Wa? Ir? Ira da helikofta, a cikin abin da shekara?

Kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna, marubucin yawa muhimmanci qirqire-qirqire ba haka ba ne mai sauki, ko ba zai yiwu ba a kafa. Bayan duk, wannan ideas iya faruwa a mutanen da suka raba a karni ko dubban kilomita. Wannan gaskiya ne, a game da wannan tambaya da suka qirqiro na farko helikofta, kamar yadda aka sani ga dama talented masana kimiyya, da injiniyoyi, da designers, wanda ya miƙa wani daban-daban manufar halittar jirgin sama da a tsaye takeoff.

prehistory

Ya ce daidai abin da shekara ƙirƙira da helikofta, shi ne wuya isa kamar yadda yana da wuya a tantance batu na reference. Idan muka magana game da ra'ayin da na'urar aka dauke tsaye ta hanyar saman juyawa dunƙule, mafi tsoho da aka rubuta rikodin na wannan batu fiye da 1600 da shekaru. Yana kunshi wani karamin yaro ta wasa a cikin nau'i na da sandunansu tare da dunƙule a karshen, wanda aka clamped tsakanin dabino, da juyawa daga a haɗe da saki, bayan abin da aka takaicce tashi sama. Duk wani m aikace-aikace na wannan sabuwar dabara ya ba a samu, da kuma shi dogon manta.

Leonardo Vinci

Ko da yake da sunan daga cikin mafi girma baiwa na Renaissance bai bayyana daga waɗanda kira a amsa wannan tambaya na wanda ƙirƙira da helikofta, a kan daya daga cikin zane-zane sanya ta hannunsa a 1475, akwai wani jirgin sama tare da wata babbar propeller. Leonardo da shawarar cewa irin wannan inji da kai a kashe tsaye, idan propeller a tashin, ta amfani da murdede ƙarfi daga cikin matukin jirgi.

M. Lomonosov

Bayan 270 shekara, wani inji cewa iya wuya a kira wani samfur mini-saukar ungulu, da aka ƙirƙira a Rasha. Its marubucin ya Mikhail Lomonosov, suka yanke shawarar su haifar da wata na'ura iya kiwon zuwa babban Heights thermometers da sauran kayan bukata domin meteorological bincike. An sani cewa akwai aka ma ya yi koyi da cewa gudanar daga spring inji, amma da gwaje-gwaje ba nasara. Duk abin da ya, ko da yake babu wani dalili a yi imani da cewa da farko ƙirƙira da helikofta M. Lomonosov ƙirƙira su da manufa na biya na amsawa karfin juyi a Rotary-reshe jirgin sama ne har yanzu amfani da aka dauke su a gane classic.

A farko a tsaye jirgin

A 1860 a Faransa da G. Ponton d'Amekur halitta jirgin sama aeronef, wanda ya biyu coaxial dunƙule da aka sanye take da wani tururi engine. Ya gwaje-gwaje ba nasara, da kuma mota bai iya yi a tsaye daga matsayin ta kirkiro fatan.

A halin da ake ciki canza tare da zuwan fetur injuna da cewa kasance mafiya ƙarfi kuma ku auna nauyi kasa da tururi. Satumba 29, 1907 bakuncin farko taba tsaye jirgin. Yana sanya unmanned Gyroplane, gina ta Louis kuma Jacques Breguet da msar tambayar goyon bayan Farfesa S. aukaka. Ya dade kasa da minti daya. The inji ya iya samun kashe ƙasa ne kawai 50 cm. Duk da nasara, mafi masana yi imani da cewa amsar tambayar da suka qirqiro da helikofta, ba za ka iya kiran sunayen halittawa Gyroplane, kamar yadda ya gudu aka ba sarrafawa, da naúrar kanta a kan lokaci dawo da shi ne a kan leash.

A farko manned jirgin

A 1907, Faransa Paul Cornu ne farkon wanda ya? Ir? Ira da helikofta, wanda ya ɗaga ta mahaliccin a cikin iska. The inji shi ne a cikin jirgin ne kawai 2 seconds da kai a tsawo na 50 cm. A wannan yanayin, Cornu kokarin sarrafa na'ura, amma ba zai iya ce cewa ya yi nasara.

