A jirgin sama "Maxim Gorky" (Ant-20): Bayani dalla-dalla

An sani cewa Soviet farfaganda vosmimotorny fasinja jirgin sama "Maxim Gorky" - Ant-20 - dauke da most jirgin sama na zamaninsa, ƙasar-dakunan shasi. Yana da aka gina a birnin Voronezh a wani jirgin sama ma'aikata.

halittar

Bari mu bincika yadda kyau tsara jirgin sama "Maxim Gorky". A 1932, a watan Oktoba, shi alama da 40th ranar tunawa da Maksima Gorkogo rubuce-rubuce yi. 'Yan jarida da marubuta, jagorancin Mikhail Koltsov kasance, a wannan m taron. Cewa wannan rana, sai suka yanke shawarar gina agitsamolot, ya sa mata suna girmama na almara marubuci - "Maxim Gorky". Domin gina wannan makaman da aka kafa All-Union kwamitin, da dukan ƙasar fara tattara kudi domin gina. A wani gajeren lokaci da mutane gudanar da tattara fiye da miliyan shida rubles.

Wãne ne ya kirkiro da jirgin sama "Maxim Gorky"? Kwamitin a cikin abun da ke ciki shirya Technical Council, wanda shugaban da aka nada shugaba TSAPI Kharlamov. Wannan ya aka sanya don ƙayyade nan gaba fuskar baƙin ƙarfe tsuntsaye da kuma haifar da da fasaha yanayi a kan tushen da ta asali dalilai.

A ci gaba da fasaha da Majalisar na cibiyoyin hannu: TSAPI, CIAM, bincike da kuma kimiyya institute na Air Force, da bugu masana'antu, Kinofotoinstitut, da yawa zanen kaya da kuma injiniyoyi: VM Petlyakov, N. Nekrasov, A. Saukke (gubar m), AA . Engibaryan (kayan aiki), A. A. Arhangelsky, VN Belyaev (karfin lissafi), B. M. Kondorsky (total jinsunan), Karna Maiya Pogossky da sauransu. A aikin da aka karkashin jagorancin AN kirar Tupolev.

A jirgin sama "Maxim Gorky" halitta a manyan yawan kungiyoyi. Na duba cikin ginin da ya wuce da oda a kan wani iri-iri na kayan aiki da kuma yi kwamitin (shugaban AN Goryanov), ta shirya tare da kwamitin. A shekara ta 1933, Maris 10 , wannan hukumar ya shiga wata yarjejeniya tare da TSAPI gina jirgin sama Ant-20.

An sani cewa zanen AN kirar Tupolev a 1933 nasarar kaddamar da tarin fuka-3 nutse m a cikin serial samar. Wannan ya aka tsunduma a cikin m zane na da ban sha'awa colossus - wani sarari suKe gagarumin. Bugu da ari, masana sun ɓullo da wani na farko na kudirin fasinja model tarin fuka-4 m kira da tururuwa-20.

Na ra'ayi zane na sabuwar abubuwa da aka sake nazari a watan Afrilu 1933, azurta yiwuwar ta yin amfani da matsayin farfaganda abin hawa m, wanda za a iya tura karin da fasinjoji. A jirgin sama "Maxim Gorky" gudanar da ayyuka na mobile hedkwatar for saman soji da siyasa Tsarin kasar.

na'urar

Ant-20 tarin fuka-4 (Ant-16) bambanta kawai a girman da ya gagara a dangi na 1500 kg manyan, shi za a iya sarrafa da kananan Airfield. Domin samun kashe ƙasa, ya yi dauki cikin hanzari daga nesa na 300-400 m (a tarin fuka-4 - 800 m).

Saboda wannan dalili, masana sun tsara wani sabon reshe, wanda ya hakan elongation da kuma yankin fiye da da reshe na tarin fuka-4. Kusan duk da surface sanya daga corrugated.

A jirgin sama "Maxim Gorky" da aka sanye take da wani iko shuka, wanda ya takwas injuna M-34FRN, kowane 900 lita. wani. (Total damar 7200 l. C.). Shida jirgin sama injuna kasance a kan fuka-fuki, biyu - a kan fuselage a jummai naúrar. giant sukurori aka yi da itace da kuma ya diamita na 4 m. Asalinsu shi aka shirya don shigar shida engine, amma gano cewa, su iya aiki ne ba su isa ba.

A jirgin sama "Maxim Gorky" ciki mai girma! A fannin ta ciki ya 100 sq. m.: su iya saukar da game da saba'in da fasinjoji. A fuka-fuki sun tsaga-matakin gado ga sauran. A jirgin sama da aka sanye take da wani tsãni ne wanda, nadawa, juya a cikin wani bangare na kasa.

