A tsirin tundra da gandun daji tundra

A tsirin tundra da gandun daji tundra, halittarsa, hanyoyin da shuka kiwo, karbuwa ga rayuwa sun fi mayar dogara a kan siffofin da cewa faye hali wadannan zones.

Gwargwadon matsayi

Location tundra da dama a kan subarctic zones na Duniya. A cikin babban yankin Eurasia shi lullube tare da bakin tekun na Arctic Ocean a cikin dubban kilomita. A arewacin tekun na nahiyar Amurka ta Arewa da aka ma shagaltar da tundra. A tsawon na zone daga arewa zuwa kudu ne a kan talakawan game da kilomita 500. Bugu da kari, tundra bautar wasu tsibiran a kusa da Antarctica. A duwãtsu, inda ya bayyana high-tsawo zone, mai tsayi tundra suna kafa. Ba duk da ƙasa, inda a can ne a zone, shi da aka lasafta a kan total yanki na duniya. Shi ne game da miliyan 3 km2.

Tundra - a zone wanda aka located in kananan faci na tundra ciyayi da kuma ciyayi na taiga. Tundra lullube daga yamma zuwa gabas a kan kudu na tundra na Eurasia da kuma Arewacin Amirka. A tsawon na tsiri daga arewa zuwa kudu dabam a cikin kewayon daga 30 zuwa 400 kilomita. A kudancin kan iyakar su tundra jũya zuwa gandun daji zone.

Yanayin damina da shafi ci gaban da tsire-tsire

A sauyin yanayi na tundra da gandun daji tundra sashi ne sosai tsanani. Winter yana daga 6 zuwa 8 watanni na shekara. A wannan lokaci ne aka gudanar m snow cover, da iska zazzabi wani lokacin saukad da zuwa 50 digiri kasa sifili. A iyakacin duniya dare yana for game da watanni biyu. Kusan ba ya kwanta karfi sanyi iskõki, snow hadari.

Summer a tundra ne takaice da kuma sanyi. Frosts ne yiwu kuma hazo a cikin nau'i na snow. Duk da iyakacin duniya yini, da duniya ta surface ba sami babban adadin zafi kamar hasken rana ne low a kan sararin sama, da kuma aika da baya ga Duniya warwatse haskoki. Don tsira a irin wannan yanayi, tundra ciyayi dole ne daidaita.

Effect permafrost nau'in abun da ke ciki Ciyayi

A warmer watanni a yankin na tundra ƙasa thaws kawai zuwa zurfin babu fiye da 50 santimita. Next ne permafrost Layer. Wannan factor ne daya daga cikin mafi hukunci a sake ma su matsugunni da shuke-shuke a cikin tundra zone. Wannan factor rinjayar da bambancin.

Permafrost yana da wani gagarumin tasiri a kan ƙasa. Daskarewa da kuma thawing jinsunan take kaiwa zuwa da nakasawa. A sakamakon busa aiwatar bayyana irin surface siffar kamar yadda hillocks. Su tsawo ne ba fiye da biyu mita saman teku matakin, amma fitowan wadannan siffofin kuma zai shafi tundra ciyayi, ta yarjejeniya a kan wasu ƙasa.

Rinjayar da ƙasa a kan nau'in bambancin ciyayi

A tundra da gandun daji akwai wani babban ruwa-shigad da ƙasa. Shi ne musamman m lokacin da snowmelt. Ruwa ba zai iya shiga cikin zurfin saboda gaban permafrost. Its danshin ma yana da babban tsanani saboda wani low waje zazzabi. Domin wadannan dalilai, narke ruwa da kuma hazo tara a farfajiya, forming manyan da kananan Marshes.

High waterlogging, gaban permafrost, da na ruwan dare na low yanayin zafi impede da ya kwarara daga sinadaran da nazarin halittu tafiyar matakai a cikin ƙasa. Ya ƙunshi kadan humus, accumulates baƙin ƙarfe oxide. Tundra-gley kasa su dace da ci gaban da wasu jinsunan tsirrai kawai. Amma tundra ciyayi saba da irin wannan yanayi na rayuwa. A mutum wanda ya ziyarci wadannan sassa a cikin tsawon flowering, zama wani m alama shekaru masu zuwa - kyau sosai, kuma m flowering tundra!

A cikin gandun daji na halitta m ƙasar Layer ma malomoschen. A kasar gona ne matalauta a gina jiki, shi ne halin high acidity. Lokacin da namo na ƙasar a cikin ƙasa yin manyan adadin ma'adinai da takin gargajiya. Bi da yankunan gandun daji-tundra akwai wani mafi girma iri-iri iri ciyawa da bishiyoyi da shrubs.

iri

A tsirin tundra da gandun daji tundra sun fi mayar dogara a kan irin halitta yankunan. Su shimfidar ne kawai da farko duba ze zama monotonous.

