Kiwon lafiya, Cututtuka da kuma Yanayi
Alamun cutar shan inna a yara da kuma manya
Polio - wani m kwayar cutar cewa faruwa yafi shafar da launin toka al'amari na kwakwalwa, wanda ya haddasa ci gaban paresis kuma inna. Alamun cutar shan inna za a iya gano a cikin yara kasa da shekaru 7 shekaru, amma hadarin yin kwangila su, a karkashin wani yanayi, yana kiyaye da manya.
A kadan tarihi
Polio ne halin da wani m kamuwa da laka da kuma kwakwalwa kara sakamakon ci gaban paresis kuma inna, bulbar cuta. Cuta da cutar shan inna, bayyanar cututtuka na wanda aka sani na lokaci mai tsawo, yadada a cikin XIX, farko na XX karni. A wannan lokacin, rubuta shi ne mai kauri annoba da kamuwa da cuta a Amurka da Turai. Polio da aka bude a 1908 Vienna, E. kuma K. Popper Landštejn, kuma Ya halitta, A. kuma J. Seybinom live. Salk inactivated alluran yarda da shekaru 50 na karni na karshe, significantly rage yawan lokuta idan ãyõyin aka gano cutar shan inna a yara.
M kuzarin kawo cikas a yaki da wannan cuta ta ci gaba ta hanyar aiki allurar rigakafi, m bayyanar cututtuka da cutar shan inna an adana kawai a nekotoroyh kasashen - Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nigeria, India, Syria - yayin da a shekara ta 1988 adadin su ya kai 125. A yawan lokuta wannan lokaci rage daga 350 000 lokuta (na wanda 17.5 dubu mutuwar) ya 406 lokuta gano a 2013. Yammacin Turai, Rasha da kuma Arewacin Amirka a yau shi ne yankin free da cutar da kuma bayyanar cututtuka da cutar shan inna an gano a nan kawai kamar yadda harben lokuta.
exciter
Polio - mai kwayar cutar. A dalilin shi ya zama poliovirus, wadda ke da alaka da enteroviruses. Ƙayyade uku cutar iri (I, II, III). Domin mutum da biri pathogenic iri na da III. II iya shafar wasu hakori. RNA da cutar ya ƙunshi, ta size ne 12 nm. Barga a cikin yanayi - a ruwa, shi za a iya adana har zuwa kwanaki 100 a madara - 3 months, to 6 watanni - haƙuri secretions. Al'ada des. yana nufin m, amma cutar ne hanzari neutralized da autoclaving, tafasar, daukan hotuna zuwa ultraviolet haske. Lokacin da ya kona zuwa 50 ° C cutar mutu a cikin minti 30. Lokacin da cutar a lokacin shiryawa zamani za a iya gano a cikin jini, na farko kwanaki 10 na cuta - a pharyngeal swabs kuma sosai da wuya - a cikin cerebrospinal ruwa.
The watsa inji
A tushen kamuwa da cuta a cikin poliomyelitis iya zama a matsayin rashin lafiya mutum, kuma asymptomatic cutar m (a wasu lokuta, da m za a iya kiyaye for uku - watanni biyar bayan dawo da). A cutar da aka saki a cikin yanayi tare da faeces na haƙuri kuma nasopharyngeal gamsai. Domin polio dacewa wadannan hanya:
pin.
Airborne.
fecal-baka.
Mafi na kowa hanyar watsa ne fecal-baka - virus shiga jiki ta hanyar gurbata hannuwa, kayayyakinsa, abinci, ruwa. Har ila yau hatsari ne gamsai saki daga nasopharynx marasa lafiya da 2 kwana da cutar a lokacin farko da makonni 2.
A saukin kamuwa da cutar ne 0.2-1%, mafi yawan lokuta su ne yara a karkashin 7 shekaru. A ganiya abin da ya faru ya faru a cikin rani da kuma fall.
hadarin dalilai
Dalilai bayar da tasu gudunmuwar da baza kamuwa da cuta iya sun hada da:
rashin hygienic halaye na yaro.
yawan yawa.
matalauta yanayin tsafta, ciki har da cin zarafi na tsafta gwamnatin a cikin cibiyoyin;
m cuta (fiye da sau 4 a shekara) na yaro.
immunodeficiency.
low matakin na lamba.
rarrabuwa
Polio ne classified bisa ga yanayin da juyayi tsarin:
nonparalytic fom - abin da ke faruwa ba tare da gagarumin raunuka na juyayi tsarin - meningeal, abortive (visceral) inapparatnaya (asymptomatic kuma shi ne na cutar, wanda kawai za a iya ƙaddara da dakin gwaje-gwaje) siffar.
shanyayyen form.
Bi da bi, shanyayyen nau'i ne classified da wuri daga cikin rauni. rarrabe:
kashin baya siffar - halin da flaccid inna na wata gabar jiki, akwati, diaphragm, wuyansa.
