Louis XVI: taƙaitaccen biography, yara

Korol Lyudovik XVI aka haife shi a Palace na Versailles Agusta 23, 1754. Ya kuma samu title of Duke na Berry. Mahaifinsa shi ne Dauphin (magaji prsetola) Louis Ferdinand, wanda, bi da bi, ya dan Faransa King Louis XV.

yara

Kamar yadda wani yaro, yaron ya na biyu na da yara bakwai. Da mazan ɗan'uwansa kuwa wani takwara, wanda ya mutu yana da shekaru 9 a 1761. Duk da yake Lyudovik Ros a cikin inuwa, da iyaye bai lura da shi. Ya kasance m farauta, wanda sau da yawa ya tafi zuwa ga mulki kakan. Da zarar a 1765 daga tarin fuka, ya mutu daga mahaifinsa, da dauphin da take wuce zuwa 11-yaro mai shekara. Fara ta gaggawa horo a shirya a kan kursiyin, da ya gada daga kakansa ne yanzu.

magaji

A 1770, nan gaba Louis XVI, wanda ya shekara 15, aure to Marie Antoinette. Ta kasance mai dan uwan na Dauphin a cikin uwa tasa ta gefe, da kuma 'yar Mai Tsarki Roman Empire na Sarkin sarakuna Franz I. A Faransa jama'a ya mayar da martani tare da rashin jituwa da aure, kamar yadda kwanan nan kasar ya riga ya shiga wani ƙawance da Austria daular mulkinsu da kuma sha wahala mai wulãkantarwa shan kashi a shekara bakwai' War (1756 - 1763). Sa'an nan, da yawa mazauna aka rasa a North America, da UK simintin. Lashe ma'aurata na dogon lokaci zai ba da zũriyarsu da su, saboda wanda ko da a Faransa akwai harbin wasu 'yan takardu da shafi kiwon lafiya theme Louis. Duk da haka, daga 1778 zuwa 1786 da aka haife 4 yara (2 maza kuma 2 'ya'ya mata).

A ƙaramin magaji, ta yanayi sosai daban-daban daga m kakan. Yaron ya m, shiru, suna fadin, kuma bai dace a cikin sa'an nan fādar sarki.

garambawul

A 1774, Louis XV mutu, kuma gadon sarautar sabon Sarkin da aka gina - Louis XVI. Monarch tausaya tare da ra'ayoyi da haske, saboda abin da nan da nan ya sallami da dama ga zama abin ƙyãma ministoci da shawara na karshe sarautar, wanda rarrabe reactionary. A musamman, daga kotun da aka excommunicated Madame du Barry, da Chancellor, da sauransu. E. A farkon sake fasalin nufin kin amincewa da feudalism, aka rage muhimmanci a cikin gidan sarauta Tawagar ta halin kaka. Duk wadannan canje-canje sun yi wani request na Faransa jama'a, wanda ya so ya yancin walwala da kuma kawo karshen mamayar da hukumomi.

Babbar martani samu canji a cikin filin na kudi. Comptroller Janar a cikin wannan girmamawa da aka nada Turgot, wanda da tabbaci hade da sauye-sauye a nan gaba. Ya samarwa redistribute haraji, kara haraji da hakan da kyau-kashe segments na al'umma. ciki kwastan posts cewa sata yan kasuwa, ya hallaka kenkenewa aka soke. Sayar da burodi da aka free, wanda aka musamman yuwuwa da wanzuwar baƙauye aji cewa yana da akalla wajen rayuwa. A 1774, na gida majalisun dokoki, wanda ya yi ayyuka na shari'a da kuma predstvitelnyh gawarwakin da aka gano.

Conservative juriya

Daga cikin na kowa mutane, duk wadannan ra'ayoyi gane farincikin. Amma babba strata na Faransa al'umma tsayayya da sababbin abubuwa qaddamar da Korol Lyudovik XVI. The nobility da kuma limaman ba ya so ya rasa nasu gata. Akwai bukatun don zaɓar matsayi na Turgot, wanda shi ne babban wahayi zuwa ga canji. Louis XVI bambanta bai tabbata yanayi da, sabili da haka, rasa ga nobility. Turgot aka sallame, da kuma a finance fara rashin tsari. The sabbin ministoci da kuma manajoji iya yin wani abu da wani fadada rami a cikin kasafin kudin, amma kawai dauki sabon rance daga masu ba da bashi. Bashin da aka hade da wani karu a samun kudin shiga da haraji kudaden shiga. Bugu da kari cinikayya a kasar ba zai je zuwa wani sabon waƙa a lokaci daya, wanda shi ne dalilin da ya sa tattalin arziki da rikicin a cikin birane, ciki har da alaka da rashin abinci.

