Mene ne chloroplast? Chloroplast: sifa da aiki

A Flora - daya daga cikin manyan albarkatun da wannan duniya tamu. Shi ne da godiya ga Flora na duniya akwai oxygen, wanda muke shaka, da abinci yana da wata babbar database daga wanda duk rai dogara. Tsire-tsire suna na musamman a domin su iya maida inorganic sinadaran mahadi cikin kwayoyin abubuwa.

Sun yi wannan ta hanyar photosynthesis. Wannan muhimmanci tsari faruwa a musamman shuka wasu gabbansa, chloroplast. The karami kashi zahiri tabbatar da wanzuwar duk rayuwa a duniya. Af, abin da yake a chloroplast?

Ainihin definition of

Don haka ya kira takamaiman tsari, a cikin abin da akwai matakai na photosynthesis, wanda ake nufin dauri da carbon dioxide da samuwar wasu carbohydrates. A da-samfurin ne oxygen. Wannan elongated wasu gabbansa a tsawon, kai 2-4 mm a fadin, su tsawon zo zuwa 5.10 microns. A wasu jinsunan na kore algae wani lokacin sami chloroplast Refayawa mika ta 50 mm!

Wadannan algae ma na iya zama wani alama: dukan cell suna da kawai daya organelle wannan nau'in. A cikin sel mafi girma shuke-shuke yawanci yana da tsakanin 10-30 chloroplast. Duk da haka, a cikin su yanayin, za a iya saduwa da haske ware. Saboda haka, a cikin palisade nama al'ada taba yana da 1,000 chloroplast da cell. Mene ne chloroplast? Photosynthesis - shi ke da babban, amma ba kawai rawa. Don fahimtar da muhimmancin a cikin rãyuwar da shuka, shi ne muhimmanci a san da yawa al'amurran da su asalin da kuma ci gaba. Duk da wannan ne aka bayyana a kara a cikin wannan labarin.

Asalin da chloroplast

Saboda haka, abin da yake cikin chloroplast, da muka koya. Da kuma yadda wadannan da wasu gabbansa faru? Ta yaya ne tsire-tsire ya bayyana a matsayin wani na musamman da na'urar da sabobin tuba carbon dioxide da ruwa a cikin hadaddun kwayoyin mahadi?

A halin yanzu, daga cikin masana kimiyya rinjaye view na endosymbiotic asalin wadannan da wasu gabbansa, kamar yadda su m abin da ya faru a shuka Kwayoyin ne quite m. To sane da cewa lichen - a symbiosis na algae da fungi. Unicellular algae a lokaci guda live in da naman kaza Kwayoyin. Yanzu masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa a zamanin da da photosynthetic cyanobacteria infiltrated cikin shuka Kwayoyin, sa'an nan ya rasa wasu "yancin kai", da canja wurin mafi yawan genome a tsakiya.

Amma ta babban alama ne wani sabon organelle riƙe a cike. Shi ne kawai game da aiwatar da photosynthesis. Ko da yake, da na'ura da ake bukata don yin wannan tsari, shi ne kafa karkashin iko na biyu da cell tsakiya da kuma chloroplast kanta. Saboda haka, rabo daga cikinsu, da kuma sauran matakai hade tare da aiwatar da kwayoyin bayanai a cikin DNA ba a kula da kwaya.

shaida

In mun gwada kwanan nan, da jarrabawa na wani prokaryotic asalin wadannan abubuwa bai kasance ma rare a cikin kimiyya al'umma, da yawa daukar shi a matsayin "ƙirƙirãwa yan koyo." Amma bayan wani zuzzurfan bincike na nucleotide a cikin jerin DNA na chloroplast, wannan zato da aka m tabbatarwa da aka gudanar. Sai ya juya daga cewa wadannan Tsarin suna kama, ko haɗa dangi, da DNA daga cikin kwayan Kwayoyin. Saboda haka, a irin wannan jerin da aka samu a free-rai cyanobacteria. A musamman, da suka tabbatar da zama musamman irin halittar da ATP-rairaya hadaddun, kazalika a cikin "inji" na kwafi da kuma fassara.