Domin da farko lokacin da wani m jirgin sama masana sun yi amfani da waya kula da tsarin. Kewayawa da piloting kaya Ant-20 damar ta yin amfani da lokacin da rana kuma da dare. Yana kuma iya sa Tashoshi a unprepared ƙasa.

Af, da tururuwa-20 kuma sanye take da wani autopilot masana. A kan jirgin housed wani iri-iri na yakin neman kayan aikin, ciki har da fim majigi, mai iko radio "Voice daga sama", bugu, masu watsa rediyo, photo Lab, a library, kuma haka a. Sabon abu sanye take iska mail.

Aircraft "Maksim Gorky" (Ant-20) sanye take da lantarki wadata tsarin da AC 120 V, 50 Hz. Wannan bidi'a da aka amfani da farko (da yiwu a duniya) a cikin gida yi. Jirgin tashar ta kunshi biyu fetur injuna (kowane yana da wani rated gudun 3000 Rev / min) da hudu janareto (biyu janareto kwashe alternating halin yanzu ikon 5.5 kW da kuma 3, biyu janareto da m ƙarfin lantarki 27 V da damar 3 kW 5.8 kW).

Idan da ake bukata, da jirgin sama za a iya disassembled da kuma hawa da reluwe.

flights

Yarda, da mafi kyau masana wajen samar da jirgin sama "Maxim Gorky". The na'urar da ta zane ne mai ban mamaki! Its halitta ya fara ne a shekara ta 1933, 4 Yuli, da kuma a 1934, a ranar 3 Afrilu, da samfurin da aka fitar dashi da Airfield. Bugu da ƙari kuma, a ranar 24 ga Afrilu, shi ya ɗauki na musamman hukumar. A karo na farko a kan shi ya sa wani jirgin gwajin matukin M. M. Gromov Yuli 17, a cikin wannan shekara. Jirgin dade 35 minutes.

Jirgin sama a karo na biyu jirgin ya tafi bayan kwana biyu ya tashi a kan Red Square a lokacin Chelyuskinites taron. Su rako jirgin sama biyu mayakan na-5.

A wannan 1934 N. S. Zhurovu kuma M. M. Gromovu a kan wannan na'ura zai iya yin biyu unprecedented nasarori: su tãyar da kaya yin la'akari goma da goma sha biyar ton zuwa tsawo na dubu biyar mita! An sani cewa har ma da Antuan De Saint-Exupery, biya ziyarar da Tarayyar Soviet, ya tashi a kan shi!

bala'i

A jirgin sama "Maxim Gorky" halaye da aka kwazazzabo, amma rayuwarsa dade kawai a kan wani shekara. A 1935, da May 18 zanga-zanga jirgin da aka gudanar a birnin Moscow Tsakiya Airport, bayan wanda aka shirya don canja wurin da tururuwa-20 agiteskadrile su. Gorky. Aviator agiteskadrili I. V. Miheevu shige mota matukin N. S. Zhurov. Yana da aka yarda ka tashi a kan shi, kuma da 'yan uwa na Ant-20 halittawa.

Kullum, "Maxim Gorky" jirgin sama ya kirkiro ya sosai alfahari da brainchild. A tallafi dogo tsuntsu outfitted biyu jirgin sama: biyu F-5 (matukin sarrafa mota Rybushkin) da kuma jirgin saman soja-5 (gwajin gudu inji N. P. Blagin). Tace da yin fim kwashe Schekutev sadarwarka don P-5.

Shin ka taba gani wani jirgin sama "Maxim Gorky"? Description, photos na wannan ban mamaki na baƙin ƙarfe tsuntsu za a iya samu a cikin kimiyya da littattafai daga waɗanda sau! Amma mu ci gaba da labarin da ke ƙasa. An sani cewa N. P. Blagin ya yi wani musamman aiki a kan wani shirin na shirin gaskiya fim masu yi, dole ne ya tashi a lokacin da yin fim game da tururuwa-20, don haka masu kallo zai iya ganin bambanci a cikin size.

Ups giant aka bayyana a sama aerodrome fadi da kewayon. Amma bisa ga abke, jirgin samu m form Blagin yi a kan wani jirgin saman soja mãsu kyautatãwa dabaru zama haka a kananan nesa daga Ant-20. Domin da wutsiya, "Maksima Gorkogo" Blagin ya aiko da mota a wani gajeren ganiya, abruptly ja da iko itace (ya yi nufin bayyana a kusa da giant "matattu madauki"). Bayan kai da saman jirgin saman soja dogara da hana kudi fāɗi a da kwarjini da taƙama Flying a ƙasa Ant-20.

