Tarihi, hadisi, babban birnin kasar, shugaban na jihar da kuma jihar harshe a Belarus

Belarus - a kasar a Gabashin Turai. Da ɓangare na Tarayyar Soviet, da kuma a shekarar 1991 ya tashi daga gare ta. Yanzu yana da dama sunayen - Belarus ko Belarus. A m sunan wanda aka kiyaye shekaru 25 - Jamhuriyar Belarus. A tarihin wannan kasa - sosai tsanani. Ta, kamar Ukraine, an mulki ta hanyar Dogayen sanda, da Rasha, Empire, Grand Duchy na Lithuania.

Overview

By farkon shekara ta 2016 da yawan jama'a na Belarus amounted zuwa kusan 9.5 miliyan. Man. Irin wannan Manuniya sun koma jihar su 93 a duniya ranking a kan yawan mazaunanta. A kasar bautarka 207 dubu sq. M. m. Wannan shi ne 84 a duniya. Unitary ikon ne wani nau'i na gwamnati - shugaban jamhuriyar. Kafin mu gano abin da ke jihar harshe a Belarus, shi wajibi ne don shigar da kara a tarihin kasar, ta hadisai da kuma mutane.

sunan

Jihar lakabi tushen fitowa daga XIII karni. Sa'an nan Turawa kira White Rasha a Veliky Novgorod. A wurin da aka yanzu housed zamani jihar kira Polotchinoy. Yana zama da aka sani kawai bayan White Rasha a XVI. Daga baya, kawai ya kira kuma, a gabacin ƙasa da Grand Duchy na Lithuania. Kuma da mazauna yankin, bi da bi, ya fara belorustsami.

Kawai ga XIX karni, a lokacin da Belarus ya zama wani ɓangare na Rasha Empire, aka sake masa suna cikin gida Belarusians.

Rus

An sani cewa IX karni dangana ga samuwar jihar, a karkashin jagorancin Rurik. Shahararren cinikayya hanya "daga Vikings ga Helenawa" shãfe a kan halin yanzu ƙasar Belarus. Tsohon Rasha jihar na dogon lokaci da kuma gudanar da su magance tare da na gida mulkokin, da kuma hare-hare daga waje. A 988 akwai wani gagarumin taron - baftismar Rus. A kadan daga baya ya zo da Diocese na Polotsk da Turov.

A XII karni. events faru da ya kai ga fragmentation da Lalacewar wani jihar a kan Rasha mulkoki. Mongol mamayewa sa'an nan m dukan mutanen Rasha, amma shi ya bayyana ƙasa da aka shafa insignificantly. Sa'an nan, ba shi yiwuwa a tantance abin da harshe a Belarus ne a jihar, kamar yadda babu mafi ikon da irin wannan sunan.

Lithuanian da Polish da tasiri

Bayan da siyasa da suka faru na zamani ikon yankin da aka ƙarƙashin rinjayar da Grand Duchy na Lithuania, wanda aka kafa a tsakiyar XIII karni. By da XIV karni. jihar shi a kabilu da Multi-bayanan ƙasa.

Bayan kasance mai wuya lokaci a karkashin ikon Commonwealth. Sai na zo da Katolika a kan dukan ƙasar da tsohon Duchy na Lithuania. A lokacin da yawan jama'a na zamani Belarus ya Orthodox. Bayan samuwar na Uniate Church da yalwa da m tsakanin mazauna. Amma a karshen cikin XVIII karni, da yawa ya zama Uniates, kuma waɗanda suka gudanar da babba aji - Katolika.

Rasha mulki

A karkashin mulkin na Rasha Empire suka fara bayyana cikin ƙasa na Belarus. Sai suka kira Belarushiyanci Janar gwamnatin, wanda ya hada da Vitebsk da Mogilev larduna.

The mazaunan waɗannan ƙasashe ya wuya a kira sa'a su. A ko'ina cikin daular gabatar conscription da serfdom. Mazauna yammacin yankin na zamani iko sun sa'an nan rikici da Polish tawaye. Sa'an nan ya zo da cikakken Russification na dukan ƙasar. da doka da aka soke ON Uniate Church garwaya da Orthodox. Kuma yanzu a jihar Belarushiyanci harshen da aka soke a 1866 - Belarushiyanci. Empire don gudanar da sauye-sauye, ba kawai alaka addini da siyasa. The gwamnatin kokarin sake samu al'adu magabaci.