Pontina siffar - yl Saide tare da cikakken m asarar gyara man fuska magana, sagging kusurwa na bakin a gefen fuskar, lagophthalmos.
bulbar - ne halin da illa magana, hadiya, numfashi cuta da kuma cardiac aiki;
Encephalitis - da kuma mai da hankali cerebral cututtuka.
gauraye fom - pontospinalnaya, myasthenia, bulbopontospinalnaya.
Bisa ikon Allah rarrabe tsakanin m, matsakaici, mai tsanani da kuma subclinical siffofin.
shiryawa zamani
Shiryawa zamani, a lokacin da na farko bayyanar cututtuka ba tukuna bayyana cutar shan inna, yana daga 2 zuwa 35 days. Mafi sau da yawa, ta duration ne 10-12 kwanaki, dangane da yaro ta mutum halaye da kwayoyin. A wannan lokaci, ta hanyar ƙofar da ƙõfõfi (su ne pharynx da kuma narkewa kamar fili) da cutar samun shiga cikin hanji Lymph nodes, inda a can ne ta haifuwa. Bayan haka, shi shiga cikin jini da kuma fara mataki na viremia a lokacin da kamuwa da cuta shimfidawa a ko'ina cikin jiki da kuma rinjayar da mafi m sassan shi. A cikin hali na polio ne a gaban Kakakin na laka da kuma tsokar Kwayoyin.
Alamun meningeal fom
Meningeal da abortive siffofin ne siffofin da ba-shanyayyen polio. A farko alamun cutar shan inna a yara tare da meningeal form ko da yaushe bayyana kaifi ne. Da yawan zafin jiki ga dama hours yakan zuwa 38-39 °. Ci gaba da bayyanar cututtuka halayyar da na kowa sanyi - tari, mucous ko serous hanci sallama. Lokacin da kyan gani, daga makogwaro ne alama hyperemia, tonsils da kuma palatal iyawa iya zama plaque. A tsawo na da yawan zafin jiki na iya zama tashin zuciya da amai. Daga bisani, da zazzabi saukad da, da kuma kwanaki biyu ko uku, da yaro ta yanayin da ya stabilized.
Bi ta maimaita zazzabi, da kuma bayyanar cututtuka da cutar shan inna ne mafi jinsin - akwai drowsiness, da ruɗewa, lethargy, ciwon kai, amai. Akwai meningeal cututtuka: m alama kerning (kwance a baya na haƙuri ne lankwasa kafa a gwiwa da hip hadin gwiwa a wani kwana na 90 °, da kuma cewa saboda tsoka tashin hankali zama ba zai yiwu ba ga daidaita gwiwa), m wuyansa tsokoki (da rashin yiwuwar (kwance) ga mayar da su isa Chin ga kirji ).
abortive fom
Alamun cutar shan inna a yara tare da abortive form ma fara bayyana tsanani. Da high zafin jiki (37,5-38 °) yayi malaise, lethargy, ciwon kai slack. Akwai kananan catarrhal mamaki - tari, runny hanci, redness na makogwaro iya zama ciwon mara, da kuma amai. Daga bisani kuma zai iya ci gaba catarrhal angina, enterocolitis ko gastroenteritis. Wannan hanji bayyananen rarrabe abortive poliomyelitis. Bayyanar cututtuka da cutar a cikin yara, a cikin wannan yanayin mafi sau da yawa ne a cikin alama hanji toxemia bisa ga irin dysentery ko kwalara. Neurologic bayyananen wannan nau'i na cutar shan inna.
shanyayyen cutar shan inna
Wannan nau'i na cutar shan inna faruwa da yawa wa mutum siffofin na sama da kuma da yawa muni magani. A farko neurological bayyanar cututtuka da cutar shan inna fara bayyana 4-10 kwanaki bayan daukan hotuna da cutar, a wasu lokuta, wannan zamani za a iya mika har zuwa 5 makonni.
A mataki na gaba ci gaba da cutar da aka ware.
Preparaliticheskaya. Halin da kiwon da yawan zafin jiki har zuwa 38,5-39,5 °, ciwon kai, tari, runny hanci, zawo, tashin zuciya da amai. Kwanaki 2-3 zuwa al'ada jihar, amma sai wani sabon Yunƙurin a yawan zafin jiki farawa zuwa 39 - 40 °. Da wannan bango akwai wani karfi da ciwon kai da tsoka zafi, jerking na tsokoki da cewa za a iya gani ko gani, illa sani. Wannan zamani yana for 4-5 days.
Domin shanyayyen mataki halin da ci gaban inna. Da suka ci gaba ba zato ba tsammani da aka bayyana a cikin rashi na aiki ƙungiyoyi. Dangane da siffar masu tasowa reshe inna (yawanci kafafu), akwati, wuyansa, amma ji na ƙwarai ne yawanci ba ya canzawa. A tsawon lokaci da shanyayyen mataki dabam daga 1 zuwa 2 makonni.
A rage mataki a nasara far ne halin da rage daga cikin shanyayyen tsoka aiki. Da farko, wannan tsari ya auku sosai hanzari, amma sai da tempo aka ragae down. Wannan lokaci na iya wuce daga daya zuwa shekara uku.