Shi ne mai ban mamaki jirgin sama - "Maxim Gorky"! zane don ƙirƙirar mafi kyau kwararru. Kuma Blagina jirgin sama gudu zuwa ga tsakiyar ya engine da kuma buga shi fita da daya buga. Ya m da kuma fadi da kuma makale a cikin na'ura Blagina bayyana ragged rami reshe. Wannan mummunan ramming jirgin sama na tsira.

Zai yiwu Mikheev da Zhurov iya dasa shi, idan na-5 ba zai fada kashe da wutsiya, wanda buga wani biyu, yanzu wani mummunan duka da "Maksimu Gorkomu" ya buga wa controls.

Da kwarjini da taƙama tsuntsu ya fāɗi a kan reshe, ya birkice kuma fara karya up a cikin sama. tsawa wani m fashewa, da kuma tururuwa-20 ¡uraishi a kan hutu farmstead Falcon a kamar wata seconds. Wannan jirgin ya yi sanadiyar rayukan 49 mutane, ciki har da Blagina, 11 ma'aikatan jirgin da kuma 37 fasinjoji jiragen - TSAPI ma'aikata da iyalansu, ciki har da 'ya'ya shida. Yin fim da wannan bala'i ya bace (da yawa zaton cewa shi aka classified tare da hali).

Kabarin

Jana'izar wadanda ke fama da hadarin jirgin sama da ya faru a Novodevichy hurumi. A karshe tafiya rako da matattu mambobi ne na gwamnati, tsakanin wanda shi ne na farko sakataren MC da CIM CPSU (b) N. S. Hruschov da shugaban na Moscow Soviet N. A. Bulganin. A jikin matattu cremated akwatin jefa kuri'a binne shi a sashe na uku na columbarium a cikin tsufa ɓangare na hurumi. Yau, da tunawa da aka lashe tare da m Bas-taimako fado giant sanya daga dutse.

A Sanadin da bala'i

Kowane mutum na gaske son wannan jirgin sama "Maxim Gorky". Description ba shi wasu dakin da kuma tunani murna da tunanin! Soviet na aikin tura duk da laifi aza a kan Blagina, waɗanda suka warware horo da kuma yin aerobatics, ne dalilin da bala'i.

Wani, gaba daya dama version ne cewa Blagin gangan rammed da tururuwa-20. A Yaren mutanen Poland jaridar "Sword" a shekarar 1935 Satumba 12 da aka buga wata wasika sanya hannu da Blagin, a cikin abin da abun ciki na roko aka dõmin sũkã a cikin kwaminisanci tsarin mulki. Daga baya kuma ya bayyana a cikin Paris jarida na Rasha baƙi "Revival". Yau furuci da cewa wasika wani jabu.

Blagin binne kusa da sauran wadanda ke fama da bala'i. 'Yarsa da kuma bazawara taimake: sai suka zauna a wani sabon Apartment, m su koyi' yar zuwa wani sabon makaranta. 'Yata, bazawara, kuma daya daga cikin iyaye Blagina nan da nan nada tsira na fensho. Iyalinsa aka kewaye da kula da kuma hankali na gida shugabannin jam'iyya. Babu shakka, version of m niyyar ya ƙarancin cancantar.

Unenviable rabo jirgin sama "Maxim Gorky". Zane har yanzu kiyaye su a cikin archives. Muna ci gaba da kara gano da bala'i na cewa lokaci. Saboda haka, a sama facts ba dalili magana game da wani uku, mafi m version: da yawa suka gaskata cewa Blagin umurce su da su yi bai dace dabaru, a cikin iska. A sakamakon haka, ya fadi a cikin wani "tailspin" saboda low gudun. Kafin wannan taron, Stalin gabatar da wani waje newsreel, wanda dauke da fim na iska dabaru, rare a wadannan shekaru. A sakamakon haka shi da ra'ayin da aikata irin wannan danyen aiki shafe jirgin sama "Maxim Gorky".

