Shogun - menene wannan? Board shoguns a Japan

Japan wayewa aka dauke su quite matasa. Duk da cewa da Japan tsibirin fara zauna fiye da shekara dubu da suka wuce, ya kawo mutane tare a wani conglomeration na kabilu da shi ya faru ne kawai a cikin karni na biyu BC. Semblance statehood kawai zo nan a cikin na uku karni AD, a lokacin da ƙungiyar na kabilu Yamato ya iya iko da sauran al'umma, kuma ya zama mafi girma. A hankali dalĩli Yamato kabila zama kamar sarki, da shugabanninsu, suna kiran kansu sarakuna ( "Tenno"). Wani lokaci "Shogun" (wajen, m - High kwamandan), ya zo a cikin yin amfani da ƙarni daga baya.

A zamanin d asalin samurai

A Japan, a 6-7 ƙarni da girma da yawan jama'a da aka wakilta manoma, akwai kuma bayi da kuma zalunci jama'a na Japan jama'a, sau da yawa ya kunshi Sin da kuma Koriya. The manoma sun batun quite tsawwala haraji a cikin nau'i na samfurin da kuma tsabar kudi haya, aka directed zuwa aiki daga da kuma a zahiri da aka a haɗe zuwa ga ƙasar. Don magance da mulkin gargajiya baƙauye zanga-zangar sun halitta teams na musamman horar da sojoji - samurai, kuma administrative iko a cikin kasa mallakar nobility, wanda mafi yawa mallakar wannan HALITTAR matsayin m m.

A farko shogunate a cikin tarihi na Japan

Japan shoguns hukumance ta bayyana a cikin 11th karni AD. A kan ƙasa na Japan ya fara samar da wata kungiyar na soja mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji, daga cikinsu da Taira da Minamoto. Su arko wani yakin basasa 1180-1185 gg., Yãki a abin da ya faru duka a kan tsibirin Honshu. A garesu na gaban akwai daruruwan dubban soja kungiyoyin, ya kashe fararen hula, hasãra gidajen lama. A lashe ne Minamoto kabila, wanda wakilin, Yoritomo, bayar da a 1192 da lakabi na "Seyi Tay Shogun" - wanda yake nufin "sarki, mamaya dabbanci." Saboda haka a cikin tarihi na Japan ya bayyana shogunate.

Abin lura shi ne cewa yakin basasa a kasar Japan a wancan lokaci zahiri lashe babu Yoritomo, da ɗan'uwansa - Yoshitsune, wanda dangane da m m aka fitar daga fadar. A cewar wasu Legends, Yoshitsune gudu daga Japan da babban yankin, inda ya dauki sunan "Genghis Khan", a kan sauran - ya kashe kansa. Har ila yau ban sha'awa labari game da mutuwar Yoritomo bayan fadowa daga wani doki ya faru saboda gaskiyar cewa doki kakkafa, da ya ga fatalwa na Yoshitsune.

A lokaci zo daga kasar Sin

Idan Japan tambaye: "Bayyana sharuddan" Shogun "," taysegun, "da dai sauransu ...", The amsoshin iya zama quite bambance bambancen. Gaskiyar cewa manufar zo zuwa Japan daga kasar Sin, inda aka rarraba a cikin nau'i na "asirce Shogun", wanda za a iya fassara a matsayin "shugaban da wani babban itace." A cewar labari, wani shahararren Sin kwamandan soja Hyo-Na yi haka da tawali'u da cewa a lokacin da game da nasarar da ya yi magana a bainar jama'a, sai ya sheƙo a karkashin wani babban itace, ba don sauraron yabe a cikin adireshin.

A tarihin Japan kalmar "Shogun" tare da daban-daban da aka makala da aka ambata a cikin 7-8 ƙarni na mu zamanin, ciki har da:

• fukusegun - "mataimakin kwamanda".
• taysegun - "babban janar" (biyu Consoles posts dako suka rabu mafi girma da kuma ƙananan daraja).
• tinteki shogun - soja shugaban suka ci da yaki da dabbanci na West.
• kawai Shogun - da lashe dabbanci na Gabas.
• tindzyu Shogun - kwamandan-conciliator.

The title of farko da za a koma

A waɗannan kwanaki, da m wannan suna ya da wani high-ranking hukuma, wanda gangarawa sojojin ko wani rabo daga gare shi, ko da wani Manzo. The title da aka bai wa soja yaƙi, sa'an nan ya koma zuwa ga sarki. A zamanin d bikin "qaddamarwa" zaci tallace tsari a kan wannan batu. (Doka) da kuma gabatar da wani bukin da takobi a fadar sarki. Daga baya, da hanya ne dan kadan modified. Alal misali, ga tsofaffi wakilan ba za a yarda a cikin fadar Kyoto zuwa masu sauraro, da kuma a cikin 14-19 ƙarni doka kawo shogun "a kan gidan". Ya cika a cikin amsar akwatin daga karkashin doka na zinariya yashi, kawo shi baya zuwa fadar Jakadan ya kuma yi alkawarin bin wani "mai haske misali" sarkin Yoritomo Minamoto.

Shogun ya iya zama wani yaro mai shekara

Shoguns mulki a Japan dade daga 1192 har da Meiji juyin juya halin. A wannan lokacin, da m kwamandan isar ikonsa da gado da kuma hada kai gwamnatin posts, yayin da ikon da sarki ya m ceremoniously-par. By Minamoto Yoritomo mutu, ikon shige wa ɗansa, ta mãsu maye wa junã - da Hojo kabila.

