Tsarin mutum Hakora: makirci da kuma bayanin

Wannan labarin hulda da tsarin da kuma aiki da hakora - m sashin jiki na jikin mutum. A hakora ne a madubi tunani na kiwon lafiya na mutum, su unsatisfactory jihar za a iya hukunci a kan wani iri-iri na aikin cuta. Har ila yau, a yau, a kyau murmushi - shi ne babbar hanyar samun nasarar a cikin aiki da kuma a cikin sirri dangantaka. Mataki na ashirin da tsarin tabbatar da ɗaukar hoto na wani iri-iri batutuwa da dama, ciki har da tsarin mutum hakora. su wurare a cikin dentition. Ba kamar deciduous hakora daga m. bukatar da ta dace kula da hakora da kuma sauransu.

hakori aiki

Hakora - wani kashi samuwar a cikin baka rami da cewa suna da wani takamaiman tsari, siffar, halin da gaban da kansa juyayi da kuma jijiyoyi, da Lymph tasoshin shirya a umurce dentition da haka yi daban-daban ayyuka. Hakora suna tsunduma cikin numfashi, kazalika a cikin samuwar kuma pronunciation na sauti, jawabin samuwar. Bugu da kari, sun yi inji primary abinci aiki, da aka hannu a daya daga cikin manyan ayyuka na zaune kwayoyin - .. Gina Jiki.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa ba da isasshen abinci chewed ne talauci digested kuma zai iya sa matsalar aiki na samfur na gastrointestinal fili. Bugu da kari, babu akalla wasu daga cikin hakora a baka rami rinjayar da diction, t. E. The tsabta daga pronunciation na sautuna. Tashoshin jiragen ruwa da kuma na ado hoto - gurbata fuska fasali. Poor hakori kiwon lafiya da kuma zai iya kai ga bad numfashi, kazalika da ci gaban da daban-daban na baka cututtuka da kuma na kullum cututtuka na dukan kwayoyin.

A tsarin da mutum hakora. A kewaye tsari na jaws

A kullum for gaban mutum hakora ne a wani adadin na 28-32 raka'a. By shekaru 25 yawanci daukan cikakken samuwar dentition. A hakora suna located a kan duka muƙamuƙanka, inda rarrabe manya da ƙananan dentitions. A tsarin da mutum muƙamuƙi, hakora (su hankula rarrabuwa) da wadannan form. Kowace daga cikin layuka qunshi 14-16 hakora. Layuka ne tsakaitã da su conventionally kasu kashi hagu da dama kansu. Hakora nuna a fakaice jerin lambobin - biyu-lambobi lambobi. Da farko lambar - kansu daga cikin manya ko ƙananan muƙamuƙi, daga 1 zuwa 4.

A lokacin clamping muƙamuƙi agara hakora overlapping ƙananan 1/3 na hakori kambi, da kuma dangantaka tsakanin dentition aka kira occlusion. A daidai ba interdigitation lura occlusion curvature, wadda take kaiwa zuwa rushewa daga masticatory aiki da kuma ado lahani.

Abin da ake kira hikima hakora ba a samuwa, kuma, bisa manufa, ba bayyana a cikin baka rami. Yau, akwai hasashe cewa wannan shi ne wata al'ada halin da ake ciki da kuma gaban wadannan hakora riga na zaɓi. Ko da yake wannan version ne mai babbar adadin shawara.

A hakora ba su iya warke. Su canji yakan faru sau daya a lokacin rayuwar mutum: na farko, baby madara hakora bayyana, sa'an nan suka canza akai shekaru 6-8 shekaru. Yawancin lokaci zuwa shekaru 11 a can ne, musanyawa na madara hakora gyarawa.

A tsarin da hakori. haltta

A ilimin Halittar Jiki tsarin mutum hakori da shawara cewa shi ne yanaye zuwa kashi uku sassa: kambi, wuyansa, kuma tushen.

A kambi na hakori - shi lẽƙãwa a kan danko part. A kambi an rufe tare da enamel - resistant masana'anta kare hakori daga tareda žata effects na kwayoyin cuta da kuma acid.

Akwai da dama iri na saman na hakori rawanin :

• Occlusion - surface a wuri tare da biyu daga rufe hakori a kan kishiyar muƙamuƙi.
• Face (vestibular) - hakori surface a gefe kumatunta ko lebe.
• Lingual (lingual) - .. A ciki hakori surface ta baxini na bakin, watau surface wanda yake a lamba tare da pronunciation na harshe sauti.
• Contact (approximal) - hakori kambi surface, ta ga hakora dake a cikin unguwa.

