Yadda ya dace da zafi engine. Engine thermal yadda ya dace - da dabara domin kayyade

The aiki na nau'o'in inji characterizes irin wannan muhimmanci adadi kamar yadda ya dace da zafi engine. Engineers a kowace shekara nemi su haifar da mafi m dabara da tare da kasa da man fetur da zai ba da sakamako mafi kyau daga yin amfani da shi.

thermal engine na'ura

Kafin ka gane abin da yake cikin ingancinsu (ingancinsu), kana bukatar ka fahimci yadda wannan inji aiki. Ba tare da sanin ka'idojin da aiki ba zai iya gane yanayin wannan nuna alama. Heat engine ne a na'urar cewa ya aikata aikin ta hanyar amfani da ciki makamashi. Duk wani zafi engine wanda sabobin tuba thermal makamashi zuwa inji, thermal fadada daga cikin kayayyakin amfani a mafi girma yanayin zafi. A m-jihar tsarin ba zai iya kawai canja ƙarar da abu, amma kuma da siffar jiki. A mataki na irin wannan engine ne batun da dokokin Thermodynamics.

manufa na aiki

Domin fahimtar yadda ya aikata wani zafi engine, shi wajibi ne a yi la'akari da tushen ta zane. Domin aiki na na'ura na bukatar biyu jikinsu: wani zafi (hita) da kuma sanyi (firiji, chiller). Ka'idar aiki zafi injuna (dace zafi injuna) ya dogara da su irin. Sau da yawa, a firiji da hidima tururi condenser da hita - wani irin na man fetur kona a cikin gagarumar wuta. Yadda ya dace da wani manufa zafi engine ne na wadannan dabara:

Yadda ya dace = (Tnagrev -. Tholod.) / Tnagrev. x 100%.

A wannan yanayin, da real motor yadda ya dace ba zai taba wuce darajar samu daidai da wannan dabara. Har ila yau, wannan adadi zai taba wuce sama dabi'u. Don inganta yadda ya dace, mafi sau da yawa kara da rage yawan zafin jiki na hita zafin jiki na firiji. Duka wadannan matakai za a iyakance zuwa ga ainihin yanayin da kayan aiki.

Yadda ya dace zafi engine (dabara)

A aiki, da zafi engine aiki ya auku, kamar yadda wanda gas fara rasa makamashi da kuma aka sanyaya zuwa wasu zazzabi. A karshen ne yawanci 'yan digiri fi kewaye yanayi. Wannan mai sanyaya zafin jiki. Irin wannan na musamman na'urar tsara don sanyaya kuma m sandaro na shaye tururi. Inda akwai capacitors, wani lokacin da firiji da zazzabi da ke ƙasa na yanayi zafi.

A zafi engine jiki ta gasa da kuma fa] ba iya aika duk da ciki makamashi yi aiki. Wasu daga cikin zafi za a canjawa wuri zuwa ga firiji tare da shaye gas ko tururi. Wannan bangare na zafi na ciki makamashi ne babu makawa rasa. The aiki ruwa a lokacin konewa na man fetur ta da hita samun wani yawa na zafi Q _1. Kamar haka shi aikin wani aikin A, a lokacin da watsa wani ɓangare na firiji zafi: Q ₂ 1.

Engine dace characterizes yadda ya dace a samar da makamashi hira da watsa. Wannan nuna alama ne sau da yawa auna matsayin mai yawan. Yadda ya dace dabara:

η * A / Qx100%, inda Q - ciyar da makamashi, da kuma - mai amfani aiki.

Bisa ga dokar da kiyayewa da makamashi, za mu iya cewa da ya dace shi ne ko da yaushe kasa da hadin kai. A wasu kalmomin, da kyakkyawan aiki ba zai zama fiye da shi ya dauki iko.

Engine yadda ya dace - da rabo daga amfani da makamashi da aikin ruwaito da hita. Yana za a iya wakilta a matsayin mai dabara:

η = (Q ₁ -Q ₂₎ / Q ₁ cikinsa Q ₁ - zafi samu daga hita, da kuma Q ₂ - ya ba da firiji.

Aiki zafi engine

The aikin yi da zafi engine, aka lasafta ta da dabara:

A = | Q _H | - | Q _X |, inda A - aiki, Q _H - adadin zafi samu daga hita, Q _X - adadin zafi ba kashe mai sanyaya.

Yadda ya dace zafi engine (dabara):

| Q _H | _{- | Q X |) / |} Q H | = 1 _{- | Q X | / | Q} H |

Shi ne rabo na aikin da ta sa engine ga adadin zafi samar. Sashe na daga cikin thermal makamashi ake rasa a lokacin wannan canja wuri.

