Brief biography Radischeva Aleksandra tarihi na rayuwa, kerawa da kuma littattafan

Aleksandr Nikolaevich Radischev ya zama shahararren matsayin talented marubuci kuma mawãƙi, amma a kan wani par da cewa, ya kasance da wani Falsafa da aka gudanar a kotun da mai kyau matsayi. Wannan labarin samar da wani taƙaitaccen biography Radishcheva (ga daraja 9, wannan bayanai zai iya zama da amfani sosai).

Yara. Motsi zuwa Moscow

Alexander ya dan wani m mallaki gidaje Nicholas Afanasevicha Radishchev. An haife shi a Saratov lardin, a kauyen Upper Oblyazove a 1749. Mahaifinsa kuwa mutumin da al'adunsu, don haka ya yi kokarin bayar da dansa da kuma wani kyakkyawan ilimi. Radishcheva tsohuwarsa Thekla Savvichna. Ta kasance daya daga cikin Moscow gentry kawo dukkan iyali. Ta na farko sunan - Argamakova.

Abin lura shi ne cewa iyaye Radishcheva sosai bi da su serfs, da kuma sanar da dansa. Ƙananan yara, Alexander Nikolayevich wuce a Oblyazove. An sani cewa su gidan wani arziki da kuma manyan, akwai ko da yaushe mai yawa mutane. A Radishchev da hudu da 'yan'uwanku mãtã, da shida da' yan'uwansa, da yara kan daidai magana da kagara, da suka garzaya da su ta hanyar kauyen. Malama Radishchev ya fili kuma kasa sunansa - Bitrus Mamontov. Radishchev auna tuno yadda Uncle gaya labari.

Lokacin da yake da shekaru 7 da haihuwa, da mahaifansa biyu dauki shi zuwa Moscow. Akwai ya rayu a cikin kulawa da na dangi na uwa. Kan daidai da rundunar ta yara, ya yi karatu a wata jami'a farfesa kuma wani Faransa malami. Suna da wani tsohon dan Faransa, wanda ya tsere daga kasar su.

Kafa yaron ya m. Ya halarci laccoci na manyan Thinkers na serfdom rigingimu, yi, ilimi, burokrasi. Guests Argamakovyh aka m da gwamnatin Elizabeth, kuma a karkashin Peter Uku sallama ba ya faru, a akasin haka, fushi kawai girma. A irin wannan yanayi Ros Aleksandr Nikolaevich.

Page Corps

Lokacin da yake da shekaru 13 da haihuwa, ya koka ga shafukan. Wannan ya sa Empress Catherine II. Domin kananan Radishcheva cẽto dangi Argamakovy.

Kafin 1764, Catherine tare da gwamnatin da ke cikin Moscow, inda da sa kambi ya faru, sa'an nan da ta pages, ciki har da Radishchev koma zuwa St. Petersburg.

Page Corps ya ba "girmammawa" ma'aikata a wadannan shekaru. Duk da boys da aka horar a daya kawai malami - Morembert, wanda aka zamar masa dole ya nuna musu yadda za su bauta wa Empress a ball, a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, a cikin jiragen kasa.

Brief biography Radishchev, mafi muhimmanci wuri a cikin abin zan kawo shi nasara, bai bayyana irin abubuwan da wani yaro wanda daga yanayi tsanani tattaunawa da jama'a bukatun hawa a kotu Laraba. Hakika, da ya riga tunawa duk ƙiyayya da zãlunci da ƙẽtare, qarya, flattery, kuma yanzu gan shi duk da idona, kuma ba kawai a ko'ina, amma a duk ƙawa da fada.

Shi ne a cikin Corps na Pages Alexander ya gana da Kutuzov, wanda zai zama mafi kyau aboki shekaru da yawa. Ko da yake su hanyoyi ƙarshe diverge, kwamandan bai ce guda kalma mummũnã kamar Radishchev. Brief biography na karshe - a kai tsaye tabbatarwa.

a Leipzig

Bayan shekaru biyu, bayan motsi zuwa St. Petersburg Radischev tare da biyar boys ya aka aika zuwa Jamus zuwa karatu a jami'a. Catherine II so zama masu ilimi lauya da kuma bauta a cikin shari'a part.

A hankali su kananan kungiyar girma. Alal misali, a Leipzig zo Fyodor Ushakov, wani tsohon a lokacin da wani hafsa matashi. Ya bar sabis don jami'a ilmi. Fedor shi ne babba, da kuma da sauri ya zama shugaban wata kungiyar matasa maza.