A mataki saura mamaki shafi tsokoki atrophy, contractures suna kafa da kuma raya daban-daban deformations na gangar jikin da extremities, ana haka aka sani da cutar shan inna cututtuka a yara. Hotuna gabatar a cikin wannan nazari ya nuna wannan mataki sarari yake.
kashin baya form
An halin da m farko (da yawan zafin jiki yakan zuwa 40 °, kuma, da bambanci ga sauran siffofin ne m). Child lethargic, adynamic, drowsy, amma yana yiwuwa da kuma hyperexcitability (as mai mulkin, da cututtuka su ne mafi pronounced a sosai matasa da yara), convulsions. Akwai maras wata-wata zafi a cikin ƙananan extremities, m lokacin da canza wuri na jiki, zafi a cikin mayar da wuyansa tsokoki. A jarrabawa, bayyanãwa bayyanar cututtuka na mashako, pharyngitis, rhinitis. Akwai cerebral bayyanar cututtuka, hypersensitivity (ƙãra dauki wani iri-iri pathogens). Ta danna kan kashin baya, ko a wurin da tsinkaya auku jijiya kututturan kaifi zafi.
A 2-4 kwanaki daga farkon cutar faruwa inna. Lokacin da cutar shan inna, da suka yi da wadannan siffofin:
jeri na bangaren - da shan kashi na kafa kan irin hagu - ƙafar dama.
mosaic - ba a shafi reshe tsokoki.
rage ko ba ya nan agara reflexes.
rage a cikin tsoka sautin har zuwa atony, amma ji na ƙwarai ba sosai.
Da abin ya shafa reshe kodadde, cyanotic, sanyi ga tabawa. Pain ciwo take kaiwa zuwa gaskiya cewa yaro daukan tilasta halin da ake ciki, wanda, bi da bi, ya zama cikin hanyar farkon contractures.
Farfadowa da na'ura na mota ayyuka fara da makonni 2 da cutar, amma wannan tsari ya ci gaba da tsawo da kuma m. Bayyana raunuka nama trophism, stunting reshe, hadin gwiwa deformity, atrophy na kashi nama. Cuta yana 2-3 shekaru.
bulbar fom
laryngeal inna - wani take hakkin hadiya, kuma phonation.
numfashi cuta.
motsi cuta na eyeballs - kuma a kwance nystagmus rotarny.
A cutar za a iya wuya da ciwon huhu, atelectasis, myocarditis. Shi ne kuma zai yiwu a ci gaba da gastrointestinal na jini, hanji mai shãmakacẽwa.
Pontin fom
Pontina nau'i na faruwa saboda cutar shan inna cutar fuska rauni, sallama, da kuma wani lokacin jijiyoyi na trigeminal (V, VI, VII, nau'i-nau'i daga cikin girman kwanyar jijiyoyi). Wannan take kaiwa zuwa inna na tsokoki alhakin fuska, da kuma a wasu lokuta, da kuma masticatory tsokoki. Asibiti shi ne aka bayyana a cikin jeri na gyara man fuska tsokoki, smoothing nasolabial folds, rashin kwance wrinkles a goshin, ptosis (drooping) na kwana na cikin baki ko a karni, ta bai cika ƙulli. Alamun zama mafi bayyana lokacin da ka yi kokarin murmushi, ka rufe idanunka, ko cika da kumatunta.
magani
Specific jiyya ga cutar shan inna wanzu. Lokacin da kafa da ganewar asali na haƙuri aka shigar da shi asibiti kamuwa da cuta, inda ta samar da jiki da hankulansu sauran. A preparalitichesky da shanyayyen lokaci amfani analgesic da diuretics, bisa ga alamomi ba anti-mai kumburi da kwayoyi, ko corticosteroids. Lokacin da hadiya aiki cuta - tube ciyar, a take hakkin numfashi - da ventilator. A dawo da lokacin da aka nuna motsa jiki far, tausa, physiotherapy, bitamin da kuma nootropics, sanatorium magani.
rigakafin
Polio ne daya daga cikin wadanda cututtuka da suke da sauki su hana fiye da zuwa magani. Wannan za a iya yi ta hanyar alurar riga kafi. A Rasha, duk jarirai suna yin wannan maganin. Alurar riga kafi ne da za'ayi a dama, saukarwa - a 3 da kuma 4.5 watanni baby alurar riga kafi tare da wani inactivated maganin. A 6, 18, 20 months, da hanya an maimaita ta amfani da wani live maganin. Last lamba ne da za'ayi a cikin shekaru 14. Kuma kada ku miss shi, saboda, duk da cewa shi ne ya yi ĩmãni da cewa cutar shan inna ne m kawai ga yara, wannan ba haka ne, kamar yadda a yanayin saukan cutar shan inna cuta cututtuka a manya ne sosai pronounced da hatsari.
A gano cutar rigakafin ne wani muhimmin kashi na dace haƙuri kadaici, rigakafi da kuma dubawa for 3 makonni ga lamba kungiyar, yarda da sirri kiwon lafiya.
Saboda haka, da muka riga muka bincika a isa daki-daki, abin da cututtuka da cutar shan inna a can, da kuma abin da ya yi don kauce wa wannan cuta.
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