Abin da ake kira da jiki? Kwayoyin: Definition

Abin da ake kira da jiki, da kuma yadda shi ya bambanta daga wasu abubuwa a yanayi? A karkashin wannan ra'ayi fahimci rayuwa jiki, wanda yana da wani jam'i na daban-daban Properties. Sun bambanta da kwayoyin daga maras rai al'amari. Fassara daga Latin organismus nufin "sanar da siririn look," "shirya". A sosai sunan yakan haifar da wani tsarin da wani kwayoyin. Wannan bincike hulda tare da sanin halitta category. Rayayyun kwayoyin halitta suna dukar a su bambancin. Kamar yadda wasu mutane da suke kunshe a cikin abun da ke ciki na jinsi, kuma alƙarya. A wasu kalmomi - shi ne mai tsarin naúrar na wani misali na rai. Don gane da abin da ake kira da jiki, shi ya kamata a duba daga daban-daban al'amurran.

Janar rarrabuwa

Da kwayoyin as bayyana quite cikakken bayyana ta ainihi, kunshi Kwayoyin. Masana sun gano irin wannan vnesistematicheskie Categories abubuwa:

• celled.

• kwayar.

A wani raba rukuni na zama ruwan dare tsaka-tsaki therebetween category kamar yadda mazauna na unicellular kwayoyin. Su da rabo a general ji a cikin maras makaman nukiliya da kuma makaman nukiliya. Domin saukaka duk wadannan abubuwa an rarraba a fadin mahara kungiyoyin. Godiya ga wannan rabo cikin Categories na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta (ilmin halitta aji 6) an tarke su cikin wani m nazarin halittu tsarin rarrabuwa.

A ra'ayi cell

A definition of "kwayoyin" an inseparably nasaba da irin wannan nau'i-nau'i a matsayin cell. Shi ne ainihin naúrar na rayuwa. Wannan cell ne real m na duk kaddarorin da wani rai gabar. A yanayi ne kawai ƙwayoyin cuta wadda ne da ba-salon salula tsari, ba su da su a cikin tsarin. Wannan asali guda ɗaya na rayuwa da kuma tsarin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta mallaki totality daga cikin dũkiyarsu da kuma inji na metabolism. Cell ne iya m zama, da kuma ci gaban kai-haifuwa.

A ra'ayi na mai rai gabar ne sauki shige cikin da yawa kwayoyin da protozoa, waxanda suke da guda-celled kwayoyin da kwayar fungi, shuke-shuke, da dabbobi, da hada da wani jam'i na wadannan raka'a rayuwa. Daban-daban Kwayoyin suna da nasu tsarin. Saboda haka, a abun da ke ciki ya hada da prokaryotic organelle kamar wata kwantena, plasmalemma, cell bango, ribosomes, cytoplasm, plasmid nucleoid, flagellum, sha. A eukaryotes, akwai wasu gabbansa da wadannan: da tsakiya, makaman nukiliya membrane, ribosomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, Golgi na'ura, vacuoles, vesicles, jikin tantanin.

A nazarin halittu definition of "kwayoyin" da aka binciko wani dukan sashe na wannan kimiyya. Tsari da kuma matakai da suke rayuwa tsunduma a cytology. A cikin 'yan shekaru, shi ne mafi sau da yawa ake kira Cell Biology.

celled kwayoyin

A ra'ayi na "guda-celled kwayoyin" da ake nufi ba tsari category na abubuwa, da jiki yana daya kawai cell. Yana hada da:

• prokaryotes cewa ba sun dai da tantanin halitta tsakiya da kuma sauran ciki da wasu gabbansa da membranes. Sun rasa nukiliya membrane. Suna da osmotrofny da autotrophic irin abinci (photosynthesis da chemosynthesis).

• eukaryotes, wanda ake cell dauke da core.

An kullum yarda cewa single-celled kwayoyin kasance na farko da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a wannan duniya tamu. Masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa mafi tsoho, daga gare su archaea da kwayoyin. Unicellular protists an kuma sau da yawa ake magana a kai - eukaryotic kwayoyin, wanda ba a hada a cikin category na fungi, shuke-shuke da dabbobi.

kwayar kwayoyin

Kwayar kwayoyin, da definition wanda aka kakkarfan dangankata da samuwar wani hadade dukan, shi ne yafi hadaddun guda-celled abubuwa. Wannan tsari kunshi da bambantawa na daban-daban Tsarin, wanda sun hada da Kwayoyin, tsokoki da kuma gabobin. A samuwar wani kwayar kwayoyin qunshi da rabuwa da kuma hadewa na daban-daban ayyuka a yanayin halitta na juya (mutum) da kuma phylogeny (tarihi ci gaba).

Kwayar kwayoyin an hada da yawa Kwayoyin, da yawa daga abin da ya bambanta ta sifa da aiki. The kawai ware ne kara Kwayoyin (a dabbobi), da cambium sel (a cikin shuke-shuke).