A m tarihi na sabuwar dabara na da helikofta

Domin shekaru da dama, designers, da injiniyoyi sun ba su iya warware matsalar da manajan wannan jirgin sama. A juyo zo a cikin 1911 lokacin da B. N. Yurev shi ne wanda ya? Ir? Ira da helikofta mai wutsiya na'ura mai juyi. A karshen dabarar da aka yi amfani da shiri na jirgin sama zuwa wannan rana.

A 1922, Farfesa G. Botezat cewa bayan juyin juya hali, ya yi hijira daga Rasha zuwa Amurka, gina ta domin na US Army farko barga sarrafawa helikofta a duniya. Duk da haka, tanã fita a iska a wata tsawo na 5 m, shi zai iya zama 'yan mintuna a cikin iska.

Ci gaba a fagen helikofta

da dama records ga duration da iyaka da aka tsĩrar a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Daga cikin su akwai:

• Record Argentine Raul Paterasa Pescara, ta rinjãya a saukar ungulu na nasu zane nesa na 736 m.
• mafi tsawo a wannan lokaci (1924) da jirgin duration na 7 da minti da kuma 40 seconds, wani m Bafaranshe E. Emishenom.
• rikodin Italian helikofta D'Ascanio, ta rinjãya a nesa na kan 1 km a 1930.
• rikodin gudun (100 km / h) saita a 1935 godu jirgin sama Gyroplane.

Suka qirqiro na farko helikofta a duniya?

An yi imani da cewa amsar wannan tambaya ya kamata a kira da sunan masanin kimiyya da kuma jirgin sama zanen Igorya Ivanovicha Sikorskogo. Long kafin da sabuwar dabara na da babban halittar - duniya na farko samar da helikofta - ya halitta mafi m a lokacin 4-engine jirgin sama "Rasha Vityaz". Bugu da kari, ya kuma nasa ne da primacy na batun na zane na transatlantic seaplanes.

A 1931. Sikorsky tashi inji jadadda mallaka zane, da zane na wanda shi ne da gaske ba yawa daban-daban daga wani helikofta model amfani a yau. A takaice, ya nuna yin amfani da propeller 2: babban - a kan rufin kuma goyon baya - a kan wutsiya.

A farko gwaji helikofta Sikorsky - VS-300, sarrafawa da kansa, ya ɗauki a cikin sama a 1939. Yana kunshi wani manyan diamita karfe bututu tare da bude Matuka jirgin ga matukin jirgi. An jirgin sama ya damar 65 lita. wani. kuma shi aka powered Lycoming, 3-juyawa babban na'ura mai juyi ruwa.

Bugu da ari ci gaba Sikorski

A tsakiyar bazara na 1941 da jirgin sama sanya gabatar da farko amphibious helikofta a duniya to taso kan ruwa da shasi, wanda shi ne wani canji na riga sanannun a lokacin da jirgin sama VS-300. Jirage masu saukar ungulu da ya tashi daga surface na ruwa da kuma ya sauka lafiya a ƙasar. A manufa dade 1 hour 35 minutes, da kuma gudun kai 100 km awa.

Daga bisani, da jirgin sama zanen Ya halitta 18-daban na jiragen sama, wanda suka salla-samar. Bugu da kari, su da aka tsara injin turbin model, amphibious da retractable saukowa kaya, kazalika da ake kira yawo cranes. Jirage masu saukar ungulu, halitta da Sikorsky, suka transatlantic da transpacific flights tare da MOTA KE SHAN MAI a cikin iska. EGI inji amfani da dama dalilai. Ya aiki kafin suyi ritaya Sikorski ya kammala halittar S-58 helikofta, an dauki mafi kyau saukar ungulu na 1st tsara.

Yanzu ka san me ya sa aka zaci cewa, Igor Sikorsky ƙirƙira na farko saukar ungulu. Wannan ba ya detract daga isa yabo na sauran injiniyoyi da kuma zanen kaya suka kallafad da shekaru masu yawa na rayuwarsa a cikin halitta, ya kuma kyautata na rotorcraft.