Tussock da Bumpy tundra zauna da most ƙasa. A Marshes shuka Turf suranta hillocks da hummocks, wanda kai tushen da yawa jinsunan shuke-shuke. A musamman irin tundra - polygonal. Ga za ka iya duba da taimako siffofin a cikin irin manyan polygons, wanda ya kasu kashi depressions da sanyi fasa.

Akwai kuma sauran hanyoyin da rarrabuwa na irin halitta yankunan da tundra. Abin da ciyayi predominates a wannan yanki, kamar haka, kuma shi ne mai irin tundra. Alal misali, gansakuka-lichen tundra up yankunan rufe daban-daban na mosses da lichens. Akwai ma shrubby tundra, inda thickets iyakacin duniya Willow, Dwarf Pine, alder bushy.

shuke-shuke

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, tsirin tundra da gandun daji tundra ya daidaita da wa matsananci yanayin damina da subarctic sashi daga cikin Duniya. In ba haka ba ta rayuwa da kuma ci gaba da ba zai yiwu ba a nan.

Adaptability na shuke-shuke tundra da gandun daji tundra aka bayyana kamar haka. Mafi yawa daga cikin fauna ne Bishiyoyi masu dogon kwana. Annuals a takaice duration na bazara ba za su iya cika ta rayuwa sake zagayowar. Kawai karamin sashi na shuka da aka karbe ta tsaba. Ainihin hanyar da tsawanta rayuwa - vegetative.

Tundra shuke-shuke Stunting damar da su rike a lokacin tsananin iska. Wannan ma na taimaka wa masu rarrafe hali harbe da kuma su ikon intertwine da juna, forming wani irin taushi filõli. A cikin hunturu, duk da sassa na shuke-shuke suna rufe da dusar ƙanƙara. Wannan ceton su daga m frosts. Mai tundra da gandun daji shuka a cikin ganyayyaki da kakin shafi, wanda taimaka wa matsakaici da danshin danshi daga saman.

Tundra ciyayi, hotunan wasu iri wanda suke samuwa a cikin wata kasida da ya gabatar sanyi perennial ciyawa: sedge, rinjaye a Shefela da swamps, buttercup, auduga ciyawa, Dandelion, poppy tsaba. Girma daga Dwarf Birch itatuwa, na iyakacin duniya Willow, bushy alder. Wadannan nau'in bishiyoyi a cikin gandun daji na iya riga isa wani tsawo na mita uku da kuma more. Daga cikin shrubs ne tartsatsi blueberries, cloudberries, blueberries, cranberries. A mafi girma elevations acclimatized mosses da lichens, da yawa daga waxanda suke da babban feed view ga rai dabbobi a wadannan wurare.

Forest tundra da taiga

A tsirin tundra da taiga ne sosai daban-daban daga juna. Tundra ne miƙa mulki zone tsakanin su. A kan ƙasa na gandun daji-tundra tsakanin treeless tsibirin na sarari za a iya samu thickets na spruce, Birch, larch da sauran itatuwa.

gandun daji tundra sashi ne na musamman kamar yadda karkararta gana da tsirin tundra da taiga ciyayi cewa aka ƙara zama muhimmanci ga gabatarwa na kudu. Forest yankunan, kunsha na mutum jinsunan bishiyoyi da shrubs, da samar da mafi sharadi gwargwado ga ci gaban da herbaceous ciyayi. Godiya ga itatuwa da kuma shrubs an rage iska gudun, jinkiri mafi snow, wanda yake rufe da shuke-shuke, ceton su daga misãlin.

A binciken da ciyayi subarctic zone

A tsirin murfin da tundra da kurmin ya ba tukuna aka yi karatu a cike. -Din-din kimiyya bayanin irin jinsin girma a nan ya fara ne kawai a tsakiyar karni na karshe.

Don ci gaba da wannan aiki, kuma a yau akwai musamman balaguro. A cikin shakka daga wadannan masana kimiyya suna kuma kokarin tsayar da yadda ciyayi a kan tundra da gandun daji tundra shafi dabbobi da suke zaune a wadannan bangarori. Suna so amsoshin tambayoyi game da ko da canje-canje na shuka iri bambancin a yankunan kare ta gaban wasu iri dabbobi, yaushe yana daukan su cikakken warke cikin halakar da ciyayi. Duk da yake masu bincike samu ba amsoshin duk tambayoyin game da sikẽli yanayi a yankin na sub-Arctic sashi na duniya.

fauna Kariya

Nature tundra da gandun daji tundra ne sosai m. Mayar da ƙasa, da ciyayi bukatar fiye da dozin shekaru, da kuma a wasu lokuta, ƙarni.
Man ya dade da aka fahimci cewa yana da ciwon a yankunan da tasiri a kan yanayin da tundra da gandun daji tundra. Kokarin yi gyãra, to, mutane sun halitta mai yawan yanayi reserves, kasa Parks, game reserves. Suna located a kan ƙasa na Rasha da kuma sauran kasashe na duniya.