NKVD gudanar da bincike, wanda ƙaddara cewa a rabin awa daya kafin jirgin tare da matukan jirgin suka halarci a cikin jirgin tare da jirgin sama giant, ya gana da ma'aikatan horo da kuma soja film studio fina-finan V. G. Ryazhsky kuma A. A. Pullin. Su ne mai sha'awar da jirgin sama giant Ant-20. Photo ( "Maxim Gorky" ya gaske mai girma), shi ya sa wata babbar alama a kan su, su so abin mamaki. Izni m Air Force shugabanci a yarda musu su nace a kan wani canji a cikin jirgin labari. A sakamakon haka, matukan jirgin, ba tare da daidaituwa tare da shugaban jirgin da kuma shugabanninsu, ya yarda. Documentary filmmaker runtumi makasudin yin fim da m stunts kusa da "Maksima Gorkogo" for farfaganda aiki. Ryazhskiy Pullin kuma bayan da bala'i suka baya sanduna.

Ant-20 bis

A gaskiya, za mu dubi jirgin sama "Maxim Gorky". Wa? Ir? Ira shi, muna yanzu da aka sani. aka yanke shawarar kirkiro biyu kwafin ingantattun bayan ta auka. Jummai shafe, da kuma maimakon 34FRN takwas M-M-kafa shida 34FRNV capacitance 1000/1200 l. wani. Samar da sabon inji aka kammala a 1938, sai aka tsunduma sake M. M. Gromov ta fitina.

A 1940-1941, da shafi a karkashin sunan SS-124 (R-760) ya dauke da fasinjoji daga Moscow zuwa Mineralnye Vody ta hanyar Kharkov, kuma Rostov-on-Don. Lokacin da yaki fara, an yi amfani da matsayin kaya m, a raya. Ya fadi a 1942 a kan Disamba 14 a 60 km daga Uzbekistan a lokacin saukowa, da ya faru 272 hours.

Zahiri shi aka shirya don ƙirƙirar 18 more jirgin sama Ant-20 bis, duk da haka ba, ba ya kuma da tururuwa-20 zuwa taro samar da aka ba izini. Hakika, masana sun ɓullo da ayyukan more fi girma inji Ant-26 da kuma tururuwa-28, amma shi tsaya aiki a 1936.

imbroglio

Saboda haka abin da ya faru a kan cewa nan a ranar a shekarar 1935? Bari mu magana game da hadarin jirgin sama na musamman da ya faru a kan May 18. Abu na farko da mu haskaka da m m kowa na kwanan: 1896 May 18 (. Art style) daidai da shekaru 39 da suka wuce, a kan rana ta sa kambi Nicholas II, a kan Khodynka filin a mummunan murkushe na unpretentious sarauta Goodies mutilated akwai game da 1,300 mutane da kuma matsayin mai yawa kuma ya rasu.

TASS sanar da cikakkun bayanai na bala'i: kamar, da gaske, game da hamsin na wani barrantacce da mutane, da kuma shida da yara, ciki har da, hasãra Pilot scorcher. Duk da haka, abin dogara da amsoshin da m tambayoyi alaka da rushewar da shafi, akwai wannan rana. Quite kwanan nan, takardun daga archives na KGB declassified, kuma su ne ma fi rude yanayi na harka.

Mun riga san cewa da zane da kuma gina jirgin da aka sanya wa OKB A. N. Tupoleva TsAGI: abu da za a gina ta May 1, 1934. A jirgin sama "Maxim Gorky" da aka za'ayi a cikin wani musamman ta'aziyya: a fasinja compartments a kan windows sun rataye labule, alluna da aka sanye take da tebur fitilu, kujeru sun fili, da kasa da aka rufe kyãwãwa. A shafi ma yana da yawa barci bukkokin, ajiya sarari ga tattalinsu, da kaya daki, a library, ciye-ciye wutan lantarki da sanyi da kuma zafi snacks, toilets kuma sinks.

Kuma a karshe, wata katuwar inji ya tashi a cikin sama. Kuma a sa'an nan ya fara da mafi m. I-5 fara ƙirƙira Figures a kusa da tururuwa-20. Lokacin da ya yi aiki a matsayin mai biyu "matattu madauki", na yi karo da reshe na "Maksima Gorkogo". A duka ya m karfi. Ante-20 na farko tilted zuwa dama, da inertia tashi More 10-15 seconds sa'an nan ya koma zuwa ga tsaye nutse kuma tipped kan a kan ta mayar. A jirgin sama ya fadi a kan pines, rurrushe itãce, kuma daga karshe a warwatse a kan ƙasa. Wannan aka rubuta a rana daga baya na jaridar "Pravda» (lambar 137 1935 20 May).

