Alkali karfe mahadi da su yi amfani da

Daga dukkan lokaci-lokaci tsarin da abubuwa ne babban rukuni na karafa. Alkali, alkaline duniya, amphoteric, mai shudewa, rediyoaktif - mai yawa daga gare su. All karafa taka muhimmiyar rawa ba kawai a cikin yanayin da nazarin halittu adam rayuwa, amma kuma a cikin daban-daban da masana'antu. Ba don kome ba cewa XX karni da aka kira da "baƙin ƙarfe".

Metals: general halaye

All karafa ake hada da na kowa sinadaran da jiki Properties, da abin da suke iya zama da sauƙi rarrabe daga ba na ƙarfe ba kayan. Alal misali, crystal raga tsarin damar su, su zama:

• lantarki conductors.
• mai kyau kadan conductors.
• malleable da ductile.
• m, kuma m.

Hakika, akwai bambance-bambance tsakanin su. Wasu karafa haskaka azurfa launi, wasu - karin Matte fari, da sauransu - duk ja da rawaya. Har ila yau, akwai bambance-bambance cikin sharuddan thermal da lantarki watsin. Amma har yanzu, wadannan sigogi - ne ga kowa da kowa karafa, yayin da wadanda ba karafa ne mafi bambance-bambance fiye da kamance.

Bisa ga sinadaran halitta dukkan karafa - rage jamiái. Dangane da dauki yanayi da kuma takamaiman abubuwa kuma iya aiki a matsayin oxidizing jamiái, amma da wuya. Da yawa abubuwa iya kafa. A sinadaran mahadi da karafa faruwa ta halitta, a wani babban yawa a cikin abun da ke ciki na tama ko ma'adanai, ma'adanai da kuma sauran nau'in. A mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka da karafa ne ko da yaushe tabbatacce, kuma zai iya zama m (aluminum, sodium, alli) ko m (chromium, da baƙin ƙarfe, jan, manganese).

Yawancin su suna yadu amfani da kayan gini da ake amfani da su a fannoni daban daban na kimiyya da fasaha.

Chemical karfe mahadi

Daga cikin wadannan za a iya ambata dama manyan azuzuwan abubuwa waxanda suke cikin kayayyakin na hulda da karafa da sauran abubuwa da mahadi.

1. Oxides, hydrides, nitrides, silicides, phosphides, ozonides, carbides, sulphides da sauransu - binary mahadi da wadanda ba karafa, mafi sau da yawa ya kasance a cikin aji na salts (sai dai oxides).
2. Hydroxides - janar dabara Ni ^{+ x} (OH) _x.
3. Gishiri. Metal mahadi da acidic sharan. Na iya zama daban-daban:

• matsakaici.
• m.
• biyu;
• asali;
• hadaddun.

4. The karfe mahadi da kwayoyin abubuwa - organometallic tsarin.

5. The karfe mahadi don juna - gami da ake samu a hanyoyi daban-daban.

Embodiments karfe mahadi

Abubuwa a cikin abin da biyu daban-daban karafa iya zama duka biyu more, subdivided kamar haka:

• gami.
• biyu salts.
• hadaddun mahadi.
• intermetallic mahadi.

Hanyar karfe tana gina tare ma bambanta. Alal misali, yin amfani da gami dab Hanyar hadawa da solidifying sakamakon samfurin.

Intermetallics kafa saboda kai tsaye sinadaran halayen tsakanin karafa, sau da yawa abin da ke faruwa da fashewa (kamar tutiya da nickel). Domin wadannan matakai bukatar yanayi na musamman: da yawan zafin jiki ne sosai high, matsa lamba, injin, rashin oxygen da sauransu.

Biyu salts da hadaddun mahadi za a iya kafa a lokacin da draining mafita na fara kayan, kazalika da su fe.

Manufacturing daga karfe ma yakan haifar da wata alaka tsakanin su. Don yin wannan, amfani da hanyoyin da kamar:

• waldi (gas, da wutar lantarki, da sauransu).
• brazing daban-daban na solders.
• thread.
• riveting.

Babban yanayin - shi ne ya halicci samfurin cewa zai iya zama resistant zuwa lalata da kuma a cikin abin da za a seams da impurities, fasa.

