Formula ammonia. Ammonium hydroxide - mai ruwa-ruwa ammonia

Ammonia - hydrogen nitride - daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci mahadi nitrogen da hydrogen. Wannan gas ba tare da launi amma tare da wani pungent wari. A sunadarai abun da ke ciki nuna ammonia dabara - NH _3. A matsa lamba karuwa ko karu a zazzabi daga cikin kayan take kaiwa zuwa ta zama wani colorless ruwa. Ammonia gas da kuma ta mafita ana amfani da ko'ina a masana'antu da kuma aikin noma. A magani aka yi amfani da 10% ammonium hydroxide - ammonia.

A tsarin da kwayoyin. Lantarki ammonia dabara

A hydrogen kwayoyin nitride aka dimbin yawa kamar dala, tushe na wanda aka nitrogen bonded zuwa uku hydrogen atoms. N-H bond ne karfi polarized. Nitrogen ne karfi da janyo hankalin nauyin electron biyu. Saboda haka, mummunan cajin accumulates a kan N kwayoyin halitta, da m - mayar da hankali a kan hydrogen. Fahimtar wannan tsari na samar da wani abin koyi na DNA, da lantarki da kuma tsarin dabara na ammonia.

Nitride hydrogen ne sosai narkewa a cikin ruwa (700: 1 at 20 ° C). Da ciwon ma free protons take kaiwa ga samuwar mahara hydrogen "gadoji" cewa gama tsakanin wani kwayoyin. Features na tsarin da kuma sinadaran bond ma kai ga cewa ammonia ne sauƙi liquefied ta kara matsa lamba ko ragewan da yawan zafin jiki (-33 ° C).

Asalin sunan

Kalmar "ammonia" da aka gabatar ga ilimi al'umma a 1801 a da ba da shawara na Rasha sunadarai Ya Zakharova, amma abu saba wa mutãne tun lokacin da. Gas tare da pungent wari saki a lokacin da lalata da sharar gida kayayyakin da yawa gudanar da mahadi, misali, sunadaran da urea a cikin bazuwar na ammonium salts. Masana tarihi na sunadarai yi imani da cewa abu da aka mai suna bayan zamanin d Masar bautãwa Amun. Siwa (Ammon) ne wani zango a arewacin Afirka. Kewaye da Libya hamada kango na tsohon birnin da kuma haikalin, kusa da akwai adibas na ammonium chloride. Wannan abu a Turai, da ake kira "gishiri Ammonawa." Yana kiyaye hadisin cewa mazaunan zango na Siwa smelled gishiri a Haikali.

hydrogen nitride

Turanci sunadarai da kuma likita R. Boyle a gwaje-gwajen da kone taki da kuma lura da samuwar fari hayaki daga swab tsoma a hydrochloric acid da kuma sakamakonsa na gabatar a cikin jet na gas. A 1774, wani Birtaniya sunadarai J. Priestley warmed ammonium chloride da slaked lemun tsami da kuma gaseous kasaftawa. Priestley kira fili "alkaline iska", saboda ta bayani Properties nuna wani rauni tushe. Samu bayani kwarewa Boyle, a cikinsa ammonia ne ya mayar da martani tare da hydrochloric acid. M ammonium chloride fari ya auku ga lamba na reactants kwayoyin a cikin iska.

Chemical dabara na ammonia da aka kafa a 1875 K. Berthollet ta Faransa wanda ta gudanar da wani gwaji kan bazuwar na abubuwa a cikin ta bijiro da batun kafa da aka gyara da lantarki sallama. Har yanzu, gwaje-gwajen Priestley, Boyle Berthollet kuma haifa a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje don samar da hydrogen nitride da ammonium chloride. Industrial Hanyar ci gaba a 1901 H. Le Chatelier, samu wani lamban kira ga Hanyar kira na wani abu na nitrogen da hydrogen.

A bayani na ammonia. Formula da kaddarorin

The mai ruwa-ruwa ammonia bayani ne yawanci a rubuce a cikin nau'i na hydroxide - NH ₄ OH. Ya farfado da kaddarorin wani rauni Alkali:

• dissociates cikin ions NH ₃ + H ₂ Ya = NH ₄ OH = NH ₄ ^{+ +} OH ^_-.
• phenolphthalein bayani stains da garura.
• An mayar da martani tare da wani acid don ya samar da wata gishiri da ruwa.
• precipitates Cu (OH) ₂ a matsayin mai haske blue abu a lokacin da gauraye da narkewa jan salts.

A ma'auni a dauki na ammonia da ruwa hulda da aka gudun hijira zuwa wajen farawa kayan. Preheated hydrogen nitride konewa da kyau a oxygen. Yana auku nitrogen hadawan abu da iskar shaka zuwa diatomic kwayoyin sauki abu N2. Rage Properties kuma farfado ammonia a dauki tare da jan karfe oxide (II).

Meaning of ammonia da kuma mafita

Nitride na hydrogen amfani a samar da ammonium salts da kuma nitric acid - daya daga cikin manyan kayayyakin da sinadaran masana'antu. Ammonia ne albarkatun kasa domin soda (as nitrate Hanyar). Hydrogen ciki nitride industrially da mayar da hankali bayani ya kai 25%. A noma, amfani da mai ruwa-ruwa ammonia. Formula ruwa taki - NH ₄ OH. The abu ne kai tsaye amfani da matsayin saman miya. Sauran hanyoyin da enrichment nitrogen gona - da amfani da salts na ammonium nitrates, chlorides, phosphates. A cikin masana'antu yanayin da aikin gona da yankunan da shi ba da shawarar don adana tare takin dauke da ammonium salts da alkalis. Lokacin da breakage marufi abu zai iya amsa da juna ta samar da ammonia da saki a gare shi a cikin iska sarari. Mai guba fili adversely rinjayar da miciwa, tsakiya m tsarin. A cakuda ammonia da iska, shi ne m.