Scientific School of Management. Makaranta wakilan kimiyya management

Modern ra'ayoyi kan ka'idar management, wanda aza harsashin ginin kimiyya management makaranta, suna sosai bambancin. A labarin da ya gaya game da manyan kasashen waje management makarantu, da kuma cikin wadanda suka kafa management.

Asalin kimiyya

Management yana da dogon tarihi, amma management ka'idar suka fara samar kawai a farkon na XX karni. Ana zargin management kimiyya da aka dauke su a bashi to Frederick Taylor (1856-1915 gg.). kafa makaranta na kimiyya management, Taylor, tare da sauran masu bincike qaddamar da nazari na wajen da kuma hanyoyin da management.

Revolutionary ra'ayi game da yadda za a sarrafa, tilasta faru kafin, amma ba a bukatar. Alal misali, mai nasara shi ne aikin Roberta Ouena (farkon XIX karni). Ya factory a Scotland ya kawo mafi riba ta samar da wani aiki yanayi da cewa tilasta mutane su yi aiki yadda ya kamata. Ma'aikata da iyalansu suna bayar da gidaje, aikin in da mafi kyaun yanayi, za mu karfafa kyaututtuka. Amma da 'yan kasuwa na wancan lokacin sun ba a shirye su bi Owen.

A 1885, akwai wani empirical makaranta, wadanda wakilansu a layi daya da makaranta Taylor (Drucker, Hyundai, Simons) sun na da ra'ayin cewa management ne art. A jagoranci mai nasara za a iya dogara ne a kan kwarewa da kuma diraya, amma shi ba kimiyya.

Shi ne a cikin Amurka a farkon na XX karni akwai sharadi gwargwado a cikin abin da farkon na juyin kimiyya management makarantu. A wani mulkin demokraɗiyya kasar shi ya kafa wata babbar aiki kasuwa. Damar samun ilmi ya taimaka da yawa mai kaifin mutane su nuna quality. Development sufuri, da tattalin arziki da gudummawar da tabbatarwa daga cikin monopolies tare da Multi-matakin shugabanci tsarin. Ake bukata sabon hanyoyi na shugabanci. A 1911 a littafin da aka buga Frederika Teylora "kimiyya management ka'idoji," aza harsashin ginin domin gudanar da bincike a fagen sabon kimiyya - management.

School of Management Science Taylor (1885-1920 biennium).

The mahaifin na zamani management Frederick Taylor samarwa da kuma codified dokokin m kungiyar na aiki. Tare da taimakon, ya sunyi tir da ra'ayin bincike da cewa aikin da ya kamata a yi karatu da hanyoyin kimiyya.

• Taylor ta firtsi ne hanyoyin da dalili, yadda ya dace la'ada ne, sauran kuma karya a samar, lokaci, tsari, masu sana'a selection da kuma horar da ma'aikata, da gabatarwar cards na aikin dokoki.
• Tare da mabiya Taylor ya tabbatar da cewa yin amfani da lura, ma'aunai da kuma ƙididdiga zai taimaka sauƙaƙe manual aiki da kuma yin shi more m. A gabatarwar da executable lambobin da kuma matsayin yarda tada albashi ga ma'aikata fi dacewa.
• Magoya bayan na makaranta ba watsi da mutum factor. Gabatarwa hanyoyin da za a inganta yiwu ga kara da dalili na ma'aikata su kara yawan aiki.
• Taylor dismembered aiki ayyuka, rabu kociya nauyi (shiri da kuma shiryawa) na da ainihin aikin. Makaranta wakilan kimiyya management yi imani da cewa yin administrative ayyuka da mutane tare da wannan sana'a. Sun kasance sũ ne na ra'ayin cewa taro na daban-daban kungiyoyin na ma'aikata a kan gaskiyar abin da za su iya yi da kungiyoyin mafi nasara.

A tsarin halitta ta Taylor gane mafi zartar da ciyawa Tushen manajoji da diversification fadada samar. A makaranta na kimiyya management Taylor Ya halitta a kimiyance maimakon m aikin ayyuka. Domin makaranta magoya bayan mallakar masu bincike kamar F. kuma L. Gilbert, G. Gantt, Weber, G. Emerson, H. Ford, G. Grant, OA Yermansky.

A ci gaba da kimiyya management makaranta

Frank kuma yabon Lillian Gilbreth karatu cikin abubuwan da shafi yawan aiki. Don kulle motsi lokacin da yin ayyukan da suka yi amfani da wani movie kamara da kuma kayan aiki ta ƙaryarsu (mikrohronometr). A binciken da izinin canza hanya na aiki, ta kawar da ba dole ba ƙungiyoyi.