A wannan lokacin babu irin wannan abu a matsayin Belarus. Chapter, da hukuma harshe ko karin da aka ba kafa. Amma da yawa marubuta sun fara inganta harshe, ƙarƙashin rinjayar Russification siyasa. Daga cikinsu akwai mai Yanka Lucina da Frantisek Bogushevich. Events na Yaren mutanen Poland tawaye a 1863 ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa a farkon girma sani daga cikin Belarushiyanci mutane.

muhimman canje-canje

By lokacin da Rasha Empire daina wanzuwa, kuma an maye gurbinsu da na ɗan lokaci gwamnatin, da yankin na zamani Belarus ya canza ba. A cikin munanan canje-canje ya fara a lokacin Oktoba juyin juya halin.

A 1917, da farko All-Belarushiyanci Congress. By 1918 aka kafa da Belarushiyanci jama'ar kasar Jamhuriyar. Bayan da kwato Poland ta yanke shawarar tabbatar da 'yancinsu na jihar. Saboda haka akwai Soviet-Polish gaban.

rashin tabbas

Kamar yadda aka sani, a 1919 ya fara da gaskiyar cewa a kan taswira bayyana Socialist Soviet Jamhuriyar Byelorussia. Its main birni ya Minsk. Amma wata daya daga bisani, rabin gasa duniya suka fito daga RSFSR. Yanzu shi ne Belarushiyanci Soviet Socialist Jamhuriyar.

Amma wannan bai dade ba. Sake wata daya daga bisani an wargaza jumhuriya, da kuma wasu daga cikin larduna hakura da wani zuwa RSFSR, kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na Lithuanian-Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Jamhuriyar. Litbel zauna na wani dan gajeren lokaci - da rani na shekara ta 1919 an shagaltar da Dogayen sanda.

Daga baya, tare da samuwar da Tarayyar Soviet suna yankin zama da aka sani da Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Jamhuriyar. Kuma tun 1922, shi ne a karkashin Soviet da iko, ko da yake ba a ƙarfinsa.

prewartime

Duk da cewa a karkashin yarjejeniyar da yankin Belarus da kuma ya ba kara da cewa wasu larduna, ko da yake shi ya ƙara muhimmanci. A kasar lissafta ga rabin yankin na zamani iko. Fiye da 70% ne daidai Belarusians. The yawan kai miliyan 4 da mutane.

Yana da wani hadari da kuma shela Belarusization. Bugu da kari ga al'ada nan kuma mu kula da cewa jihar Belarushiyanci harshe ya kasance da muhimmancin gaske. Ko da yake shi wuya zuwa sashe da ya shirya, tun da ƙasa da aka raba tsakanin jihohi, kuma wannan yana rinjayar da mazaunan shi. Har tsakiyar 30s da kasa da shi ya kasance da dama na aikin harsuna a Bugu da kari ga Belarushiyanci - Rasha, Polish da Yiddish. A karshen shahara tsakanin Yahudawa yawan kafin 1999. To, shi ne ya faɗa ta bakin game da 7% na al'ummar jihar.

Aka sani na da taken "Proletarians dukan ƙasashe, gama!" Da aka rubuta a nan a cikin hudu harsuna, amma kuma a cikin ƙasa akwai kuma wani Yaren mutanen Poland na kasa yankin.

A lokaci guda akwai wani harshe garambawul cewa gusar tarashkevitsa, sakamakon a jihar harshen Belarus aka sauya kuma ya zama kama da Rasha. A karin lafazi haruffan 30 da morphological siffofin da aka kara.

A tsawon lokaci, da siyasa, da zaman halin da ake ciki ya fara deteriorate. A makaranta ya zama sulusi da murabba'i na yawan zauna jahilci. Daliban akwai game da mutane 200. Fiye da rabin na Orthodox majami'u suka zama Katolika. A rikicin da ya tilasta dubban mutane zuwa hijira zuwa Turai da kuma Amurka.

zama

Bayan yakin duniya na II da Jamhuriyar lura da sabuntawa, kazalika da sauran ƙasashe na Tarayyar Soviet. Kawai bayan da breakup, ta samu title na majalisar. Mazauna fara kiran ta newfound kasar Belarus. A babban birnin kasar, da shugaban kasa, da na aikin harshen ci gaba fito fili. Stanislau Shushkevich ne farkon wanda ya dauki da ragamar gwamnatin, amma kawai sai 1994.