Hakika, da yawan wadanda aka bai iyakance don tashi a wani jirgin sama. A tarkace warwatse tare da yankin kauyen artists "Sokol", fatattakar 'gidan lamba 4 a kan titi. Levitan kuma tareda žata a kan titi. Surikov gidan lambar 7 da 11. A nan, yawan mutuwar da aka ba a kayyade ba.

hatsari analysis bai samu ta gaskiya haddasawa. Amsar zuwa babban asiri - ya da shi da wani abu wanda ya umurci yin m stunts a kusa da tururuwa-20, ko da yake da shi na al'ada "iska barna" Blagina - taba samu. The "Gaskiya" a kan May 19-20 aka buga fim yin fim, amma su ba su docked tare da saƙon rubutu TASS. Tragedy kokarin da sauri a cikin gushewa, yayin da har shafe kusan shirye don su yi ijara da wani art film "Great fuka-fuki."

"Ganga" ko "madauki"?

Wajibi ne in jaddada cewa rashin lafiya-fated iska zamba a saƙonnin rubutu Tass ya kira "matattu madauki", da kuma a cikin labarin da ya matukin Rybushkin kira "ganga". Berry a memo adadi Blagina kuma ake kira "ganga", sa'an nan kuma wasu jirgin sama masana tarihi a bincikensa ya fara bayyana cewa Blagin yi "ganga" - domin Stalin iya ba da bayar da rahoton ba daidai ba! A sakamakon haka, da 'yan bincike na versions da kuma Sanadin da hadarin maimakon sanyata tattaunawa sosai sau da yawa maye gurbinsu m jidãli a kan batun: "ganga" ko "madauki"? Bisa ga tattaunawa na wasu masana, yana yiwuwa ya tsaya ga version cewa Blagin yi wani "madauki."

Za ka iya kawai ce abu daya: a osovnom aiki a NP Blagina yafi matsananci fiye da sanannen matukin V. P. Chkalova, sa wani jirgin karkashin Neva gadoji.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa na farko madauki kashe Blagin kayan ado cewa ya ce matukin jirgin a kan Hauwa'u na da yawa aiki a kan makirci, kuma jirgin hanya. Shi ba a san ko matukin jirgin da zanen sana'a ... Mun san cewa shi ne rayayye bisa ƙirƙira daban-daban abubuwa da kuma, babu shakka, ya daidai saba da aikin injiniya lissafin. Game da abin da ya faru a lokacin da kisa da biyu madauki, za mu iya kawai tsammani. Allah ya sani ko ya yi shi a cikin jerin (idan akai la'akari da Frames daban-daban harbi maki, ba shi yiwuwa a gane), ko ya tafi zuwa ga sabon m.

balanci zato

Bisa na sama bayani, kwararru da yawa bayar da shawarar da wadannan zaton:

1. Kyamara Angle P-5 a lokacin da kisa da madauki, da wuri da kuma m nisa daga jirgin sama (fuka-fuki a cikin firam ba gaba daya sa) ya nuna cewa shi ne pre-hadewa tsakanin hotuna da kuma matukan jirgin. Ba tare da wani shakka, a nan siffa wani abu wanda tunani da kisa da irin wannan binciken.
2. Ba za mu iya ce cewa da aka yi "iska hooliganism". Hakika, da zamba da aka kawo hadari (a farko m, sa'an nan - ba), amma mun kawai ganin cewa a nan keta jirgin aminci dokoki. Kullum, irin flights tare da fasinjoji a jirgin don gudanar da wani yin fim wani laifi.
3. A gaskiya source na bala'i bauta Blagina matukin kuskure, kuma ba har ma da methodical (na farko madauki ya daidai lasafta), amma kawai fasaha, wanda yana sanya shi a cikin wani karamin (kasa da kashi daya na biyu) bata lokaci ba, a lokacin faduwar rana a kan na biyu madauki.
4. Flight basira NP Blagina magana game da universalism da kwarewa - ya iya gasa da sosai M. M. Gromovym. A 1935 Blagin kawai watanni biyar tafo 26 hours da minti 11.

An sani cewa a lokacin da gudanar da bincike, duk wadanda ke da hannu a cikin m yin fim duk abin da hauhawar a kan Blagina. Duk da haka, da akwatin jefa kuri'a dauke da toka Blagina binne shi a bango na Novodevichy hurumi, tare da sauran wadanda ke fama da bala'i. A cikin kabari na gama hukumar aka rubuta cikin official version na mutuwa, wanda ya gaya wa Tass.

A marubuci Maxim Gorky, ta hanyar, ya sosai kau saboda mutuwa na "takwara". Amma, ta hanyar da manyan, domin gudanar da ayyukan da serial masana'antu na sufuri da fasinja a jirgin sama giant bala'i da wani sakamako.