Gilbreath amfani nagartacce kuma kayan aiki domin samar, wanda kara haifar da zargin da aiki matsayin cewa sun aiwatar da kimiyya management makaranta. F. Gilbreth karatu da dalilai influencing yawan aiki. Ya sanya su guntu uku kungiyoyin:

1. A canji alaka kiwon lafiya, salon, jiki matakin ilimi da al'adu.
2. A canji alaka yanayin aiki, muhalli, da kayan, kayan aiki da kuma kayayyakin aiki.
3. A canji hade da wani gudun: gudun, yadda ya dace, automaticity, da sauransu.

A sakamakon haka, Gilbert bincike ƙarasa da cewa ƙungiyoyi ne mafi muhimmanci abubuwan.

Basic kimiyya management makaranta dokokin da aka kammala Maksom Veberom. The masanin kimiyyar tsara shida ka'idojin ga m aiki na sha'anin, wanda ya ta'allaka a cikin m, umurtansu, rationing, da rabo daga aiki, specialization na administrative jirgin, da tsari na ayyuka da kuma subordinated zuwa kowa burin.

School of Management Science F. Taylor da ya harka da aka ci gaba taimako Genri Forda, complementing ka'idojin Taylor, su ne na daidai duk matakai a samar da rarraba aiki a cikin saukarwa. Hyundai mechanized da kuma aiki da samar gudãnar da shi a kan manufa na na'ura, inda da samar da kudin rage ta 9 sau.

A farko kimiyya makaranta of management sun zama m tushe ga ci gaban management kimiyya. Taylor School ne dabam, ba kawai da yawa karfi, amma kuma kasawan: nazarin na kula da kwana na inji m, dalili ta hanyar gamsuwa da utilitarian bukatun da ma'aikatan.

Gudanarwa (gargajiya) Research School of Management (1920-1950).

Gudanarwa School qaddamar da ci gaban akida, da kuma shiriya ayyuka, bincika tsanaki m don inganta gudanar da yadda ya dace da dukan sha'anin. A gagarumin taimako ga ta ci gaba da aka yi da A. Fayolle, D. Mooney, L. Urwick A. Ginsburg, A. Sloane A. Gastev. Haihuwa na Gudanarwa School ake dangantawa da sunan Anri Fayolya, aiki fiye da 50 shekara domin amfanin Faransa kamfanin a fagen aiki na kwal da kuma tama. Dindall Urwick yi aiki a matsayin mai bada shawara ga management a Ingila. Dzheyms Muni yi aiki a karkashin Alfred Sloan a cikin "General Motors".

Kimiyya da kuma administrative management makaranta ci gaba a daban-daban kwatance, amma gaba da juna. Magoya bayan da gwamnati na makaranta aka dauke a matsayin babban maƙasudin cimma ingancinsu na kungiyar a matsayin dukan, ta amfani da ka'idojin duniya. Da masu bincike sun iya kalle kamfanin daga mahangar dogon lokacin da raya kasa, da kuma gano ga kowa da kowa kamfanonin halaye da kuma alamu.

A cikin littafin, Fayol "Janar da kuma Administration masana'antu" Management aka farko aka bayyana a matsayin wani tsari da ya hada da dama da ayyuka (shiryawa, kungiyar, dalili, tsari da kuma kula da).

Fayolle sanya 14 a duniya a da a'idodin da damar da kamfanin ya cimma nasara:

• division na aiki;
• hade da iko da alhakin;
• rike horo.
• hadin kai na umurni.
• kowa shugabanci.
• da mika wuya da bukatun nasu maslahohin al'umma.
• ma'aikatan albashin.
• karkashin shugabancin tsakiya.
• sarkar hulda.
• da oda.
• ãdalci.
• kwanciyar hankali na jobs.
• gabatarwa manufofi.
• kamfanoni ruhu.

mutum dangantakar makaranta (1930-1950 biennium).

Gargajiya makarantu na management ba la'akari daya daga cikin manyan abubuwa da ta yi nasara kungiyar - da mutum factor. A shortcomings na baya fuskanci yarda da neoclassical makaranta. Its gagarumin taimako ga management na ci gaba shi ne yin amfani da ilimi game da interpersonal dangantaka. The motsi ga mutum dangantakar da halayya kimiyya - wannan shi ne na farko kimiyya makaranta na management, wanda amfani da cimma tunani da kuma ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a. A ci gaba da makaranta na mutum dangantakar fara ta biyu malaman: Mary Parker Follett da Elton Mayo.

Miss Follett farko ya zo ga ƙarshe cewa management ne don tabbatar da cewa aiki tare da taimako daga sauran mutane. Ta yi imani da cewa wani manajan kamata ba kawai ƙa'ida bi da tare da qarqashinsu, kuma ya zama shugabansu.