Promoters wanda ayyana farkon karatu kayyade bayanai daga DNA da m nucleotide jerin cewa suke da alhakin ta ƙarshe, kamar yadda ta shirya a cikin image na kwayan. Hakika, biliyoyin shekaru da juyin-canje sun iya yin da yawa canje-canje ga chloroplast, amma da jerin a chloroplast genes zauna cikakken canzawa. Kuma shi ne - da ba gardama da cikakken tabbaci cewa chloroplast, kuma a gaskiya sau daya yana da prokaryotic m. Zai yiwu shi ya jiki, wanda kuma ya faru zamani cyanobacteria.

Chloroplast ci gaban proplastids

"Adult" organelle tasowa daga proplastids. Wannan shi ne wani karamin, gaba daya colorless organelle, yana da kawai 'yan microns a diamita. An kewaye da wani m biyu-Layer membrane, wanda ya ƙunshi wani zobe na DNA musamman ga chloroplast. Inner membrane tsarin wadannan "kakanninmu" ba su da wasu gabbansa. Saboda da musamman kananan size, daga karatunsu, shi ne wuya sosai, amma saboda da bayanai a kan su ci gaba ne musamman low.

An sani cewa akwai da dama irin wannan protoplastid a cikin nucleus din dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke a cikin kowane kwai. A lokacin da amfrayo ci gaba, suka rarrabu kuma canjawa wuri zuwa wasu Kwayoyin. Yana da sauki a duba: kwayoyin halaye da cewa an ko ta yaya alaka da plastids ake daukar kwayar cutar ta hanyar kawai da masu juna biyu line.

A ciki membrane protoplastidy a lokacin cin protrudes cikin organelle. Daga cikin wadannan Tsarin girma thylakoid membrane, wanda ke da alhakin samuwar na Grand Prix da lamellae na stroma organelle. A cikakken duhu protopastida fara canza zuwa wani precursor na chloroplast (etioplast). Wannan primary organoid halin a cewa a cikin shi ne quite rikitarwa crystal tsarin. Da zarar kan leaf na wata shuka samun haske, shi ne gaba daya hallaka. Bayan nan, da samuwar da "gargajiya" ciki tsarin da chloroplast, wanda aka kafa a matsayin lokaci thylakoids da lamellae.

Bambance-bambance da tsire-tsire store sitaci

Kowane tantanin halitta na dauke da dama meristemalnoy irin proplastids (su yawan dabam dangane da shuka iri da kuma sauran abubuwan). Da zarar wannan primary nama fara canza zuwa wani takardar, da wasu gabbansa precursors ya canza kama zuwa chloroplast. Saboda haka, sun kammala su girma, matasa alkama ganye da chloroplast a cikin adadin 100-150 raka'a. Dan kadan mafi rikitarwa shi ne yanayin a cikin sha'anin waɗanda da tsire-tsire suke iya sitaci jari.

Suna tara stock na carbohydrate a plastids, wanda ake kira amyloplasts. Amma yadda wadannan da wasu gabbansa ne topic wannan labarin? Bayan da dankalin turawa tubers ba su da hannu a cikin photosynthesis! Bari in bayyana wannan a cikin mafi daki-daki.

Mun gano cewa, a chloroplast, ba zato ba tsammani m da connection tsakanin wannan organelle da Tsarin prokaryotic kwayoyin. Ga halin da ake ciki shi ne irin wannan: masana kimiyya sun dogon gano cewa amyloplasts kamar yadda chloroplast dauke da daidai da wannan DNA, kuma an kafa na daidai, protoplastid. Saboda haka, da suka kamata a yi la'akari a cikin wannan al'amari. Amyloplasts gaskiya ya kamata a dauke a matsayin na musamman irin chloroplast.

Kamar yadda kafa amyloplasts?