Alkali karfe mahadi da su yi amfani da

Kira Alkali abubuwa a cikin farko subgroup na babban rukuni na lokaci-lokaci tsarin. Akwai kawai 6 da suke bude sũ, sun kasance kusan duk a lokaci guda tare da karamin lokaci tazara. A cikin irin sauki abubuwa a yanayi wadannan abubuwa ba faruwa.

Saboda babban reactivity aiki sosai wuya da kuma kawo hadari a gare su. Saboda haka mu yi aiki tuƙuru don sanya su tsaya a cikin wani m form. Long kafin mutane suka fara yin amfani da daban-daban Alkali karfe mahadi. Wasu daga cikin su sun aka sani tun zamanin da, kuma ba su rasa muhimmancin da kuma dacewar a yau. Suna amfani da aikin injiniya, yi, magani, masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci, sinadaran masana'antu, metallurgy, inji aikin injiniya, noma, da kuma wasu sassa na tattalin arziki. Babban wadanda suke kusa look.

Iri mahadi Alkali karafa da sauran karafa kasance a cikin kungiyoyin:

• intermetallic mahadi.
• hadaddun mahadi.
• biyu salts.

oxides

Daga cikin dukkan Alkali karafa a al'ada konewa a oxygen ba wani oxide iya lithium kadai. Sauran nuna wuce kima aiki, saboda haka ya samar peroxides Ni ₂ Ya _2. Na peroxides qaddamar da wani sauki karfe oxide za a iya samu form al'ada Ni ₂ O. Oxygen mahadi Alkali karafa da launi daban-daban.

1. Oxide na lithium, potassium da sodium - fari crystalline foda.
2. Rubidium - rawaya rini oxide.
3. Cesium - orange.

Babban filin na aikace-aikace - da sinadaran masana'antu. Alkali karfe oxides amsa tare da ruwa ta samar da muhimmanci fili - Alkali. Wannan dukiya da kuma saboda sunan wannan kungiya na abubuwa. Mahadi Alkali - ƙarfe oxides - kawai bangare na jimlar nauyi muhimmanci da kuma muhimmanci da abubuwa, wanda ya ƙunshi wadannan abubuwa.

Hydroxide (Alkali)

A mahadi Alkali karafa gidroksogrupp kira Alkali ko hydroxides. Dukan su - a sosai caustic abu da zai iya sauƙi hallaka kusan duk wani abu. Wannan Gaskiya ne, na dabba kyallen takarda. Saboda haka yin aiki tare da alkalis ya kamata sosai da hankali, zurfin sinadaran konewa na iya faruwa a batu na lamba tare da fata.

A mafi kyau da aka sani tsakanin Alkali abu ne caustic soda, ko sodium hydroxide. Wannan fili aka sani tun zamanin da, inda aka fitar daga tokar shuke-shuke da kuma amfani da sabulu ba wajen yin wanka da kuma tufafi. Chemical dabara - NaOH. Yau caustic soda samar wani babban adadin a kowace kasa, tun ba tare da ta sa hannu ba ya yi kusan babu wanda reshe na samarwa. Ana amfani da:

• a cikin man fetur masana'antu.
• a cikin kayan shafawa da kuma perfumery.
• sinadaran kira.
• domin samar da ƙuna kuma tsaftacewa jamiái, abrasives.
• a cikin fata da kuma yadi masana'antu da kuma sauran filayen.

Sauran karafa daga cikin rukuni na alkaline nau'i ne ba haka ba muhimmanci da kuma kowa Alkali. Fiye ko žasa da muhimmanci ne kawai potassium hydroxide - Koh, wanda aka sani da caustic potash.

salts

Irin wannan mahadi Alkali karafa, kamar yadda salts, ba kawai kusan da'awar mahadi, amma kuma ba a cikin jikin halittu masu rai, rike su al'ada lamarinsa.

Gishiri ne mafi muhimmanci, ba shakka, sodium chloride. Wannan shi ne na kowa tebur gishiri, wanda shi ne yanzu a cikin kowane gida da kuma cewa ba hašawa musamman muhimmancin saboda da high ruwan dare. Duk da haka, idan muka kwatanta da cewa ta ba zato ba tsammani vuya, 'yan mutane zai zama farin ciki da sakamakon. Unsalted abinci da wuya, kuma shi sa irreparable cutar, tun da jiki ba zai iya shiga cikin sodium ions da ake bukata domin zuciya da jini.