Carnot engine

Matsakaicin yadda ya dace da thermal engine aka lura a cikin na'urar Carnot. Wannan shi ne saboda a gaskiya wannan tsarin shi ne dogara kawai a kan cikakkar zafin jiki na hita (TH) da kuma mai sanyaya (CA). Yadda ya dace zafi engine aiki bisa ga da Carnot sake zagayowar ne m da wadannan dabara:

(TN - CA) / TN = - CA - TN.

The dokokin Thermodynamics yin lissafi da yarda iyakar yadda ya dace, wanda yake zai yiwu. A karo na farko da wannan adadi ya lasafta a Faransa masanin kimiyya da kuma m Sadi Carnot. Ya ƙirƙira wani zafi engine, wanda aka sarrafa ta wani manufa gas. Ta aiki a sake zagayowar na 2 isotherms da kuma 2 heats. Yadda yake aiki ne quite sauki: ga jirgin ruwa tare da gas hita ake kawota lamba, don haka da cewa aiki ruwa yana faɗaɗa isothermally. A wannan yanayin shi aiki da obtains wani adadin zafi. Bayan jirgin ruwa rufe. Duk da wannan, da gas ci gaba da fadada, amma adiabatically (ba tare da zafi musayar tare da yanayi). A wannan lokaci, ta zazzabi rage-rage ga firiji yi. A wannan lokaci da gas da aka tuntube da wani condenser, inda shi ya ba wani adadin zafi a lokacin da Yanar gizo ƙanƙancewa. Sa'an nan rufe da jirgin ruwa sake. Lokacin da gas da aka adiabatically matsa zuwa na ainihi jihar da kuma girma.

jinsunan

A zamanin yau akwai da yawa iri zafi injuna da cewa aiki a kan daban-daban akida, da kuma daban-daban habaka. Su duka suna da ya dace. Wadannan sun hada da wadannan:

• wani na ciki konewa engine (fistan), wanda shi ne mai inji inda kona rabo na man fetur da sinadaran da makamashi ne tuba zuwa cikin inji makamashi. Irin wannan na'urorin ya iya zama gas da kuma ruwa. Rarrabe 2- kuma 4-bugun jini injuna. Suna da wani wajibi sake zagayowar na ci gaba da aiki. A misalin da shirye-shiryen da wannan man fetur garwayayye ne carbureted injuna (tare da waje cakuda samuwar) da kuma dizal (ciki). By irin makamashi Converter kasu kashi fistan, jet, inji mai farfela da kuma a hade. Yadda ya dace da irin wannan inji ba ya wuce da manufa na 0.5.

• Stirling engine - a na'urar a cikin abin da aiki m ne a wuri aya. Yana da wani irin na waje konewa engine. A ka'ida ta aiki dogara ne a kan wani lokaci-lokaci sanyaya / dumama jiki da makamashi amfanin ƙasa saboda canje-canje a cikin juz'i na. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin mafi m injuna.

• injin turbin (Rotary) engine tare da waje konewa na man fetur. Irin shuke-shuke sun fi na kowa thermal ikon tashoshin.

• A injin turbin (na'ura mai juyi), da ciki konewa engine aka yi amfani da thermal ikon shuke-shuke a cikin ganiya yanayin. Ba sosai na kowa kamar yadda wasu.

• Turbinovintovoy engine saboda wasu daga cikin sukurori halitta dirka. Sauran da ya sami saboda da shaye gas. Da tsarin ne a Rotary engine (gas injin turbin), da shaft na wanda aka tura propeller.

Sauran iri zafi injuna

• harsashi, turbojet kuma jet injuna, wanda ake samu dirka saboda da tasiri na shaye gas.

• m-jihar tafiyarwa ana amfani da wani m man fetur. A aiki, shi ba ya canja da girma, da kuma siffar. Lokacin aiki da kayan aiki amfani ne musamman kananan zazzabi bambanci.

Kamar yadda za a iya kara ingancinsu

Ko kara yadda ya dace da wani zafi engine yiwu? Amsar dole ne, a nemi a thermodynamic. Yana da karatunsa da juna canji daban-daban na makamashi. An tabbatar da cewa ba shi yiwuwa a maida duk samuwa thermal makamashi a lantarki, inji da kuma m. N. Domin wannan tana mayar da su a cikin zafin rana faruwa ba tare da wani hani. Wannan shi ne zai yiwu saboda gaskiyar cewa, yanayin thermal makamashi bisa tarwatsettsun (m) motsi na barbashi.

A karfi na jiki da aka warmed up, don haka za ta motsa ta bangaren kwayoyin sauri. The motsi na barbashi zai zama fi erratic. Tare da wannan, kowa ya san cewa, domin za a iya sauƙi juya a cikin hargitsi, wanda shi ne mai wuya don tsara.