Kwayar da mulkin mallaka

A ilmin halitta bambanta kwayar kwayoyin da mazauna na single-celled. Duk wani kama da wadannan halittu masu rai, akwai muhimman hakkokin bambance-bambance tsakanin su:

• kwayar kwayoyin - akwai wata al'umma daga mutane da yawa daban-daban Kwayoyin cewa suna da nasu tsarin da kuma musamman ayyuka. Its jiki ne Ya sanya daga daban-daban yadudduka. Domin wannan gabar da mataki na hadewa da Kwayoyin. Suna bambanta da su iri-iri.

• yankunan na unicellular kunshi guda Kwayoyin. Su ne kusan ba zai yiwu a raba nama.

A iyakar tsakanin mulkin mallaka da kuma kwayar mai hazo. A yanayi, akwai rayayyun kwayoyin halitta kamar Volvox, wanda a da tsarin ne a mallaka na single-celled, amma suna da wani somatic da generative Kwayoyin, abin da ya bambanta daga juna. An yi imani da cewa na farko da kwayar kwayoyin bayyana a wannan duniya tamu kawai 2.1 biliyan. Shekaru da suka wuce.

Bambance-bambance kwayoyin daga m gawarwakin

A ra'ayi na wani "mai rai gabar" tana nufin wani hadadden abun da ke ciki na da abu. Ya ƙunshi sunadaran da nucleic acid. A wannan ya bambanta daga jikinsu na matattun yanayi. Sun kuma suka sãɓã wa jũna a cikin totality of da kaddarorin. Duk da cewa jiki matattun ma su mallaki wani yawan physicochemical Properties, da kalmar "kwayoyin" ya hada da mafi yawa halaye. Su ne yafi bambancin.

Don gane da abin da ake kira da jiki, shi wajibi ne su yi nazarin da kaddarorin. Tun yana da wadannan halaye:

• Metabolism, wanda ya hada da samar da wutar lantarki (amfani da na gina jiki), selection (fitarwa da kuma cutarwa sharar kayayyakin), da motsi (canji na matsayi na jiki ko sassa da ita a sarari).

• A fahimta da kuma aiki na bayanai, da suka hada da irritability da kuma tashin hankali, kyale su gane da waje da kuma ciki sakonni da kuma selectively amsa su.

• gadar hali, kyale canja wurin da zũriyarsu da ãyõyinMu, kuma canzawa, wanda shi ne wani bambanci tsakanin mutane da wannan nau'in.

• Development (komowar canje-canje cikin rayuwa) girma (da karuwa a size da kuma nauyi saboda biosynthesis), haifuwa (wasa kamar kansu).

Rarrabuwa kan salula tsarin

Masana sun shared da dukkan siffofin halittu a kan 2 superkingdom:

• pre-nukiliya (prokaryotes) - evolutionarily farko, mafi sauki irin Kwayoyin. Sai waɗanda suka kasance na farko da siffofin halittu a Duniya.

• nukiliya (eukaryotes), samu daga prokaryotes. Wannan shi ne mafi m irin cell yana da wani tsakiya. Mai rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a wannan duniya tamu, ciki har da mutane, suna eukaryotic.

Nukiliya superkingdom, bi da bi, ne zuwa kashi hudu mulkokin:

• protists (parafilitiechskaya kungiyar), wanda su ne manya to duk sauran halittu.

• namomin kaza.

• shuke-shuke.

• dabbobi.

Domin prokaryotes sun hada da:

• kwayoyin ciki har da cyanobacteria (blue-kore algae).

• archaea.

A halayyar fasali na wadannan kwayoyin ne:

• Rashin bayar da tsakiya.

• gaban flagella, vacuoles, plasmids.

• gaban Tsarin cikin wanda photosynthesis faruwa.

• nau'i na haifuwa;

• size da ribosome.

Duk da cewa duk kwayoyin bambanta a cikin yawan Kwayoyin da su specialization, duk eukaryotic Kwayoyin suna halin da wasu kama da tsarin. Suna halin wani na kowa asalin, saboda haka wannan kungiyar ne a monophyletic taxon daga cikin mafi girman daraja. A cewar masana harkokin kimiyya, eukaryotic kwayoyin bayyana a Duniya game da miliyan 2. Shekaru da suka wuce. A muhimmanci rawa a cikin bayyanar symbiogenesis wakiltar symbiosis tsakanin cell da ciwon da tsakiya da kuma iya phagocytosis, shi tunawa da kwayoyin. Sun kasance sũ ne da forerunners daga wadannan muhimmanci da wasu gabbansa da chloroplast, da mitochondria.

Mezokarioty

A yanayi, akwai rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da suke tsaka-tsaki tsakanin prokaryotes da eukaryotes. Suna da ake kira mezokariotami. Sun bambanta daga gare su a cikin kungiyar na kwayoyin na'ura. Wannan rukuni na kwayoyin hada dinoflagellates (dinoflagellates). Bã su da wani bambanta tsakiya, amma a cikin tsarin da Kwayoyin kiyaye fasali na primitiveness cewa ne muhimmi a cikin nucleoid. Rubuta kungiyar na kwayoyin na'ura na wadannan kwayoyin ba kawai gani a matsayin mai miƙa mulki, amma kuma kamar yadda mai zaman kanta reshe na ci gaba.

kwayoyin

Kwayoyin ne a kungiyar da suke zaune wurin, sosai kananan size. Su ba za a iya gani da ido tsirara. A mafi yawan lokuta, su size ne kasa da 0.1 mm. Wannan kungiyar hada da:

• anuclear prokaryotes (kwayoyin da archaea).

