Tundra sauyin yanayi a Rasha da kuma Arewacin Amirka

A duniya ne manya-manyan, kuma ba shakka, ta yanayin damina ya bambanta da yawa. Wannan factor yana da wani gagarumin tasiri a kan Flora da fauna, impedes ko facilitates rayuwa a cikin yankin. Saboda haka, tundra sauyin yanayi - daya daga cikin mafi tsanani, kuma da wuya-da-rai.

A Gwargwadon wuri na tundra

A North America tundra zone ne ayi tare da bakin tekun na nisa arewa na nahiyar ɓangare na nahiyar. Yana bautarka mafi yawan yankin na Greenland da Canada tarin tsiburai da kuma kara zuwa 60th layi daya. An sa da sanyi iska daga Arctic Ocean.

A Rasha tundra ne game da 15% na dukan yankin ƙasar da ke jihar. Yana lullube tare da bakin tekun na Arctic Ocean a gwada kunkuntar tsiri. Duk da haka, a wasu wuraren, yana daukan kan sararin ƙasa. Wadannan yankuna sun hada da tsibirin Taimyr, Chukotka. Duk da hamada da ƙasashe scarcity ciyayi, da tundra rayuwa daban-daban da wakilan fauna.

Shiyyoyi rabo daga tundra

Karkashin lakabi "tundra" hiding hudu daban-daban subzones. Wannan shi ne saboda daban-daban ƙasa, wuri na zones da kuma kusanci ko karkara na tekuna ko duwãtsu. tundra sauyin yanayi a kowane cell dabam. Akwai da wadannan matukar division:

• Arctic Hamada.
• hankula tundra.
• tundra.
• dutsen tundra.

Duk da cewa sauyin yanayi na tundra da gandun daji tundra softer idan aka kwatanta da Arctic hamada, shi ne don haka mai tsanani da cewa yankunan da talauci sosai Flora da fauna.

Arctic hamada

Zone Arctic bari aka located a Arewacin Amirka, kuma yana da mafi tsanani yanayin damina. A Rasha, wannan subzone ba ya wanzu. Summer yana kawai 'yan makonni. Winter yana fiye da watanni shida. A cikin hunturu, da rãnã da wuya ke fita a kan sararin sama. Wind kai guguwa karfi.

Hunturu yanayin zafi sau da yawa fada to -60? C. The talakawan zafin jiki a lokacin short bazara bai wuce 5? C. Yanayi ne sosai kananan - kawai a shekara da dama da 500 mm. Ciyayi dokoki mosses da lichens, wanda rufe ƙasa tun fil azal. A lokacin rani, wannan ya jũya a cikin wani fadama subzone. Wannan shi ne saboda low danshin ruwa a wannan lokaci. Bugu da kari, permafrost ba shiga zurfi a cikin shi.

Duk da haka, zone Arctic hamada ne wani muhimmin mazauninsu na dabbobi da tsuntsaye kiwon waddan. A cikin bazara akwai geese, eiders, guillemots, puffins, waders, a kan tekun na tsira like, walruses, iyakacin duniya beyar, Musk shanu. Zaka kuma iya samun lemmings da Wolves da cewa ganima a kan su.

hankula tundra

Tundra sauyin yanayi, wadda ke da alaka da wannan subzone ne ma sosai matsananci, amma idan aka kwatanta da Arctic hamada, ya har yanzu softer. Rani yanayin zafi na iya kai 10? C, hunturu -50? C. A snow cover ne m, kuma m. Spring fara a watan Mayu, hunturu fara a watan Oktoba. A lokacin rani watanni ne yiwu snowfalls, saboda permafrost akwai mutane da yawa a qarqashinsu, puddles, tabkuna da kuma Marshes. Su ne m da kuma sauki matsawa a kan sleds. Winter ne halin da tsananin iska da kuma snowstorms. Ciyayi cover ne m, shi ne yafi mosses da lichens.

Wajen kudu, za ka iya samun low-girma goge blueberry, daji Rosemary, cranberries, Cassandra. A kan bankunan na koguna da tabkuna za a iya gani sedge bushes, Dwarf Willow , Birch, alder, Juniper. Irin wannan Rasha tundra sauyin yanayi kara zuwa kudu har Yuli 10 isotherm. A cikin wadannan matsananci rai yanayi kullum iyakacin duniya owls, ptarmigan, caribou, Wolves, lemmings, weasels da Foxes. A wasu yankuna, akwai muz.

Arctic hamada smoothly cikin biyu subzone sauyin yanayi. Tundra sauyin yanayi a North America ne daban-daban daga Rasha. Kamar matalauta ƙasa (peat-gley, gley tundra, permafrost fadama), tsananin iska da kuma high sanyi ba a yarda ya ci gaba high tsawo shuke-shuke da kuma samar da wani tushen tsarin. Duk da haka, da sarari rufe gansakuka da lichen, suna kiwo domin deer a Amurka da kuma a Rasha.

gandun daji-tundra

The kudu ne ƙasa, da sauyin yanayi zama warmer. A ci gaba da sarari na gansakuka, lichen kuma low-girma shuke-shuke, wanda aka fara bayyana yankunan da tsayi itatuwa - wannan ne ake kira a tundra sauyin yanayi zone. Yana lullube fadin dukan na Arewacin Amirka da kuma Eurasia - daga Kola Larabawa zuwa Indigirka. Tundra sauyin yanayi a cikin sub-zone damar biyu Flora da fauna da karin tartsatsi ne.

Hunturu yanayin zafi isa debe 40 digiri Celsius, da bazara - 15? C. Shekara-shekara hazo kai kawai 450 mm. Snow cover ne uniform, ya ginu ne a kan ƙasa game 9 months. Ruwan sama ne fiye da danshin, don haka gona yawanci peat-gley, peat fadama, a wasu yankuna na gley-podzolic. Saboda wannan dalili, da yawa tabkuna yada.

Daga shuke-shuke da sauran fiye da hankula halayyar da tundra, akwai balsam fir, spruce, Siberian larch, warty Birch. Rivers da moderating tasiri a kan sauyin yanayi. Saboda wannan low-girma itatuwa tare da bakin tekun shiga cikin tundra. Har ila yau hankula tundra, akwai irin wannan nau'in kamar fari Partridge, shrews, Foxes.

dutsen tundra

Wannan ne mai raba sub-zone, wanda ya auku a high altitudes a wuraren filayen, wooded, kewaye da cliffs da ridges. Mountain tundra ne na kowa a cikin duwatsu na Arewa maso Gabas na Rasha, kudancin Siberia, Tibet, a kan Pacific Coast na Arewacin Amirka, da tsaunuka na Davis mashigar, a Brooks Range, Alaska Range da sauransu.

tundra sauyin yanayi a duwãtsu ne halin da tsananin iska, low yanayin zafi, permafrost, da rashin snow a bude yankunan. Ya fara subzone na gandun daji kan iyaka da kuma ƙare a kan iyaka na snow layi a kan fi. Kusa da tsayi itatuwa girma shrubs na Willow da alder. A kusa da babba matakin, da girma da wuri, ya rufe tare da ciyawa, rabin-shrubs, mosses da lichens.

Duk da matsananci yanayi na tundra, wannan halitta yanki ne mai arziki farauta ƙasa. Yana da yake a wadannan yanayi rayuwa da asali da iri Flora da fauna da cewa ba su samu a wasu yankuna. Wasu daga cikin su jinsin aka jera a matsayin miyagun. Bugu da kari, da tundra ne arzikin albarkatu, da samar da abin da aka kara a shekara, duk da sauyin yanayi.