Radishchev ciyar a baƙuwar ƙasa domin kusan shekaru biyar. Duk wannan lokaci, ya yi aiki tukuru da kuma kusan samu wani likita mataki, amma har yanzu wallafe-wallafen da janyo hankalin shi ya fi. Brief biography Radishcheva yana nuna sha'awa a cikin nascent Jamus predromanticheskomu shugabanci.

A kasar da aka gigice da shekaru bakwai 'War, wanda ya ƙare kwanan nan, saboda haka jama'a ya ɓullo da wani yawa na akida ideas, za mu iya ce svobodomyslennyh, idan ba neman sauyi. Kuma da Rasha dalibai ne a tsakiyar shi duka. Tare da su, karatu a Jami'ar Goethe, sun saurari da laccoci na fice da masana falsafa da Platner, wanda ya kasance mai goyon bayan liberalism.

A Jamus, matasa maza rayu ba kyau sosai, saboda su manyan Bocoum, aka kafa ta Empress, ya mai gaskiya despot kuma m. Ya kwashe samari duk kudi aika zuwa ga abun ciki. Kuma a sa'an nan da dalibai yanke shawarar da 'yan tawaye. Wannan shawarar bar su a kaikaice, kamar yadda suka da aka kama da kuma aika zuwa fitina. Amma Rasha Jakadan dauki.

Bocoum kora da yawa daga baya, kafin barin Radishcheva gida.

samu

Brief biography Radishcheva ambaci cewa a 1771 da ya zo St. Petersburg tare da Kutuzov da Rubanovskii. Sun mutane suna cike da fata da kuma tabbatar da dalilin, sharkaf m zamantakewa akida, sun so, in bauta wa al'umma.

Da alama cewa, a cikin shekarun da suka ciyar a Jamus, da Empress gaba daya manta game da manufar aika da shafukan waje. Radishcheva m aiki a cikin majalisar dattijai, wani rakoda. Wannan ya sa saurayin teku tashin hankali da da ewa ba ya bar sabis.

A 1773 ya shiga hedkwatar Janar Bruce, inda aka nada ta soja m. Wannan aiki kuma yi wahayi zuwa Alexander Nikolayevich, amma da yake da shi da nuna. Saboda da fara'a da kuma erudition, ya zama entree cikin high jama'a rai da dakuna da kuma marubuta. Alexander ba ga wani lokacin manta game da wallafe-wallafen babbar sha'awa. Ko gajere biography Radishcheva ba su iya ci gaba da shiru game da aikinsa. Kuma ba lallai ba ne.

wallafe-wallafen hanya

Domin da farko lokacin da Alexander ya juya zuwa ga wallafe-wallafen aikin ko da a Leipzig. Shi ne mai fassara na siyasa da kuma addini wasu 'yan takardu. Amma da ya matasa page ba a gama ba, saboda "Gazette" da aka buga wani, kasa pungent nassi.

A St. Petersburg, ya gana da m na mujallar "fenta" Novikov. Ba da da ewa akwai bayyana kasidarsa mai taken "The nassi na Travel", amma an buga shi a asirce. Brief biography Radishchev, abu mafi muhimmanci shi ne - ko da yaushe a kan surface, evidenced da gaskiya cewa marubuci kusan ba ta ambaci sunan kansa a kan kayayyakin.

A cikin "gutsure" shi aka sama-sama ya nuna wa rai na kauye ƙasar, da dukan da m events. Hakika, saman gwamnati ba son shi, da kuma gonaki yi tuntuɓe sabili. Amma ba marubucin ba kuma m ne ba tsoro. Kuma nan da nan, a cikin wannan mujallar buga wata kasida "English Walk", abin da na tsare da baya edition. Kuma a sa'an nan, ci gaba da "nassi".

A gaskiya, tare da wannan ɗaba'ar kuma fara mai ban tausayi aiki Radishchev.

Mutane da yawa Alexander tsunduma a fassara, wanda kuma aka buga Novikov. Bisa ga tsari na Catherine cikin littafin da aka fassara zuwa gare su, "Tuna Greek tarihi" Mably. Amma a karshen ya bar wasu daga cikin alamomi, game da shi ya shiga jayayya da marubucin, kazalika da dama ma'anar (ciki har da kalmar "daular mulkinsu").

