700 "Granit". Wannan uku-tsara makamai masu linzami, supersonic, da hallmark daga wanda aka gabatowa da manufa a midget tsawo. Su taro - zuwa bakwai ton, da kuma lokacin da gabatowa da suka isa gudun Mach 2.5 (2.5 sau gudun sauti) zai iya kawo wani m cajin da wani misali 750 kg. Biyu rungumi - nukiliya cajin damar 500 Km a nesa na 625 kilomita. Makami mai linzami tsawon - goma mita, diamita - 85 cm a cikin wannan hadaddun, akwai 20 irin bawo saka a wani kwana na 60 digiri zuwa surface na cikin bene .. Production launchers tsunduma a Birnin Leningrad, ya.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa "dutse" da aka asali nufin kaddamar da daga submarines, sabili da haka kafin a fara yakin cikin rami mai cike da seawater. Harba saukar da wadannan makamai masu linzami ne da wuya matuƙa. A zanen kaya sun tabbatar da cewa ko da a da shan kashi na "Granit" makami mai linzami interceptors, shi ya rike sanadin motsi lokacinta na irin wannan karfi da zai iya da kyau isa manufa.

Kariya da iska hari

Dalili na anti-makami mai linzami tsaron gida a kan wadannan jiragen ruwa - C-300F (Fort), kadi reels wanda aka sanya karkashin bene na da jirgin ruwa. Jumillar adadin anti-aircraft makamai masu linzami - 96 guda. A cikin "Petra Velikogo" scripting sabunta P-300FM "Fort-M", wanda ya wanzu a guda kwafin. Lokaci guda, wani hadadden iya neutralize har zuwa shida hari lokaci guda rakiyar har yanzu 12. A kowane daga cikin "gefe" dalilai jawo makami mai linzami, ba su tsoma baki tare da wannan yiwuwar kutse a cikin iska, wanda zai iya tayar da m abokin gaba.

Tã Cruisers da ayyukan 1144 "Orlan" a halin yanzu wani sashe a kan 94 irin makamai masu linzami. Rage a cikin yawan saboda ya karu nauyi da kuma size halaye. Da farko, wannan na musamman hadaddun aka halitta a kan tushen da zalla ƙasar sojojin iska tsaro tsarin S-Z00PMU2 "Favorite". Its amfani a kan misali "John" kunshi a gaskiyar cewa shi zai iya buga hari a nesa na 150 kilomita, da ƙaramar interception tsawo - kawai mita 10, wanda shi ne musamman da muhimmanci a RCC yanayin da "soyayya" tashi sama zuwa ga manufa a musamman low tsawo. Karuwa rufe da abin ya shafa yankunan da aka cimma wani kaifi kyautata a cikin halaye da ake amfani a matsayin wani ɓangare na lantarki a masana'antu.

Na biyu echelon makami mai linzami tsaron gida

Sam "wuƙa" - na biyu "haskaka" jirgin sama m. Rubuce, shi ya kamata an shigar a kan dukkan jiragen ruwa na aikin 11442 inganta, amma a gaskiya shi aka soma wannan "Bitrus." Manufa - don gane, kuma ya halaka hari da suka gudanar ya karya ta farko line na wani lebur makami mai linzami tsaron gida. Babban daukan hankali da karfi a cikin wannan yanayin ne m roka 9M330 wanda aka cikakken jitu da sanannen ƙasar "Tor-M1" hadaddun.

A peculiarity na wadannan bawo cewa ana fita daga, su silos musamman catapult, sa'an nan yana farawa da babban engine. Wannan dabarar za ta rage nauyin da size da su halaye yayin da tsare kewayon Target, halakarwa.

Complex recharged ta atomatik volleys tafi, ta hanyar kowane uku seconds. A atomatik yanayin, da manufa na iya overreach na 45 kilomita, da mayar da martani lokaci - har zuwa takwas seconds. Yawan lokaci guda tsunduma da sa ido hari - har zuwa hudu. Wannan tsarin na aiki gaba daya ta atomatik, ba tare da bukatar masu raka ma'aikata. Bisa ga manufacturer, a jirgin ruwa, za a bayar da 128 da makamai masu linzami na "rike da wuka".

The uku bene mai linzami tsaron gida

A hadaddun ne a kusa da tsaro - "Dirk". Ya maye gurbin da yawa mazan shida-ganga saitin. Kamar yadda a baya yanayin, da tsarin za su iya gane da waƙa da manufa a cikin wani cikakken atomatik yanayin. kayar da manufar samar da kyautata shida-ganga naúrar (guda biyu), jimlar kudi na wanda shi ne dubu 10 akai-akai da minti. "Kada ku ji tsõro" na biyu tubalan na hudu 9M311 makamai masu linzami da kowane. Suna halin fragmentation-core fama Rolls kuma contactless fis. Wannan damar da makami mai linzami buga manufa kawai ta zama kusa da ita, wadda da cika fuska qara da alama na ƙarshe daga cikin abokan dako saukar.

A turret sarari na kowane naúrar iya zama da irin makamai masu linzami a 32 kwantena. Su kenan da hadaddun ƙasar 2S6 "Tunguska". Za a iya yin ayyuka domin lalata anti-jirgin makamai masu linzami, shiryar da bama-bamai, jirage, jirage masu saukar ungulu da kuma jiragen maƙiyi. Da makamai masu linzami "Dirk" iya samun manufa a nesa na daya da rabi zuwa takwas kilomita, da wuta da shida-barreled raka'a kasancewa a nesa na 50 zuwa 150 da mita daga gefen jirgin.

Su za a iya buga hari tashi a altitudes jere daga biyar zuwa dubu huɗu mita. Cikakken harsasai "Kortikov" ne 192 roka da 36,000 akai-akai. A lokacin da aikin a 1144, da na zamani da wanda har yanzu ba a gama ba, samun ingantaccen iri na wadannan shigarwa.

Alas, amma a yau babu wani bayani, ko da za'ayi cikakken zamani, daga jirgi da wannan aji, za a iya maye gurbinsu da na zamani lantarki takwarorinsu. Ana fatan cewa wannan za a yi. New Cruisers wannan aikin ne a fili ba a sa ran, don haka ga sauran kamata duba sosai a hankali.