Bayan da lõkacin fatara daga cikin HALITTAR Minamoto patrilineal Japan shoguns, watakila kawai lokaci a tarihi, a hada a cikin yawan baby na iyalin Fujiwara, wanda aka nada zuwa ga mafi girman jama'a ofishin a lokacin yana da shekaru da shekaru biyu.

Kamakursky shogunate kawo Japan ta kasa flag

A farko shogunate a Japan da matsayin babban birnin kasar da birnin Kamakura, don haka ya kira Kamakurskim shogunate. Wannan tarihi lokacin da aka halin da ƙungiyoyin jayayya da dominance na 'yan samurai - "servicemen mutane" wanda ya yi sama da soja-mulkin gargajiya aji tausayin manya kare da kuma bauta wa da "daimyo." A lokaci guda Japan saboda da baki na halitta sojojin gudanar tare biyu Mongol mamayar (1281 da 1274 shekaru) kuma nemo kasa flag, wadda bisa labari, ya zuwa shogunate Buddhist - sarki na Nichiren.

mulkin gargajiya ƙungiyoyin

Minamoto Yoritomo, Shogun (photo zanen depicting shi zayyana a sama), bayan da yaki a cikin kowanne lardin nada soja gwamnoni, wanda a kan lokaci sun tara babba soja da karfi, da kuma mayar da hankali a cikin hannãyenku daga cikin allotments. A daidai wannan lokaci, kasar Japan ta kafa m cinikayya tare da kasar Sin da kuma Korea, wanda ya haifar da enrichment na mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji a kudu-maso-gabas.

Irin wannan matakai ba su son mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji a cikin kudi na Kamakura, abu don rikice-rikice da kuma mi} a mulki ga Ashikaga kabila. Wakilai daga cikin karshen koma daga halaka Kamakura a Kyoto, kusa da na mallaka Palace, inda ya ciyar da yawa kudi a kan wani wasa da ƙawa da kotun nobility. Jihar harkokin kasance a cikin wani Jihar sakaci da ya kai ga intensification na soja gwamnonin a wasu sassa na kasar da kuma sabon lokaci na yakin basasa.

Shoguns mulki a Japan a 1478 - 1577 shekaru, kuma tare da soja rikice-rikice tsakanin kusan dukan lardunan, abu daular to daga rugujewa a tsakiyar 16th karni. Amma akwai wani "daimyo" - wakilin Elite daga samurai (Nobunaga), wanda ya yawaita tsakiyar kasar tare da babban birnin kasar na Kyoto, ya ci babban mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji nurtured a da darajõji talented janar - Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

Shogun ya iya zama wani manomi

Wannan m amma enterprising da fasaha zo daga wani baƙauye iyali bayan mutuwar Nobunaga kabila wakilan gama daidaituwa na Japan (a 1588). Saboda haka, wakilin nonaristocratic aji zahiri samu title of "Shogun." A duban farko, shi blurs da iyakoki tsakanin azuzuwan, amma ya Hideyoshi ta doka tabbatar duk gata na samurai kuma ko da yekuwar neman zabe domin kau da makaman (takuba) da peasantry.

M Japan shoguns, amma daga Tokugawa kabila mulki Japan domin kusan kwata na Millennium. Gaskiyar cewa Hideyoshi mika mulki ga dansa, wanda ya qananan, kuma ya kasance batun da mãma. Just daga waliyyan tsaya Tokugawa Ieyasu, wanda shafe ta da ikon da istinbadi magaji da ya fara sarauta ta zabi a matsayin babban birnin kasar na zamani Tokyo.

Da farko, da samurai sun Elite

A lokacin mulkin na Tokugawa gidan ya streamlined tsarin na shugabanci na kasa - da sarki hana ikon, shiga garin majalisarku da na dattawa, jama'a ne zuwa kashi azuzuwan. Rinjaye wuri ne shagaltar da ta warriors - samurai. Har ila yau, yanzu manoma, sana'a, Kasuwanci, roving nunawa, pariah da matalauta, wanda ake ma kasaftawa zuwa raba aji. A lokacin mulkin na Tokugawa samurai sun Elite na al'umma, wanda yake shi ne na goma na yawan jama'ar, da kuma jin dadin yawa gata. Amma sai wani yawan soja ya tabbatar da ba dole ba, da kuma wasu samurai zama ninja, ronin (hayar kisan gillar), yayin da wasu suka koma kasuwa ne ko ya fara koyar da soja kasuwanci da kuma falsafar "Bushido" - Code na Samurai. Masu zanga-zangar guda Ronin ya kashe sojojin gwamnati.

A dalilan da kawar da shogunate gwamnatin

To, don me fadi a cikin disrepair karkashin iko tsarin mulki na Shogun? Reviews masana tarihi bayar da shawarar cewa, kasar saboda ci gaban da cinikayya bayyana aji na tausayin bourgeoisie, wanda aka karfi da mur da shogunate jami'an, da kuma shi ya sa zanga-zangar. A birane Layer samo asali ilimi, wanda kuma ya nema ya kashe, musamman, saboda ta so zuwa Shinto zayyanawa dangantaka da Japan ko da aji da sauransu.

Gwamnati ta dakatar da sauran addinai (Kiristanci), iyaka lambobi tare da sauran kasashe, wanda ya kai ga zanga-zanga da kuma, kyakkyawan, to canja wuri na Tokugawa shogunate na jihar ikon baya ga sarki a 1867. Yau, "Shogun" a Japan - ne mai tarihi lokaci, tun da irin wannan matsayi da aka soke a lokacin Meiji Restoration, wanda ya faru a 1868 - 1889 shekaru.