A 1789 ya zo da littafin da littafin "The Life Ushakov", wanda ya aika da mai yawa amo. Ta sake aka buga a asirce, amma babu daya shakka da marubucinsa Radishchev. All lura da cewa littafin da yawa m maganganu da tunani. Duk da haka, da hukumomi sun yi watsi da ta hanyar fita, cewa ya sigina ga wani marubuci domin kara mataki.

Brief biography Radishcheva ga daraja 9 ne ba kamar yadda ma'ana, amma shi ya lura da cewa aikin wannan mutumin kasance m ba kawai da hukumomi, amma har da mambobi ne na Rasha Academy, da kuma da yawa manya.

Radishchev bai kwantar da hankali. Ya so a samu wasu m ayyuka. Saboda haka na fara bayyana a cikin Society of Friends of philology, wanda hada da mutane da yawa marubuta, kazalika da matuƙan da sanda. Kuma ya samu ya hanyar: ya saurari da jawabai.

Society ya zama mujallar "Majalisa na dan kasa", wanda aka buga ayyukansu, imbued Radishchevskaya ideas. Akwai ma wani labarin da Falsafa da kansa, ya fi kama da farfaganda magana ( "The hira da cewa shi ne dan da Fatherland). Af, ya yi kokarin sosai don ta aka aika zuwa buga. Ko da magoya bayan fahimci yadda shi zai iya zama haɗari.

Marubuci, ya zama kamar ma, bai lura, kamar yadda girgije ke tattaruwa a kan shi. Amma shi a fili ya bayyana biography. Radischev Aleksandr Nikolaevich, wanda aikin bauta masa mugu sabis, ya zo karkashin ido na hukumomi. Fuel ga wuta zuba masa gaba ɗaba'ar.

"Journey daga St. Petersburg zuwa Moscow"

Brief biography Radishcheva ƙunshi daya m hujja. Ya main aiki, da yin katsalandan gwajin wuce ba tare da matsaloli. Zai ze cewa wannan ba zai yiwu ba, amma shi ya kasance. The abu ne cewa, Babban Jami'in 'Yan sanda a hukuncin da taƙawa kawai ma m don karanta shi. Ganin take da abubuwan da ke ciki, shi ne ya yanke shawarar cewa wannan shi ne kawai mai shiryarwa. A littafin da aka buga a cikin gida bugu da marubucin, don haka abinda ke ciki, babu wanda ya san.

A mãkirci ne quite sauki. A matafiyi faruwa daga daya kauye zuwa wani, da kuma, wucewa ta cikin kauyuka, ya bayyana abin da ya gani ba. A littafin ne mai matukar vocal sukar lamiri na autocratic ikon, tattaunawa game da raunana manoma da kuma gidan haya permissiveness.

A cikin duka, mutum ɗari shida da kofe aka buga, amma sayar kawai samu ashirin da biyar. Tsawon tafiya zuwa da mai sayarwa da masu karatu suke so su yi a cikin hannãyenku daga cikin sauyi edition.

Hakika, irin wannan samfurin ba zai iya samun wani martani daga masu karatu, kuma da hukuncin Elite. A Empress na marubuci idan aka kwatanta da Pugachev, kuma lashe kwatanta shi ne 'yan tawayen.

Akwai Baya ga hukumomi da sauran mutum ba zai yaba da aikin Radishchev. Alal misali, Pushkin ce game da littafin shi ne sanyi sosai, abin lura cewa shi ne "mediocre littafin" da aka rubuta "dabbanci syllable."

The kama da gudun hijira

A kan umarni na Catherine II Radishchev da aka kama shi. Yana da aka Yuni 30, 1790. Kamar yadda takardun gwamnati, dalilin da tsare shi ne kawai marubucin "Travel". Amma, a matsayin Empress ya dade da aka sani game da yanayin da ra'ayoyi da kuma ayyuka na jama'a, don haka al'amarin an intermingled da sauran wallafe-wallafen ayyukansu.

Saboda dangane da zargi da shi aka tarwatsa da Society of Friends. Bincike ya umurci shugaban Stepan Sheshkovsky asirin 'yan sanda, wanda shi ne na sirri Executioner Empress. Wannan ko ta yaya koya Aleksandr Nikolaevich Radischev. Short biography (9-graders dauke da wannan batu a cikin makaranta manhaja) na nuna gaskiyar cewa sauran kofe na littafin an halaka su da marubucin, wanda shi ne ainihin firgita.