Har ila yau muhimmanci Alkali karfe mahadi - shi ne carbonate. Musamman carbonate da sodium bicarbonate, wanda aka kira a kowa soda. Ana amfani da a yi na gilashi, Manufacturing ƙuna. Soda iya amince tsaftace jita-jita. Yana yana da kyau disinfecting, disinfecting, tsaftacewa da bleaching Properties. Yadu a yi amfani da masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci, musamman a cikin confectionery kasuwanci da burodi. Tare da shi Boiled sabulu haifar da ƙuna.

Soda, gishiri da kuma caustic - duk wadannan Alkali karfe mahadi a yanayi. Sun zama a wani m tsari, kafa adibas ko ɓangare na konewa kayayyakin da daban-daban abubuwa. Wani lokaci su samun awon hanya. Amma ko da yaushe wadannan abubuwa ne masu muhimmanci da kuma muhimmanci, kamar yadda kewaye wani mutum da siffar ransa.

Alkali karfe mahadi da su yi amfani da ba su iyakance zuwa sodium. Shi ne ma kowa da kuma rare a fannonin tattalin arziki, salts kamar:

• potassium chloride.
• Potassium nitrate (potassium nitrate).
• potassium carbonate.
• Sulfate.

Dukansu suna da muhimmanci da ma'adinai takin amfani da aikin noma.

Alkaline duniya karafa - mahadi da su yi amfani da

Wannan category ya hada da abubuwa na biyu kungiyar na babban rukuni na sinadaran abubuwa. Su m hadawan abu da iskar shaka Jihar +2. Wannan aiki rage jamiái, readily reacts da rinjayen da sauki abubuwa da mahadi. Nuna duk kaddarorin da hankula da karafa: sheki, malleability, thermal da kuma lantarki watsin.

A mafi muhimmanci da kuma kowa wadanda suke magnesium da alli. Beryllium nuna amphoteric, barium da radium ne m abubuwa. Dukan su ne iya samar da wadannan iri sadarwa:

• intermetallic.
• oxides.
• hydrides.
• binary salts (mahadi da nonmetals).
• hydroxides.
• gishiri (biyu, hadaddun, acidic, asali, matsakaici).

Ka yi la'akari da mafi muhimmanci mahadi daga wani m ra'ayi da su aikace-aikace.

magnesium da alli salts

Wadannan alkaline duniya karfe mahadi, kamar salts, suna da muhimmanci ga rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Bayan duk, da alli salts su ne tushen wannan kashi a cikin jiki. Kuma ba tare da shi ba zai iya zama al'ada samuwar kwarangwal, hakora, da ƙaho, dabba, hooves, gashi kuma gashi, da sauransu.

Saboda haka, ya fi na kowa gishiri, wani alkaline duniya karfe ne alli carbonate. Sauran lakabi:

• alli.
• marmara.
• farar ƙasa.
• dolomite.

Ana amfani da ba kawai a matsayin wani maroki na alli ions a wani rai gabar, amma kamar gini abu, raw kayan for sinadaran masana'antu, a cikin kayan shafawa masana'antu, gilashin da sauransu.

Irin wannan mahadi alkaline duniya karafa kamar sulfates, kuma suna da muhimmanci. Alal misali, barium sulfate (da likita sunan "barite porridge") da ake amfani a Radiology. alli sulfate a cikin nau'i na crystalline - shi ne gypsum, wanda aka samu a yanayi. Ana amfani da magani, yi, stamping kyawon tsayuwa.

Phosphors na alkaline duniya karafa

Wadannan abubuwa ne da aka sani tun tsakiyar zamanai. A baya can, suka kira phosphors. Wannan sunan da aka samu a yau. By su yanayi, wadannan mahadi - shi ne magnesium sulfide, strontium, barium, alli.

A wani magani, su sami damar nuna phosphorescent Properties, da kuma wani da kyau sosai haske daga ja zuwa haske m. Ana amfani da a yi na hanya ãyõyi, kayan da sauran abubuwa.

hadaddun mahadi

Abubuwa da suka hada da biyu ko fiye daban-daban ƙarfe abubuwa na halitta, - ƙarfe hadaddun mahadi. Mafi sau da yawa, su ne ruwa, da kyau da kuma m stains. Amfani da hikimar tantance sunadarai ga ingantaccen ganewa na ions.

Irin wannan abubuwa suna iya kafa ba kawai Alkali da alkaline duniya karafa amma kuma duk sauran. Akwai hydroxo, Ruwa gidaje da sauransu.