The wuyansa - ɓangare na hakori, wanda shi ne tsakanin kambi da kuma tushen, a haɗa su, ya rufe gefuna da gumis da rufi da sumunti. The wuyansa yana da wani Tapered form.

Akidar - wani ɓangare na hakori, tare da abin da shi ne tsayayyen a cikin hakori da kyau. Dangane da irin rarrabuwa na hakori tushen iya samun daga daya zuwa dama tafiyar matakai. More An tattauna kara a kasa.

histological tsarin

Histology na kowane hakori ne daidai da wannan, amma kowanne daga cikinsu yana da wani daban-daban siffar bisa ga aikin yi da shi. Figure nuna a fili sosai rabe tsarin mutum hakora. Hoto nuna duk hakori kyallen takarda, kazalika da wuri daga cikin jini, kuma Lymph tasoshin.

Hakori enamel mai rufi. Wannan m masana'anta kunshi 95% na ma'adinai salts, kamar magnesium, tutiya, strontium, jan, da baƙin ƙarfe, fluoride. Sauran 5% ne kwayoyin abubuwa - sunadarai, lipids, carbohydrates. Bugu da ƙari, cikin enamel abun da ke ciki ya hada da wani ruwa da hannu a physiological tafiyar matakai.

Enamel, bi da bi, kuma yana da wani m harsashi - cuticle cewa maida hankali ne akan daukan taban surface wani hakori, duk da haka, o ƙarin tabbatar da bakin ciki da kuma ƙarshe sharewa.

Dalili na hakori dentine - kashi - tarin ma'adanai, m, suka kewaye ta da duka rami na hakori, kuma tushen canal. dentine nama qunshi mai girma yawan microscopic tashoshi ta hanyar abin da tafiyar matakai na rayuwa da faruwa a cikin hakora. A cewar tashoshi daukar kwayar cutar jijiyar. Domin tunani, 1 sq. mm dentine kunshi up to 75 000 tubules.

Ɓangaren litattafan almara. Periodontium. A tsarin da tushen

Yana Forms wani ciki rami na hakori ɓangaren litattafan almara - taushi nama, sako-sako da tsarin, Ribar ta hanyar jini da kuma lymphatic tasoshin da kuma jijiya endings.

A tsarin da tushen da mutum hakora kama. A tushen da hakori aka located in dadashin, a wani musamman rami - alveolus. A tushen, kazalika da kambi na wani hakori, hada da mineralized nama - dentine, wanda aka externally rufe da sumunti - zane, kasa da karfi a kwatanta da enamel. Dental tushen tip ƙare ta hanyar bude a cikin abin da gwada jini da cewa ciyar da hakori. Yawan tushen a cikin hakori dabam daidai da ta aikin manufa, daga tushen zuwa incisors, to 4-5 a taban da ake hakora asalinsu.

Periodontium - a connective nama cewa cika da rata tsakanin hakori tushen da rami na muƙamuƙi, a cikin abin da aka located. Fiber masana'anta saka a cikin ciminti tushen a hannu daya, kuma a cikin kashi nama na muƙamuƙi tare da sauran, don haka da cewa hakori samar da wani karfi da aka makala. Bugu da ƙari, ta hanyar periodontal nama na jini ciyar da abubuwa fada cikin hakori nama.

Nau'in hakora. masu saro

Human hakora kasu kashi hudu main kungiyoyin:

• incisors (tsakiya da kuma gefen).
• fangs.
• premolars (kananan chewable / molars).
• molars (ya fi girma chewable / molars).

Muƙamuƙi mutum yana da wani tsakaitã tsarin da ya hada da wannan adadin hakora daga kowane kungiya. Duk da haka, akwai wasu siffofin a cikin ilimin Halittar Jiki batutuwa kamar tsarin da mutum hakora daga cikin manya muƙamuƙi da kuma ƙananan jere hakora. Bari mu bincika su daki-daki.