Radishchev aka kurkuku a cikin Bitrus da Bulus sansanin soja. Ya tsere da mugayen azabtarwa kawai saboda matarsa ta 'yar'uwarsa ya kwashe dukan Executioner kayan ado. Lokacin da " 'yan tawayen" lura da yadda m wasa cikin abin da ya da ya shiga tsakani, ya aka shawo kan tsõro. Sama da shi a cikin hatsarin mutuwa a kan iyalinsa - akayi cin amanar. Sa'an nan Radishchev fara rubuta haruffa na tuba, ko da yake ba sosai m.

Daga cikin marubuci ya nema ya ya mai suna sunayen abokan da abokansu. Amma Radishchev bai furta guda sunan. Bisa ga sakamakon da kotun, a kan Yuli 24, ya yanke masa hukumcin kisa. Amma kamar yadda wani marubuci ya da wani bafada, shi ne ake bukata don amincewa duk hukumomin gwamnati. Radishchev shi jira har sai 19 ga watan Agusta. Amma saboda wasu dalilai da kisan da aka dakatar da, da kuma Satumba 4 Ekaterina maye gurbin rataye gudun hijira a Siberia.

Bayani game da goma shekaru ya ciyar a kurkuku Ilmen, zai cika da taƙaitacciyar biography. Alexander Radishchev, marubuta, abokai suka kõma bãya daga gudun hijira, ya zauna can don kawai shekaru shida. A 1796, Sarkin sarakuna Paul, a san shi da adawa tare da mahaifiyarsa, da warware wani marubuci. Kuma a cikin 1801 ya aka amnestied.

'yan shekarun nan

Alexander na kira marubuci zuwa St. Petersburg da kuma nada shi a matsayin da hukumar a kan Shirin zanen na dokokin.

Bayan da gudun hijira Radishchev aka rubuta 'yan waqe-waqe, amma bai sami yarda daga literatorstva. Yana da wuya a stifle da 'yancin tunani. Bugu da ƙari, rayuwa a Siberia sosai gurgunta ya kiwon lafiya, ya kasance ba matasa da kuma m. Watakila dukkanin wadannan batutuwa da kuma tilasta marubuci a kubuta daga rayuwa.

Brief biography Radishcheva ƙunshi bayanin da akwai iri biyu da ya mutu. A farko an haɗa da aiki. Ostensibly ya samarwa don gabatar da dokoki da daidaitãwa hakkin jama'ar kasar, da kuma shugaban ya tsawata masa, barazanar Siberia. Alexander ya dauki wannan zuciya da kuma guba.

Na biyu version ne cewa ya kuskure sha gilashin Ruwa regia kuma ya mutu a gaban dansa. Amma jana'izar takardun, halitta mutuwa da aka jera a matsayin dalilin mutuwar.

Don wannan rana da marubuci ta kabari bai tsira.

A rabo daga cikin wallafe-wallafen al'adunmu

Har karni na ashirin marubuci littattafai da aka iske ba. Ya aka sani kawai kamar yadda wani mazaunin ( "wa") Penza yankin - Radishchev. Marubuci, Biography (short a gabatar, amma irin wannan m) wanda shi sosai ban tausayi, aka ba nuna godiya da ya Sahaban. Dukan littattafan da aka kone su. Kawai a cikin 1888, a kananan edition da aka saki a Rasha "Travel". Kuma riga a 1907 - wani tarin ayyukan kuma rubuta baitocin.

iyali

A marubuci da aka yi aure sau biyu. Tare da matarsa ta farko Anna Rubanovskii ya haifi yara hudu. Amma matar ta rasu a haihuwa karshe dan Paul. Duba bayan da yara bar ba tare da uwayensu amince Sister Anne Catherine.

Shi ne ta ke ta biyu da matar Radishchev, bi da shi bautar talala. Uku mafi yara da aka haifa a aurensu. A kan hanyar dawo wa St. Petersburg Catherine fadi da rashin lafiya kuma ya rasu. Wannan baƙin ciki da asarar duk yara da kuma Radishchev.

Brief biography da kuma ayyukan marubuci da gaske ban mamaki. Duk da dukan abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwarsa, ya yi watsi da ra'ayoyinsu, kuma ya bi su har karshe numfashi. Wannan bayyana ikon da mutum ruhu!