Mayo tabbatar ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen da cewa bayyananne dokoki, umarnin kuma mai kyau Hakkin ba ko da yaushe kai ga mafi girma yawan aiki, ya dauke ya kafa kimiyya management Taylor School. Relations a cikin tawagar sau da yawa wuce da kokarin management. Alal misali, cikin ra'ayi na abokan aiki na iya zama mafi muhimmanci ga wani ma'aikaci tutu fiye da tantancewa a sarrafa ko kudi lada. Mayo aka haife godiya ga zamantakewa falsafar management.

Ya gwajen Mayo ne da za'ayi domin shekaru 13 a wani ma'aikata a Horton. Ya tabbatar da cewa canji mutane ta halaye aiki na iya zama saboda tasirin da kungiyar. Mayo rika amfani da a gudanar da ibada da taimako, irin yadda ma'aikaci sadarwa tare da abokan aiki. Ya bukaci shugabannin da su kula da dangantaka a cikin tawagar.

"Hortonskie gwaje-gwajen" sun farkon:

• binciken da na gama dangantakar da yawa a cikin Enterprises.
• lissafin kungiyar m mamaki.
• ganewa na dalili.
• Nazarin da ke tsakanin mutane;
• gane rawar da kowane ma'aikacin da kuma wani karamin rukuni a cikin aiki da tawagar.

School of Sciences Behavioral (1930-1950 biennium).

A ƙarshen 50s - wani lokaci na abu akan sake haihuwa na makaranta na mutum dangantakar makaranta na halayya kimiyyar. A farko wuri tafi babu hanyoyin domin gina interpersonal dangantaka, da kuma yadda ya dace da ma'aikaci da kuma sha'anin matsayin dukan. Behavioral kimiyya fuskanci da makaranta management sun jagoranci zuwa fitowan da sabon management ayyuka - adam albarkatun management.

By da gagarumin Figures wannan yanki ne: Douglas McGregor, Frederika Gertsberga, Chris Argyris, Likert Rensisa. The abu na bincike da masana kimiyya sun zama zamantakewa hulda, dalili, da iko, jagoranci, da dalĩli, ƙungiya Tsarin, sadarwa, ingancin aiki rayuwa da kuma aiki. A sabon tsarin kula da koma baya daga dangantaka-gini dabaru in kungiyoyin da mayar da hankali a kan taimaka wa ma'aikaci gane su da kansa damar. A ra'ayi na halayya kimiyyar da aka yi amfani da, a cikin halittar kungiyoyi da management. Proponents bayyana manufar makarantu: da high dace da sha'anin saboda da high dace na ta mutum albarkatun.

Douglas McGregor ɓullo da wani ka'idar game da iri biyu management "X" da "Y" dangane da irin dangantaka da na ƙasa da: autocratic da mulkin demokra] iyya. A sakamakon binciken da aka Tsayawa akan matsayin cewa da mulkin demokra] style of management mafi tasiri. McGregor yi imani da cewa manajoji kamata haifar da wani yanayi a cikin abin da ma'aikaci ba kawai ciyar kokarin cimma manufofin da sha'anin, amma kuma cimma sirri a raga.

Major taimako ga ci gaban da makaranta na da psychologist Abraham Maslow, wanda Ya halitta a dala na bukatun. Ya yi imani da cewa manajan dole ne ganin ƙarƙashin bukatun kuma zaɓi dace hanyoyin da dalili. Maslow gano primary m bukatun (physiological) da sakandare (zamantakewa, daraja, m), ne kullum canja. Wannan ka'idar zama tushen yawa daga yau motivational model.

Makaranta gwada yawa m (1950)

A babbar gudunmawar da makaranta ya yi amfani da ilmin lissafi model a gudanar da wani iri-iri na gwada yawa hanyoyin da yin management yanke shawara. Daga cikin magoya bayan na makaranta ware R. Ackoff, Bertalanffy, R. Kalman S. Forrestra E. rife, S. Simon. Direction ne aka yi nufi don gabatar a cikin da gudanar da babban makarantu na management, da hanyoyin da na'ura na daidai kimiyyar.