Za ka iya zana wani misalin tsakanin protoplastidami da kuma kara Kwayoyin. Kawai sa, amyloplasts a wani matsayi fara inganta a wani ɗan daban-daban hanya. Masana kimiyya, duk da haka, sun koyi wani abu ban sha'awa: da suka gudanar a cimma juna hira chloroplast na dankalin turawa, ganye a amyloplasts (da kuma mataimakin versa). Canonicity misali, da aka sani ga kowane schoolchild - dankalin turawa, tubers zuwa ga haske kore.

Sauran bayani game da hanyoyin da bambantawa daga cikinsu

Mun san cewa a lokacin da ripening tumatir 'ya'yan itãce, apples da kuma wasu sauran shuke-shuke (da kuma a cikin ganyen itatuwa, ganye da kuma shrubs a kaka) ne tsari na "ƙasƙanci" a lokacin da chloroplast a shuka Kwayoyin suna canza kama zuwa chromoplasts. Wadannan wasu gabbansa dauke a cikin abun da ke ciki na pigments, carotenoids.

A hira da aka alaka da gaskiyar cewa a karkashin wani yanayi akwai cikakken halakar thylakoids, sa'an nan yakan mallaki wani daban-daban organelle ciki kungiyar. A nan ne muka dawo ga tambaya cewa ya fara tattauna a farkon labarin: rinjayar da tsakiya domin cin gaban chloroplast. Wannan shi ne, ta musamman sunadarai wanda ake hada a cytoplasm na sel, organelle fara gyara tsari.

A tsarin da chloroplast

Bayan magana game da asalin da kuma ci gaban chloroplast, kamata fadada a kan su tsari. The fiye da haka, saboda yana da matukar ban sha'awa da kuma ya cancanci a raba tattaunawa.

Basic chloroplast tsarin kunshi biyu lipoprotein membranes, ciki da waje. Kauri daga kowane ne game da 7 nm, da nisa tsakanin su - 20-30 nm. Kamar yadda a yanayin saukan wasu plastid ciki Layer siffofin musamman tsarin, protrude baxini organelle. A balagagge chloroplast akwai kawai iri biyu "karkatacciyar" membranes. A farko nau'i na lamellae na stroma, na biyu - da thylakoid membrane.

Lamellae da thylakoids

Ya kamata a lura cewa akwai wani sarari mahada cewa yana da wani chloroplast membrane da irin wannan tsarin ciki da organelle. Gaskiyar cewa wasu daga ta folds iya mika daga daya bango ga sauran (as a mitochondria). Saboda haka lamellae iya samar da wata irin "jakar" ko wani branched sarkar. Duk da haka, mafi yawan wadannan Tsarin aka shirya a layi daya da juna da kuma ba su da alaka da juna.

Kada ka manta da cewa har yanzu akwai a ciki da chloroplast membrane da thylakoids. Shi ne rufaffiyar "bags" cewa ana shirya a wani tari. Kamar yadda a baya hali, tsakanin bango biyu na rami yana da tsawon 20-30 nm. A sanduna na "bags" da aka kira a fuska. Kowane shafi na iya zama har zuwa 50 thylakoids, da kuma a wasu lokuta can ne ya fi. Tun lokacin da na kowa "size" na irin tara iya isa 0.5 m, za su iya, wani lokacin za gano da talakawa haske bincike da madubin likita.

A total number of fuskoki, wanda aka dauke a cikin chloroplast na mafi girma shuke-shuke, na iya zama har zuwa 40-60. Kowane thylakoid haka m zuwa wani cewa su m membranes samar da wata guda jirgin sama. A Layer kauri a hadin gwiwa na iya zama har zuwa 2 nm. Ka lura da cewa irin wannan Tsarin, wanda aka kafa a dab da juna da kuma thylakoids lamellae, quite nadiri.

A wurare na lamba a matsayin Layer, wani lokacin kai guda 2 nm. Saboda haka, chloroplast (tsarin da kuma aiki da abin da yake da wuya sosai) ba su guda monolithic tsari, wata irin "jiha a cikin jihar '. A wasu fannoni, tsarin wadannan da wasu gabbansa ne ba kasa da wuya fiye da dukan sifar tantanin halitta!