A sa'an nan da kundin tsarin mulki na kasar da aka kafa, kazalika da zaben shugaban kasa da aka gudanar. Alexander Lukashenko ya zama na farko da ya zuwa yanzu da kawai shugaban Belarus. A tsari na gwamnati, ya samo asali a cikin majalisar-shugaban kasar. A 1995 ya karbi Rasha harshen hukuma matsayi a Belarus.

Alexander Lukashenko ya lashe zaben a 2001, bi a 2006. Da zarar, a 2010, ya aka sake zabe a karo na hudu. Bugu da ƙari, duka biyu da kungiyar EU da Amurka da OSCE pointedly ba a gane da sakamakon zaben tun 2001 lokacin da a cikin shekarar 2015, Alexander Lukashenko ya zama shugaban kasa a sake, da EU ta dakatar da takunkumi a kan kasar. A karshe lokacin kada kuri'ar ta hanyar fiye da 83% na yawan na da dukan ƙasar.

harsuna

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, a wannan lokacin jihar harshen Belarus - ne Belarushiyanci da kuma Rasha. Amma bangare na yawan iya sadarwa a Polish, Ukrainian, Lithuanian. A lokaci guda a kasar lura da ilimin harsuna ya haƙuri.

A yi, mafi yawan jama'a ne har yanzu Rasha-magana. Mutane da yawa daga wadanda suka rayu a cikin babban birnin kasar da kuma manyan birane, a duk manta Belarushiyanci. Matasa shi kusan bai sani ba. A karami garuruwa za ka iya samun trasianka (surzhik a Ukraine). Wannan cakuda Rasha da kuma Belarus ba cika tare da wani daga cikin wadannan harsuna. Sai ya faru da cewa wasu daga cikin na aikin da mutum zai iya yin magana trasianka. Net Belarus za a iya samu ne kawai a kananan kauyuka a cikin karkara. Wani lokaci sai ya yi amfani da ilimi da kuma kishin kasa.

al'ada

Kasa, harshe da kuma hadisai na Belarus bambancin. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, za a iya samu a nan da kuma wadanda suka yi magana Yaren mutanen Poland, Lithuanian, Ukrainian kuma ko da Yahudanci. A makaranta shirin ake bukata don nazarin Rasha harshe. Writing amfani da QFontDatabase haruffa.

Yau a kan ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Belarus domin fiye da 80% na Belarusians, Rasha 8%, 3% na Dogayen sanda, 1% na Ukrainians. Har ila yau, akwai Lithuania, Armenia, Yahudawa, Gypsies, Georgians, Sin, da Larabawa, Chuvash, da sauransu. D. A jama'ar ya dimbin yawa tarihi. A ya fi girma kauyuka sun yaushe rayu 'yan asalin mutane. A birnin - Yahudawa, da yawa Dogayen sanda a arewa da kuma a gabas - Rasha. A kudancin yankin shagaltar da ta Ukrainians. Duk da cewa fiye da 80% na yawan - Belarusians a kauyuka za a iya gani da bambancin kabilu.

Mafi yawan abin Jihar hadisai masu kama da Ukrainian ko Rasha. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa kusan duk bukukuwa da kuma ibada ne m Kirista kwastan. Iyakar abin da bambanci ne a cikin suna. Alal misali, sanannen Triniti sa'an nan ya kira Somuhoy, Ivan Kupala - Kupalle, St. Bitrus Day - Piatra.

Akwai kuma na musamman kwana da za a iya samu ne kawai a cikin kauyuka na Belarus, Ukraine da kuma Rasha: Radonitsa, Danna spring Gromnitsy ko kakanninsa. A bisa ga al'ada dauke a cikin kasar da kuma Crafts: sakar gidansa, woodworking, kumar kasko, rauno.

Very ladabi da a kwantar da hankula kasar Belarus. Official harshe - Belarus - rashin alheri, sannu a hankali gushe, ko da yake abu ne mai wuya ga faru ta da cikakken bacewar. Duk da haka, mai girma yawan mutane a kauyuka har yanzu amfani da shi a gida. Za su ci gaba da koya wa 'ya'yansu da jikoki na su kasa Matsar.