Ana zargin makaranta ne saboda ci gaban cybernetics kuma gudanar da bincike yadda ake gudanar. A cikin makaranta akwai mai zaman kanta horo - ka'idar management yanke shawara. Nazarin wannan yanki suna hade da ci gaban:

• hanyoyin da ilmin lissafi tallan kayan kawa na halitta ƙungiya mafita.
• lissafi mai tsauri ga zabi mafi kyau duka mafita ta amfani da kididdiga, game ka'idar da sauran kimiyya fuskanci;
• ilmin lissafi model ga mamaki a aiyuka da kuma m yanayin da tattalin arzikin.
• sikelin model, simulating kamfanin ko mutum m balance model kudin ko samar da kayayyakin, model ga kiyasin kimiyya, fasaha da kuma ci gaban tattalin arziki.

empirical makaranta

Modern kimiyya makarantu ba za a iya tunanin ba tare da nasarorin da empirical makaranta na management. Its wakilan yi imani da cewa babban aikin a cikin filin na kula da aiyukan bincike ya zama mai tarin m kayan da halittar shawarwari ga manajoji. Fice wakilan da makaranta sun zama Peter Drucker, Rey Devis, Lourens Nyumen, Don Miller.

A makaranta taimaka sarrafa kasafi na raba sana'a kuma yana da biyu kwatance. A farko - bincike management matsaloli yanzu tasowa, da kuma aiwatar da zamani management Concepts. Na biyu - a nazarin aikin aikinsu da kuma nauyi na manajoji. "Empiricists" da'awar cewa shugaban da ke sa wasu albarkatu na guda mahaluži. Lokacin da yin yanke shawara, shi ke mayar da hankali a kan gaba daga cikin sha'anin da kuma samun galabar.

Wani manajan an tsara su yi wasu ayyuka:

• saitin kasuwanci manufofin da zabi na ci gaba da hanyoyi.
• rarrabuwa, rarraba aiki, halittar tsarin siga, daukar ma'aikata da kuma jeri na ma'aikata da sauransu.
• gabatarwa da kuma daidaituwa na ma'aikata, dubawa a kan tushen dangantakar dake tsakanin manajoji da ma'aikatan.
• daraja bincike na kamfanin da kuma dukan waɗanda aiki a kan shi;
• dalili dangane da aiki da sakamakon.

Saboda haka, cikin ayyukan da zamani manajan zama hadaddun. A manajan da zai yi shi wani ilmi daga bangarori daban-daban da kuma amfani da hanyoyin gwada a yi. School a yarda yawan gagarumin management matsaloli fiye ci karo a cikin manyan sikelin-masana'antu samar.

School of Social Systems

Social makaranta yana amfani da cimma makaranta na "mutum dangantakar", kuma ya wadãtu da ma'aikaci a matsayin wani mutum da ciwon zamantakewa fuskantarwa da kuma bukatun da ake nuna a cikin kungiya yanayi. sha'anin yanayi kuma rinjayar da ilimi bukatun da ma'aikaci.

By da haske wakilan da makaranta hada Jane Maris, Herbert Simon, Amitai Etzioni. Wannan Trend in nazarin halin da ake ciki da kuma na mutum wuri a cikin kungiyar ya tafi kara fiye da sauran makarantu na management. A takaice bayyana da hakan na "zaman jama'a da tsarin" kamar haka: bukatun mutum da kuma na gama bukatun ne yawanci nisa baya.

Ta wurin aikin wani mutum ne iya saduwa da bukatun su ta hanyar matakin bayan matakin, motsi mafi girma a matsayi na bukatun. Amma jigon kungiyar ne irin wannan cewa sau da yawa sabani da miƙa mulki ga na gaba matakin. Kunno kai shinge ga ma'aikaci ƙungiyoyi zuwa raga a yanzu sa rikice-rikice. makaranta aiki - don rage ikon da taimakon cibiyoyin bincike kamar yadda wani hadadden zamantakewa da fasaha da tsarin.

Human Resource Management

Tarihin fitowar "tsarin kula da 'yan Adam" ya kasance cikin shekarun 60 na karni na 20. Misalin masanin ilimin zamantakewar al'umma R. Milles ya dauki ma'aikata a matsayin tushen asusu. Bisa ga ka'idar, kyakkyawar kulawa ba ta zama babban manufar ba, kamar yadda makarantun kula da harkokin kimiyya suka yi. A takaice, ma'anar "gudanarwar ɗan adam" za a iya bayyana kamar haka: gamsuwa da bukatun ya kamata ya zama sakamakon sha'awar mutum na kowane ma'aikaci.

Kamfanin mai kyau ya san yadda za a riƙe ma'aikata masu kyau. Saboda haka, mutum factor yana da muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga kungiyar. Wannan wata muhimmiyar yanayin rayuwa ne a cikin yanayin kasuwa. Ga manufofin irin wannan tsarin ba wai kawai haya ba ne, amma haɓakawa, ci gaba da horar da ma'aikata masu sana'a don aiwatar da manufofi. Dalilin wannan falsafar ita ce ma'aikata su ne dukiya na kungiyar, babban birnin da ba ya buƙatar kulawa mai yawa, kuma yana dogara ne akan dalili da haɓaka.