A gaban hakora ne kira incisors. A cikin mutane, wadannan 8 hakora - 4 sama da 4 a kasa. Masu saro aka tsara don ciji da abinci, raba shi gunduwa-gunduwa. Features na tsarin da gaban hakora mutum kunshi a gaskiya cewa masu saro da wani lebur kambi, a cikin nau'i na ragowa, tare da wani fairly da kaifafan gefuna. A sassan anatomically yi uku hillocks cewa a lokacin rayuwar da dukiya ana sharewa. Maxillary tsakiyar incisors, biyu - da most of duk mambobi na kungiyar. Kaikaice incisors ne irin wannan a cikin tsarin to tsakiya, duk da haka, suna karami. Sha'awa, da sosai sabon abu a kaikaice incisor kuma yana da uku tubercle, kuma sau da yawa daukan wani convex siffar saboda ci gaban da tsakiyar (tsakiya) tuberosity. Tushen abun yanka guda, lebur da kuma daukan siffar wani mazugi. A halayyar alama na hakori - daga hakori rami ne saman uku ɓangaren litattafan almara, wanda dace tubercles na sabon abu.

A tsarin da mutum babba hakora dan kadan daban-daban daga ilimin halittàr jiki da ƙananan jere daga hakora, t. E. Duk daidai gaban na kashin dadashinsu. Jamhuriyar incisors kasa a kwatanta da gefen zuwa da wani bakin ciki tushen, guntu fiye da kaikaice incisors. A gaban hakori surface - dan kadan arched, amma lingual - concave.

Kaikaice incisor kambi ne sosai kunkuntar da kuma tankwasa shi zuwa bakinsa. The sabon abu yana da biyu hakori kwana - cibiyar, sharper, kuma a kaikaice - mafi obtuse. Domin tushen halin tsaye GROOVES.

Fangs. taban da ake hakora

Canines an tsara za a kasu kashi karami guda na abinci. A haltta na hakori irin wannan cewa a raya (lingual) gefen kambi kara kwarin kunya wanda ya raba bit disproportionate shiga kashi biyu. The sabon abu na hakori ya ɓullo da wani furta hump, yin siffar wani mazugi-dimbin yawa kambi, sau da yawa kama da hakoran carnivorous dabbobi.

Canine kashin dadashinsu yana da wani narrower siffar, kambi fuskoki dabam-dabam converge a tsakiya tubercle. tushen da hakori ne lebur, mafi tsawo idan aka kwatanta da duk sauran tushen da hakora da kuma deflected a cikin gida. A cikin mutane, biyu canines a kan kowane muƙamuƙi, ɗaya a kowane gefe.

Canines tare da gefe yankan gefuna samar da wani baka, wanda ya fara a kusurwa miƙa mulki na sabon hakora don daukan taban.

Bari mu bincika da lura da tsarin 'yan qasar mutum hakori, da farko - kananan daukan taban, sa'an nan da babban daukan taban. Babban manufar na baya hakora - sosai inji aiki na abinci. Wannan aiki da aka yi premolars da molars.

premolars

A farko premolar (nuna adadi 4 a hakori dabara) ya bambanta daga canines da incisors ta prismatic siffar, da kambi na da convex surface. Taban da ake surface halin da biyu hillocks - buccal da lingual tsakanin dimples gwada kwarin kunya. Buccal cusp lingual yawa ya fi girma a cikin size. A tushen na farko premolar ne har yanzu lebur, amma ya riga yana tsaga a kan buccal da lingual rabo.

Na biyu premolar siffar kama da farko, amma da buccal surface da yawa ya fi girma, da kuma tushen yana da wani Tapered siffar matsa a cikin anteroposterior shugabanci.

Taban da ake surface na farko ƙananan premolar aka Tapered zuwa ga harshe. A kambi na hakori taso keya tushen guda, lebur, tare da GROOVES a gaban surface.

Na biyu premolar fi girma fiye da farko saboda da cewa duka protuberance daidai ɓullo da kuma tsakaitã, da kuma tududa a cikin enamel (fissure) therebetween dauki wani nau'i na kofaton. A tushen da hakori tushen ne kama da na farko premolar.

