A koyarwar juyin halitta. Its ci gaba daga na farko sau zuwa yanzu

Ka'idar juyin halitta - Naira Miliyan Xari da dukkan ra'ayoyin game da dokokin, da sunadaran da canje-canje faruwa a cikin kwayoyin halitta. A cewar shi, duk data kasance a cikin rãyuwar lokaci, da iri da kwayoyin sauko daga su m "dangi" by zaunanniya canji. An nazarin hanyar da akwai wani ci gaban da mutum kwayoyin (yanayin halitta na juya), ya yi nazarin ci gaban da jiwuwa kungiyoyin na kwayoyin (phylogeny) da kuma karbuwa.

Ka'idar juyin halitta yana da nasa tushen a cikin tsufa, inda naturalists, da masana falsafa da na zamanin d Girka da Roma (Aristotle, Democritus, Anaxagoras ...) ya bayyana su da zaton game da ci gaba da kuma canji na kwayoyin. Duk da haka, wadannan karshe da aka ba bisa ilmin kimiyya da kuma yana da hali zalla guesswork. A tsakiyar zamanai a cikin ci gaban wannan rukunan ya m. Wannan shi ne saboda dominance na ka'idodin addini da kuma scholasticism. Saboda haka, a cikin duniya Kirista na dogon lokaci ina aka manyan creationist ra'ayinsa. Duk da wannan, wasu malamai sun bayyana ra'ayinsu game da wanzuwar dodanni, kamar yadda evidenced da binciken sun burbushin.

A kan aiwatar da jari na gaskiya a cikin 18th karni, wani sabon Trend - transformism a cikin abin da muka yi karatu da canzawa daga jinsuna. Wakilai daga cikin koyarwar sun malamai kamar J. Byuffoni, E. Darwin, E. Geoffroy Saint-Ilervo. Su ka'idar juyin halitta a matsayin shaida ya biyu facts: wanzuwar tsaka-tsakin yanayi na interspecific kama da tsarin dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke da suke a rukuni guda. Duk da haka, babu wani daga wadannan Figures ba yi magana game da dalilan da canje-canje.

Shi ne kawai a 1809, da makamantansu akwai wani juyin rukunan Lamarck, wanda ya Yana nuna a cikin littafin "Falsafa na ilmin dabbobi". Ga tambaya daga cikin Sanadin canje-canje a cikin jinsunan da aka yi da farko tãyar da su. Ya yi imani da cewa saboda canza yanayi da kuma canza kanka iri. Haka kuma, ya shiga gradation, Ina nufin Rikidar ƙananan zuwa mafi girma. Wannan juyin ci gaba bisa Lamarck, muhimmi a duk rai da ya zo daga sha'awar kammala.

Kallo na halitta duniya ya kai shi ga biyu babban arziki da wanda ake nuna a cikin dokar "neuprazhneniya - motsa jiki." A cewar shi, da gawawwakin suna ci gaba kamar yadda aka yi amfani da, sa'an nan za "gādo m Properties", Ina nufin, m ãyõyi mika sauka daga tsara zuwa tsara, a nan gaba, ko su ci gaba da yake faruwa a, ko sun bace. Duk da haka, Lamarck ta aikin da aka ba yaba a duniyar kimiyya, ya ba tukuna wallafa wani littafin Darwin ta "A cikin Origin of Species." Ba a ta muhawara a cikin ni'imar juyin halitta, Mun sanya shi Popular. Duk da haka, da masanin kimiyyar ya mai taimako ga heritability na samu halaye. Duk da haka, akwai wani rikici kasance tsanani haka cewa duka da gudummawar da Tarurrukan na Lamarckism Lamarckism.

Kamar mai yawa na lokaci, bincike da masana halittu kai ga abin da ya bayyana a roba ka'idar juyin halitta. (SHE). Yana yana da wani bayyanannen ranar asalin da kuma wani mawallafin kuma shi ne na gama aikin na masana kimiyya. Duk da cewa da mawallafa da yawa bambancin ra'ayi, wasu daga cikin kayan abinci ne ba a cikin shakka: da na farko naúrar juyin halitta ne wakilta gida yawan. abu don juyin ci gaba ne recombination da kuma maye gurbi canzawa; da Babban dalilin ci gaban da adaptations ne zabin yanayi. tsaka tsaki ãyõyi ake kafa saboda kwayoyin gantali da kuma wasu sauran kayan abinci.

A halin yanzu, a mafi yawan masana kimiyya amfani da Kalmar "zamani ka'idar juyin halitta." Yana ba ya bukatar wani ra'ayi na ci gaba da kuma a lokaci guda ta babban rabo, shi ne cewa a cikin abin da canji saltatsionnye m da hankali.