The main iri gas

Nature sani uku main jihohin wani al'amari: m, ruwa da gaseous. Kusan duk wani ruwa zai iya samun kowane daga cikin biyun da suka rage. Mutane da yawa daskararru da narkewa, danshin ko konewa iska iya cika abinda ke ciki. Amma ba kowace gas iya zama wani bangare ne na m kayan ko taya. Akwai daban-daban na gas, abin da ya bambanta a cikin dũkiyarsu, asalin da kuma halaye na aikace-aikace.

Definition da kaddarorin

Gas - wani abu wanda aka halin rashi ko m darajar intermolecular shaidu, kazalika da aiki motsi na barbashi. Basic Properties, wanda da kowane irin gas:

1. Fluidity, deformability, volatility, da marmarin kara da girma na dauki na kwayoyin zarra da kwayoyin zuwa sauke ko tashi a zazzabi wanda bayyana canje-canje a cikin tsanani da su motsi.
2. Akwai, a zazzabi karkashin abin da matsa lamba karuwa ba haifar da wani mika mulki ga ruwa jihar.
3. Saukake matsa, rage a juz'i. Wannan simplifies handling da kuma amfani.
4. Mai liquefied da matsawa cikin wasu iyaka na matsa lamba da zafi m dabi'u.

By bincike inaccessibility bayyana yin amfani da wadannan asali sigogi: zazzabi, matsa lamba, juz'i na da matauni taro.

Nau'in ajiya

A irin wannan yanayi iri iri na gas a cikin iska, ƙasa kuma ruwa.

1. Fili na iska: oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon, nitrogen monoxide tare da impurities Neon, krypton, hydrogen, methane.
2. A ɓawon burodi nitrogen, hydrogen, methane da sauran hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, sulfur oxide da sauransu, suna a cikin gaseous ko ruwa jihar. Har ila yau, akwai gas adibas a cikin m sulusi da murabba'i a admixture da yadudduka na ruwa a matsin lamba na game da 250 ATM. a gwada low yanayin zafi (20 ° C).
3. A tafkunan dauke da narkewa gas - hydrogen chloride, ammonia da talauci mai narkewa - oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide et al.

Albarkatun nisa wuce yiwu yawan tsari na wucin gadi.

Rarrabuwa ta flammability

Duk wani nau'i na gas, dangane da halin halaye na ƙonewa da konewa tafiyar matakai kasu kashi oxidizing, inert, kuma flammable.

1. Oxidants da taimako zuwa ga wuta retardant, amma ba su ƙone: iska, oxygen, sunadarin flourine, chlorine, nitrogen monoxide da dioxide.
2. Inert ba su shiga a cikin konewa, duk da haka, ayan kau da oxygen da kuma tasiri a kan tsanani rage tsari: helium, Neon, xenon, nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide.
3. Combustible haske ko fashe a hade tare da oxygen: methane, ammonia, hydrogen, acetylene, propane, butane, carbon monoxide, ethane, ethylene. Mafi yawansu suna da halin kona kawai a wasu yanayi na iskar gas cakuda. Saboda wannan dukiya, gas - man fetur type, ya fi na kowa a yau. Wannan da ake amfani da methane, propane, butane.

Carbon dioxide da kuma da rawar

Shi ne daya daga cikin na kowa gas a cikin yanayi (0.04%). Karkashin al'ada zafin jiki da kuma na yanayi matsa lamba yana da wani yawa na 1,98 kg / m ^3. Yana iya zama a cikin m ko ruwa jihar. M lokaci ya auku a low rates zafi da kuma m yanayi matsa lamba, shi ne ake kira "bushe kankara". Ruwa lokaci CO ₂ ne zai yiwu a lokacin da matsa lamba ƙaruwa. Wannan dukiyar da ake amfani da ajiya, sufuri da kuma aikace-aikace tsari. Sublimation (miƙa mulki ga gaseous Jihar wani m, ba tare da wani tsaka-tsaki ruwa lokaci) ne yiwu a -77 - -79˚S. Solubility a ruwa a wani rabo daga 1: 1, ta tabbata a t = 14-16˚S.

Nau'in na carbon dioxide dabam dangane da asalin:

1. Products daga shuka da dabbobi sharar gida, volcanic watsi, gas sallama daga ƙasa, jikin ruwa danshin daga surface.
2. A sakamakon ayyukan mutane, ciki har da watsi daga konewa na habaka.

Kamar yadda wani amfani abu da ake amfani da:

1. A carbon dioxide wuta extinguisher.
2. A cylinders domin baka waldi a wani dace matsakaici na wani CO _2.
3. A cikin masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci a matsayin hana aifuwa na maza da kuma ga aerating da ruwa.
4. Kamar yadda refrigerant ga wucin gadi sanyaya.
5. A sinadaran masana'antu.
6. A metallurgy.

Kasancewa wani makawa bangaren na rayuwa na duniya, a mutum aiki da inji kuma dukan tsire-tsire, da carbon dioxide accumulates a cikin ƙananan kuma babba yadudduka da yanayi, da hani da saki zafi da kuma samar da wani "greenhouse sakamako".

Liquefied gas da kuma da rawar

Daga cikin abubuwa na halitta asalin da kuma manufa tsari ne ware irin wannan cewa wani babban mataki na combustibility da calorific darajar. Domin ajiya, sufuri da kuma amfani, wadannan iri liquefied gas: methane, propane, butane, kuma propane-butane cakuda.

Butane (C ₄ H _10), da kuma propane ne aka gyara na man fetur gas. A farko liquefied a -1 - -0,5˚S. Tarbiyyar da aikace-aikace a cikin sanyi weather tsarki butane ba za'ayi saboda da daskarewa. Liquefaction zafin jiki na propane (C ₃ H ₈₎ -41 - -42˚S, m matsa lamba - 4,27 MPa.

Methane (CH _4), - babban bangaren da iskar gas. Nau'in gas tushen - mai adibas, da kayayyakin da biogenic tafiyar matakai. Liquefaction auku via matsawa lokaci da kuma rage zafin rana zuwa -160 - -161˚S. A kowane mataki shi ne matsa ta 5-10 sau.

Liquefaction ne da za'ayi a kan musamman shuke-shuke. Bayar propane, butane, ko cakuda daga gare for iyali da kuma masana'antu amfani dabam- dabam. Methane da ake amfani a masana'antu da kuma matsayin makãmashin kai. A karshen kuma za a iya samar a cikin wani matsa form.

Matsa gas da kuma da rawar

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, da shahararsa ta sayi matsa iskar gas. Lokacin da propane da butane da ake amfani da musamman liquefaction, da methane za a iya samar a cikin wani liquefied da kuma matsa. Kwalba gas a karkashin wani babban matsin na 20 MPa yana da abũbuwan amfãni a kan sanannun liquified.

1. A high kudi na danshin, ciki har da a low iska yanayin zafi, babu jari na korau mamaki.
2. A ƙananan matakin na yawan guba.
3. Complete konewa, high dace, babu mummunan sakamako a kan kayan aiki da kuma yanayi.

An ƙara ana amfani ba kawai ga manyan motoci amma kuma ga motocin fasinja da kuma ga tukunyar jirgi kayan aiki.

Gas - unobtrusive amma ba makawa sashi don mutum rayuwa. High calorific darajar wasu daga wanda kuɓutar da fadi da yin amfani da daban-daban aka gyara na iskar gas a matsayin man fetur ga masana'antu da kuma harkokin sufuri.