jayayya

Da wannan bango, a cikin 80th shekaru na Louis XVI, kuma Mariya Antuanetta aka ƙoƙarin rawar daji a canza Faransa al'umma. Mun fara da farko bayyanuwar counter-gyare-gyare da nufin smoothing da m canji bar bayan Turgot.

posts na shugabanni da alƙalai aka sake rufe ta uku Estate. Iyayengiji koma zuwa wani wuri inda suka biya ƙananan haraji. Duk wannan ya sa tashin a cikin al'umma. Sun m tare da dukan dattawan da rashin tabbas na sarki, da jama'a na da wuya tattalin arziki halin da ake ciki, da kuma manoma, daga abin da ya fara da sake fasalin da aka rage.

A wannan lokacin, Faransa na da hannu a cikin War of Independence, wanda fãta shimfiɗaɗɗa a Arewacin Amirka. M mazauna samu goyon bayan da ya bayar Louis XVI. The aiki wajen raunana UK ake bukata don yin a kan wannan gefe da yunkuri. Ya quite sabon abu ga cikakkar wadanada, daya daga wanda shi har yanzu Louis XVI. Taqaitaccen Tarihin Sarkin ya ce manufofin da sarki ya sa rashin biyan bukata tare da "abokan aiki" - da Austria shugabanni, Rasha da kuma sauransu ..

A daidai wannan lokaci da yawa Faransa jami'an, wasu yãƙi a Amurka, koma gida mutane daban-daban. Sun kasance sũ ne dan hanya zuwa ga haihuwa domin na mahaifarsa, inda feudalism har yanzu nasara. A kan teku, suka ji cewa irin wannan 'yanci. Mafi shahara jami'in na wannan Layer ya Zhilber Lafayet.

rikicin kudi

The biyu da rabi na 80s aka alama ta wani sabon kudi kalubale a fadin jihar. Half-matakan dauka da sarki da ministoci, ya ƙarancin cancantar saboda ta ineffectiveness. New awo da aka babban taron na majalisar, abin da ya kamata an gabatar da wani sabon salon haraji. Yana da aka qaddamar da Louis XVI. Hotuna da hotuna da siffarta nuna mana smartly ado monarch, yayin da a jihar cikakke rikicin. Hakika, wannan customizable yawa da sarki. Majalisar ki gabatar da sabon haraji, bayan da aka tarwatsa, da kuma wasu daga cikin Membobinta da aka kama. Wannan ya fusatar da kusan kowa da kowa a kasar. Kamar yadda wani sassaucin ra'ayi, aka yanke shawarar kira da Amurka-Janar.

Amurka-Janar

A farko da haɗuwa da sabon wakilin jiki ya faru a 1789. Ciki shi kasance da dama kishiya kungiyoyin dake wakiltar daban-daban na zamantakewa strata. A musamman, ta Uku Estate ayyana kanta majalisar dokoki da kuma gayyatar da tsada da kuma limaman ya shiga cikin sabon bangaren. Yana an yi yunkurin ikon da monarch, wanda yana dauke da Allah ya bayar. Take hakkin kullum yarda da hadisai cewa wanzu a cikin mulkinsa har mutane da yawa ƙarni, nufi da cewa majalisar dokokin kasar ta wurin sa kansa a matsayin da murya na mutane.

Tun lokacin da na uku Estate da ke da rinjaye a cikin States-Janar, shi katange sarki littafai a maido da tsohon tsari. Wannan na nufi cewa yanzu Louis fuskanci wani zabi: to tilas soke da Amurka Janar, ko ya sallama ga yanke shawara. Monarch ya sake nuna da marmarin yin sulhu akai, kuma ya shawarci malamai da kuma nobility ya shiga cikin hadin gwiwa. Ya zama wani tsarin mulki m.

tawaye

Wannan al'amarin ya fusatar da ra'ayin mazan jiya abubuwa na Faransa al'umma, wanda ya ci gaba da zama manyan da kuma iko. Saba Louis saurari da shugabannai da kuma manya, wanda ya bukaci a shigar da Paris sojojin da murabus na initiators na m sake fasalin. Wannan ya yi.