• eukaryotes (protists, fungi).

Mafiya yawa na kwayoyin ne guda cell. Duk da wannan, a cikin yanayi, akwai guda-celled kwayoyin da cewa za a iya gani ba tare da wani microscope, misali, Kato polikarion Thiomargarita namibiensis (marine gram-korau kwayoyin). Yana nazarin rayuwa na kwayoyin ilimin.

transgenic kwayoyin

A cikin 'yan sau da wannan magana a kan ji yadda da transgenic kwayoyin. Mene ne wannan? Yana da wani kwayoyin, da genome na wanda artificially gabatar gene da wasu rayayyun abu. An gudanar a cikin wani nau'i na kwayoyin gina, wanda shi ne mai DNA jerin. Mafi sau da yawa shi ne wani kwayan plasmid. Ta hanyar irin wannan jan masana kimiyya suna rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da qualitatively sabon Properties. Wadannan Kwayoyin samar da furotin gene cewa an gabatar a cikin genome.

A ra'ayi na "mutum kwayoyin"

Kamar wani rai ya tarar mutane da suke karantar kimiyya da ilmin halitta. A jikin mutum shi ne wani integral, tarihi, tsauri tsarin. Ta na da musamman tsari da kuma ci gaba. Bugu da ƙari, cikin jikin mutum shi ne a akai lamba tare da yanayi. Kamar dukan abubuwa masu rai a duniya, shi yana da wani salon salula tsarin. Sun samar da masana'anta:

• epithelial, located a farfajiya na jiki. Yana Forms fata da kuma ganuwar da aka sahu m gabobin da jini a ciki. Har ila yau, wadannan tsokoki ne ba a cikin rufaffiyar cavities na jiki. Akwai da dama iri epithelium: fata, koda, hanji, na numfashi. A Kwayoyin cewa yin up da masana'anta, su ne tushen wannan modified Tsarin kamar kusoshi, gashi, hakora enamel.

• Muscle da kaddarorin contractility da excitability. Saboda wannan nama motor matakai ake, ɗaukar a cikin jiki da kuma ta motsi a cikin sarari. Tsokoki an hada da Kwayoyin, wanda suke microfibrils (contractile zaruruwa). Sun kasu kashi santsi da kuma striated tsoka.

• Connection, wanda ya hada da kashi, guringuntsi, adipose nama, kazalika da jini, Lymph, jijiyoyin da kuma tendons. All ta bambancin da na kowa mesodermal asalin, ko da yake kowane yana da nasa aiki da kuma tsarin fasali.

• juyayi cewa siffofin musamman Kwayoyin - neurons (tsarin da kuma aikin naúrar) da kuma neuroglia. Suka sãɓã wa jũna a cikin tsarin. Kamar wancan ne da neuron ƙunshi jiki 2 da kuma matakai: dendrites sashe takaice da kuma dogon axons. A rufi, suka sa har jijiya zaruruwa. Aikin, neurons kasu kashi motor (efferent), azanci shine (afferent), rarrabe. A wuri na mulki daga da wasu daga cikinsu ne ake kira a synapse. Ainihin Properties na wannan nama: madugu kuma excitability.

Abin da ake kira jikin mutum a mafi fadi hankalta? Nau'I hudu na yadudduka dokoki gabobin (jiki sashi da wani takamaiman siffar, sifa da aiki) da su da tsarin. Ta yaya suke kafa? Tun da aiwatar da wasu ayyuka na jiki daya ba zai iya jimre, su gidaje suna kafa. Abin da suke? Irin wannan tsarin - mai hade da gawarwaki da dama da suke da irin wannan tsarin, ci gaba da kuma aiki. Su duk samar da tushen jikin mutum. Wadannan sun hada da irin wannan tsarin:

• musculoskeletal (kasũsuwa, ashe, tsokoki).

• narkewa kamar (fili da kuma prostate).

• numfashi (huhu, numfashi fili).

• azanci shine gabobin (kunnuwa, da idanu, hanci, baki, da vestibular inji, fata).

• jinsi (namiji da mace jima'i gabobin).

• juyayi (tsakiya, na gefe).

• Sistem (zuciya, jini).

• endocrine (endocrine gland shine yake);

• integumentary (fata).

• Urinary fili (kodan, abu daga hanyar).

A jikin mutum, tabbatar da dalilin da wanda za a iya wakilta a matsayin mai tarin daban-daban gabobin da kuma tsarin yana da wani babban (da kayyade) farkon - genotype. Shi ne da kwayoyin tsarin mulki. A wasu kalmomi - wani sa na genes rayuwa abu samu daga iyaye. Duk wani nau'in kwayoyin, shuke-shuke, da dabbobi, yana da halayyar to genotype shi.