Grana ne juna, da taimakon da lamella. Amma rami thylakoids, wanda ya samar da wani tari, ko da yaushe rufe da ba sadarwa tare da intermembrane sarari. Kamar yadda ka gani, da chloroplast tsari ne quite rikitarwa.

Abin da ake da pigments iya zama ba a cikin chloroplast?

Cewa za a iya dauke a cikin chloroplast stroma na kowane? Akwai raba DNA kwayoyin da yawa ribosomes. A amyloplasts aka ajiye a cikin stroma na sitaci hatsi. Haka kuma, chromoplasts akwai pigments. Hakika, akwai daban-daban pigments na chloroplast, amma ya fi kowa ne chlorophyll. Ya nan da nan ya kasu kashi da dama iri:

• Group A (blue-kore). Yana auku a 70% na lokuta samu a cikin chloroplast na mafi girma shuke-shuke da kuma algae.
• Group B (yellow-kore). Sauran 30% kuma sami a cikin mafi girma da tsire-tsire da kuma algae jinsunan.
• Groups C, D, kuma E suna da yawa rarer. Akwai shi a cikin chloroplast wasu jinsunan ƙananan tsire-tsire da kuma algae.

A ja da launin ruwan kasa seaweeds a chloroplast ba haka ba ne m iya zama sosai daban-daban irin takin dyes. Wasu algae kuma kullum ya ƙunshi kusan duk na data kasance pigments chloroplast.

The ayyuka na chloroplast

Hakika, su main aiki ne don maida haske makamashi a cikin kwayoyin da aka gyara. Sam photosynthesis faruwa a Grand Prix da kai tsaye hannu na chlorophyll. Yana garwaya da hasken rana makamashi, da canja wurin shi zuwa ga samar da makamashi na m electrons. A karshen, da ciwon ta wuce haddi da stock, ba makamashi ragi wanda ake amfani da ruwa bazuwar da kuma kira na ATP. Lokacin da ruwa da aka kafa lalata oxygen da kuma hydrogen. Na farko, kamar yadda muka ambata, shi ne byproduct da secreted a cikin sarari, da kuma hydrogen ake dangantawa da wani musamman gina jiki, ferredoxin.

Ya sake oxidized ta wucewa da hydrogen rage wakili, wanda aka rage tsawon a Biochemistry NADP. Haka kuma, ta rage fom - NADP-H2. Kawai sa, a cikin tsari na photosynthesis an saki wadannan abubuwa: ATP, NADP-H2 da wani byproduct a cikin nau'i na oxygen.

Energy rawar da ATP

A sakamakon ATP ne musamman da muhimmanci, kamar yadda shi ne babban "baturi" da makamashi wanda ke da daban-daban bukatun da cell. NADP-H2 qunshi da reductant, hydrogen, kuma wannan fili yake iya sauƙi bada shi idan ya cancanta. Kawai sa, shi ne wani tasiri sinadaran rage wakili ne: a cikin tsari na photosynthesis, akwai wani sa na halayen da ba tare da shi kawai ba zai iya faruwa.

Bugu da ari, a cikin akwati zo chloroplast enzymes cewa aiki a cikin duhu da Gran ne hydrogen na reductant da makamashi chloroplast ATP amfani da su fara da kira na a yawan kwayoyin abubuwa. Tun photosynthesis daukan wuri a karkashin mai kyau lighting yanayi, da tara mahadi aka yi amfani da bukatun da shuke-shuke da kansu a cikin duhu.

