Sake bugun - menene wannan? Mene ne hanyoyi da kuma haihuwa gabobin?

Daya daga cikin mafi hadaddun, m da m matakai a cikin yanayi - shi ne multiplication. Yana da matukar muhimmanci, kuma saboda yana da goyon bayan rayuwa da cikakken duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a duniya. Don fara bincika a more daki-daki abin da shi ne. Sake bugun - shi ne ikon da dukkan halittu ba ta haifi irin kwayoyin da kansu. Ba tare da wannan ikon, babu rai wakilin yanayi ba zai zauna a duniya.

kiwo Hanyar

Yanzu la'akari iri daban-daban na haifuwa, su ne kawai biyu. Suka sãɓã wa jũna muhimmanci daga juna, amma wani lokacin da ya fi bai isa a kula kananan abubuwa, za ka iya ganin kamance.

sake yiwuwar tohowarsu,

Sake bugun daga kwayoyin kamar protozoa, fungi, kwayoyin, coelenterates, algae, Sponges, tunicates, bryozoans da jijiyoyin bugun gini shuke-shuke da aka kira asexual.

A sauki nau'i na haifuwa za a iya dangana da ƙwayoyin cuta. A wannan tsari, taka muhimmiyar rawa nucleic acid, kazalika da da ikon da kwayoyin zuwa kai-maimaitawan. Wani dogara ne a kan hydrogen shaidu m tsakanin nucleotides.

Akwai wasu hanyoyi na sake yiwuwar tohowarsu, na kwayoyin - vegetative da kuma spore samuwar saboda.

Da farko, ka yi la'akari da vegetative. Irin wannan haifuwa - shi ne ci gaban da wani sabon kwayoyin na kashi, wanda aka rabu da uwarsa. A irin wannan hanya ne wani karuwa a yawan jama'a da unicellular da kwayar kwayoyin, amma shi bayyana kanta a hanyoyi daban-daban.

Lokacin da vegetative yaduwa rabo daga jikin su fara kwayar dabbobi a cikin daidai sassa, sa'an nan daga gare ta akwai mai rai gabar. Hakazalika, da yawan goyon flatworms nemerteans, Sponges, hydras, da kuma da yawa sauran halittu. Amma duk da haka akwai irin wannan abu a matsayin polyembryony dabbobi. A wannan tsari, da tayi a kuma wani lokaci ana kasu kashi sassa cewa suna baya ci gaba a cikin wani raba jiki. Irin wannan hanya na haifuwa lura a armadillos. Ya kamata a lura da cewa su ne kawai haifa jima'i.

Vegetative haifuwa na unicellular yana da dama siffofin - budding, division da mahara division.

Mahara division aka kira schizogony, a cikin wannan yanayin, da raba core sa'an nan za a katse cytoplasm baya.

A tsari ne mai sauki rabo mitotic fission bugun jini inda warping auku mafi cytoplasm.

Yanzu mun zo asexual budding. Irin wannan haifuwa - shi ne fitowan na musamman Kwayoyin ko spores dauke da core. Bã su da wani lokacin farin ciki fata da kuma dogon isa iya rayuwa a cikin mafi m da yanayi. Shi ne kuma mai girma sakamako a kan su nan gaba shiri. Wannan irin haifuwa halayyar mosses, fungi, algae, kwayoyin da ferns. Akwai yiwuwar samuwar zoospores na wasu kore algae Kwayoyin.

Animal haifuwa sporulation za a iya samu a cikin zazzabin cizon sauro plasmodium da Sporozoa.

Mutane da yawa kwayoyin iya hada sake yiwuwar tohowarsu, to jima'i.

syngenesis

Jima'i haifuwa - a mafi hadaddun tsari, da kuma ga cikakken kwarara bukatar mutane biyu, duka biyu namiji da mace. A cikin shakka daga kwayoyin data aka yi musayar via da gametes (wannan jam sel). Wannan tsari shine ake kira gametogenesis.

A wannan yanayin ma, akwai da dama Categories: single-celled kwayoyin ci da jam sel kamar maniyyi da kuma qwai. A wannan tsari, akwai da zygote, daga abin da wani sabon jiki ne kafa. Da zarar shi kai ga balaga, ya fara wasa a kan nasu gametes.

Akwai da dama iri jima'i haifuwa, wanda ya unsa da dama Kwayoyin, da haihuwa gabobin.

Siffofin da kuma iri na kiwo

Kana bukatar ka la'akari da ƙarin bayani a kowane tsari dabam, tun da sun duk da daban-daban da kwasfansu, kuma kwarara.

Game da gametogenesis aka ambata a baya, don haka ba za mu maimaita.

Isogamy da anisogamy

A cikin wadannan iri biyu Kwayoyin shan biyu part, amma isogamy nufin da wannan cell na tsari, amma ya sauko daga daban-daban iyaye. Anisogamy gina a kan daban-daban jam sel - da kuma microgamete macrogametes, wanda bambanta a size.

Da kwai da maniyyi

Don haka ya kira namiji da mace jam sel. Suna kafa a al'aurar dacewa mutane.

A kwai kunshi Halide chromosomes kuma ba zai iya raba naka.

Maniyyi Kwayoyin ne dan kadan karami mace Kwayoyin. Bã su da wani m tsarin, wanda ya samar da su da aiki motsi. A gaban wani enzymes a cikin axoplasm azurta tsakiyan nonon da ovum shigar azzakari cikin farji bango da kuma kara hadi. Kowane gamete ƙunshi wani ɓangare na kwayoyin bayanai na iyaye da kuma wuce a kan zuwa nan gaba zuriya.

parthenogenesis tilas

Irin wannan haifuwa - shi ne ba na hali jima'i tsari. Yana iya lura da canjin da hankula da kuma atypical haifuwa. The mace tasowa daga qwai hadu, kuma namiji - daga unfertilized. Kamar wancan akwai wata karuwa kudan zuma yawan.

Akwai ma wasu irin parthenogenesis, wato m da cyclical. A cikin farko case, zuriya ci gaba daga qwai, ba batun hadi. Wannan zai iya faruwa a cikin irin mutane, iyaye wanda abokan for haifuwa ba su iya saduwa.

A cikin hali na cyclic parthenogenesis taka muhimmiyar rawa muhalli da yanayi. A karkashin tasirin da take da akwai wani canzawar da hankula kiwo tare da parthenogenesis.

Duk da bayanai bayar shi ne kawai karamin sashi na bayanin mafi ban mamaki da kuma m tsari a ƙasa - waddan. Godiya ga shi, akwai a yanzu duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da kuma shuke-shuke. Idan kawai don wani lokaci ka yi tunani game da yadda duk da wannan tsari a hankali, cikin hikima da kuma thoughtfully shirya, yana yiwuwa su yi da ikon dukkan yanayi. A matakin kwayoyin da chromosomes akwai m abubuwa da cewa kowa mutum da wuyar fahimta.