Bayan haka, mazauna Paris bayyane prekratilii ku yi ɗã'a ga sarki, kuma suka kangare. Yuli 14, 1789 aka kama da Bastille - a kurkuku da kuma wata alama ce absolutism. wasu jami'ai da kuma shugabannin da aka kashe. A mafi tsanani yanayi ya fara da nunawa raka'a na National Guard, wanda bauta kare da nasarar juyin juya halin. Wani sabon barazana, Louis ya koma a kan asasshe ta janye sojojinta daga birnin Paris da kuma zo da National Council.

A shugaban juyin juya halin Musulunci

Bayan da babban rabo daga cikin juyin juya halin fara m sake fasalin. A farko da aka halaka ta da mulkin gargajiya tsarin, wanda ya wanzu a Faransa tun tsakiyar zamanai. A lokaci guda a duk wata Sarki ya rasa ta da tasiri a kan abin da ke faruwa a kusa da. Ikon swam daga hannunsa. All jama'a cibiyoyin da aka gurgunta a cikin babban birnin kasar da kuma a cikin larduna. Daya sakamako na wannan canji da aka bacewar abinci daga Paris. Black, da suke zaune a cikin birnin, a wani fushi kokarin kewaye da castle na Versailles, wanda shi ne mazaunar Louis.

'Yan tawayen sun bukaci da cewa sarki, saboda haka ya koma zuwa Paris daga unguwannin bayan gari. A babban birnin kasar, da monarch ya zama zahiri shine garkuwa da su na yunkuri. A hankali su da'irar magoya bayan girma jamhuriyar.

A sarauta iyali, kuma, aka dami. Louis XVI, da yara na monarch da ayarinsa dukan more dogara a kan Marii Antuanetty, wanda aka karfi da adawa da juyin juya-hali. Ta bukaci mijinta ga neman taimako daga waje shugabanninmu waɗanda suka yi aka kuma tsoron bambamce sha musantawa free-gabascin a Faransa.

sarki QShortcut

Saboda gaskiya cewa Sarkin ya zauna a cikin Paris, juyin juya halin Musulunci mataki samu doka connotation. A Versailles, mun yanke shawarar tserewa daga Louis XVI. Ya so ya tsaya a kai na anti-neman sauyi sojojin, ko zama a kasashen waje, inda ya za a iya jarabce su kai mai aminci sojoji. A 1791, dukan sarauta iyali incognito bar Paris, amma aka gano da kuma kama a Varennes.

Don ajiye wani rai, Louis ce cewa cikakken goyon bayan da m canje-canje a kasar nan. A wannan lokaci Faransa riga da ake shirya don bude rikici da Turai monarchies, wanda ya ji tsõron wani ƙoƙari a kan tsohon domin a nahiyar. A 1792, Louis, shi ne ainihin kan wani foda keg, ayyana yaki kan Austria.

Duk da haka, da yaƙi tun daga farko ya tafi daidai ba. Austria ɓangare na mamaye Faransa, kuma shi ne ba da nisa daga Paris. A birnin fara rashin tsari, da kuma sabon yan tawayen kama fādar sarki. Louis da iyalinsa suna aika zuwa kurkuku. Satumba 21, 1792 ya aka hukumance kwace masa sarauta da take da zama da talakawa jama'a da sunan Capet. Da farko Jamhuriyar aka zayyana a Faransa.

Fitina da kuma kisa

A precarious matsayi na fursuna karshe an gurgunta lokacin da tsohon castle asiri hadari dauke da sirri haruffa da kuma takardun da aka samu. Yana ta bayyana cewa sarauta iyali ya m da juyin juya halin Musulunci, musamman, ya nemi taimako daga kasashen waje shugabanni. A wannan lokaci, da radicals aka kawai jiran wani uzuri ga rabu da Louis.

Saboda haka, da fitina da kuma tambaya a Convention. Tsohon sarki ya aka tuhuma da guje tsaron kasa. A al'ada yanke shawarar cewa mai tsaro ya cancanci mutuwa. A kisa na Louis XVI da aka gudanar 21 ga watan Janairu, 1793. Lokacin da ya bayyana a kan scaffold, ya karshe kalmomi da aka tambaya na da rabo daga cikin balaguro, Jean-Fransua De La Perouse. Marie Antoinette aka fille kansa a 'yan watanni baya, a watan Oktoba.

Kisa da sarki ya kai ga gaskiya cewa Turai wadanada karshe sõyayya a kan Jamhuriyar. A labarai na mutuwa na Louis sa ad yaki Ingila, Spain da Netherlands. A kadan daga baya Rasha shiga cikin hadin gwiwa.