Za ka iya adalci a ce wannan tsari ne a cikin wasu madaidaci dubi suspiciously kamar numfashi. Abin da ke bambanta shi daga photosynthesis? Tebur zai taimake ka ka fahimci wannan tambaya.

misali tashar jiragen ruwa	photosynthesis	numfashin
idan akwai	Kawai a lokacin da rana, lokacin da hasken rana	A kowane lokaci
inda Saide	Sel dauke da chlorophyll	All rayayyun tantani
oxygen	kasafi	fahimta
CO2	fahimta	kasafi
Organic abubuwa	Kira, m tsakiyan nonon	tsagawa kawai
makamashi	da ake tunawa	tsaye

Wannan shi ne abin da yake daban-daban daga numfashi photosynthesis. Tebur a fili ya nuna su da manyan bambance-bambance.

Wasu daga cikin "paradoxes"

Mafi yawa daga cikin m dauki daukan wuri dama can a cikin chloroplast stroma. A nan gaba hanyar da hada mahadi ne daban-daban. Alal misali, sauki sugars nan da nan bayan da wasu gabbansa tara a wasu sassa na cell a cikin nau'i na polysaccharides, da farko - sitaci. A chloroplast da shi ya auku a matsayin shaida na fats da kuma wani na farko jari su precursors, wanda suke sa'an nan fitarwa zuwa wasu Kwayoyin a yankin.

Ya kamata a fili gane cewa duk da kira halayen bukatar babban yawa na makamashi. Ta kawai tushen ne har yanzu wannan photosynthesis. Wannan shi ne wani tsari cewa sau da yawa na bukatar makamashi sosai cewa shi yana samun da lalata abubuwa kafa a sakamakon baya kira! Saboda haka, mafi yawan makamashi da aka samu a cikin shakka, an kashe a dauke da fitar da wani jam'i na sinadaran halayen ciki da shuka cell.

Kawai wani yawan aka yi amfani da su kai tsaye, da samar da wadanda kwayoyin abubuwa da shuka daukan ga nasu girma da kuma ci gaban da wani jinkiri a cikin nau'i na kitse ko carbohydrates.

ko chloroplast ne a tsaye?

An yi imani da cewa salon salula da wasu gabbansa, ciki har da chloroplast (tsarin da kuma aiki da abin da muka daki-daki fentin) ne tsananin a wuri guda. Wannan ba haka ba. Chloroplast iya matsar kusa da keji. Saboda haka, a cikin suma haske sun ayan zauna a wuri kusa da mafi hasken gefen cell, a karkashin yanayi na matsakaici to low haske a iya zabar wasu tsaka-wuri, a da yana yiwuwa su "kama" mafi hasken rana. Wannan sabon abu ne da ake kira "phototaxis".

Kamar mitochondria, chloroplast ne quite m da wasu gabbansa. Suna da nasu ribosomes, sun hada da wani yawan sosai musamman sunadarai cewa an kawai amfani da su. Akwai ma wani takamaiman enzyme gidaje, wanda ake samar a musamman lipids ake bukata domin gina lamellar membranes. Mun riga yi magana game da prokaryotic asalin wadannan da wasu gabbansa, amma ya kamata a kara da cewa wasu malaman yi ĩmãni da chloroplast madugun zuriyar wasu parasitic kwayoyin, wanda da farko ya zama symbionts, sa'an nan gaba daya zama wani ɓangare na cell.

Ma'ana chloroplast

Domin shuke-shuke, shi ne bayyananne - wani kira na makamashi da kuma kayan, wanda ake amfani da shuka Kwayoyin. Amma photosynthesis - wani tsari da ya samar da wani kwari jari na kwayoyin halitta a kan duniya sikelin. Na carbon dioxide, ruwa da kuma hasken rana chloroplast iya haduwa da yawa hadaddun macromolecular mahadi. Wannan ikon ne halayyar kawai domin su, da kuma mutumin yana da nisa daga maimaita wannan tsari a vitro.

All biomass a farfajiya na duniya tamu gare ta zama ga wannan karami da wasu gabbansa da aka samu a cikin zurfin na shuka Kwayoyin. Ba tare da su, ba tare da su gudana aiwatar da photosynthesis a duniya ba zai zama mai rai a cikin zamani manifestations.

Muna fatan ka koya daga wannan labarin cewa chloroplast ne, kuma abin da yake da rawar a cikin shuka jiki.