A adam dentition 8 premolars, 4 a kowane gefe (a kan manya da ƙananan jaws). Ka yi la'akari da sifofin da dukan tsarin mutum hakora daga cikin manya muƙamuƙi (manyan na baya hakora) da kuma bambanta su daga tsarin da ƙananan muƙamuƙi hakora.

molars

A farko molars daga cikin manya muƙamuƙi - mafi girma a hakori. Shi ne ake kira da babbar 'yan asalin hakori. A kambi yayi kama da murabba'i mai dari, da kuma occlusal surface ne a lu'u-lu'u siffar da hudu cusps, tsakanin wanda shi ne rarrabe fissure H-dimbin yawa form. Wannan hakori yana da uku tushen: daya dama - mafi iko, da kuma biyu kunci - lebur, wanda ki a anteroposterior shugabanci. Wadannan hakora lokacin rufe da jaws kafa uku da juna da kuma suna da wani irin "terminators", dangane da wanda ya sha babban kaya ga rayuwar dan Adam.

Biyu matauni girman karami fiye da na farko. A kambi na da cubic siffar da X-dimbin yawa fissure tsakanin dimples. Tushen da hakora ne kama da tushen da farko matauni.

Tsarin mutum hakora (molars tsari da kuma yawan) ne m tare da tsari aka bayyana a sama da premolars.

Da farko mandibular matauni yana da biyar cusps domin daukan taban - uku buccal da biyu lingual ga F-dimbin yawa fissure tsakanin su. A tushen na hakori, biyu - da daya raya tashar, da kuma gaban - tare da biyu. Bayan yankan tushen ƙara daidaitacce.

Biyu matauni kama da farko mandibular matauni. Yawan molars a wani ɗan adam premolar daidai da lambar.

A tsarin da mutum hikima hakori. maraƙi hakora

Uku matauni aka popularly kira da "hikima hakori", da kuma a cikin dentition mutum a duk 4 na wani hakori, 2 a kan kowane muƙamuƙi. A kan ƙananan uku matauni muƙamuƙi iya samun jam'i na embodiments na hillocks. Sau da yawa, akwai biyar. Amma a general, da tankwara da "hikima hakori" mutumin kwatanci ne ga tsarin da biyu matauni, duk da haka, tushen sau da yawa kama da gajeren akwati da iko sosai.

Kamar yadda muka gani a baya, farko da wani mutum yana jariri da hakora. Sun yawanci girma har zuwa 2.5-3 shekaru. Yawan wucin gadi hakora ne 20. The ilimin Halittar Jiki da kuma histological tsarin mutum madara hakori ne kama da wani m tsarin, amma akwai wasu bambance-bambance:

1. A size hakora rawanin madara ne da yawa kasa a kwatanta da m.
2. Enamel madara hakora thinner, da abun da ke ciki yana da ƙananan mataki na dentin mineralization kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da matauni hakora, don haka kamar yadda yara caries sau da yawa ya bayyana.
3. Hijira daga ɓangaren litattafan almara da kuma tushen canal madara hakori more idan aka kwatanta da akai girma, saboda wanda shi ne mafi yiwuwa ga daban-daban kumburi tafiyar matakai.
4. A bumps a kan daukan taban da sabon saman ne m.
5. Masu saro madara hakora mafi convex.
6. Tushen sun himmantu wajen lebe, su ne ba kamar yadda tsawo da karfi kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da tushen da m hakora. A dangane da wannan canji na hakora a cikin shimfiɗar jariri - kusan m tsari.

A karshe, mun lura cewa, ba shakka, tsarin mutum hakora, da wurare a cikin muƙamuƙi rufe (occlusion) da mutum siffofi da halayyar ga kowane musamman mutum. Duk da haka dentition na'ura na wani mutum da hannu a dauke da fitar da muhimmanci ayyuka na jiki cikin rayuwa, bisa ga wannan, a kan lokaci da tsarin da hakora da kuma su tsarin canja. Yana dole ne a tuna da cewa mafi yawan pathological tafiyar matakai a Dentistry ɓullo da a cikin shimfiɗar jariri, don haka yana da muhimmanci a saka idanu da yanayin da hakora daga farko shekaru na rayuwa. Wannan zai taimaka wajen hana hakori matsaloli a m shekaru.

Duk da bayyana sauki, da hakora - wani hadadden kuma quite m tsarin, a Multi-mai lebur histological tsarin, kowane daga cikin yadudduka yana da wani mutum nufi da yana da wasu kaddarorin. Kuma da gaskiya cewa hakora canji yakan faru a cikin shakka daga rayuwa kawai sau daya, yin tsarin da mutum muƙamuƙi (hakora, da yawan) daban-daban daga haltta na muƙamuƙi na fauna.