Cikakkar zazzabi - akwai irin wannan abu

Dukanmu mun san cewa gawawwakin kewaye da mu suna da zafi ko sanyi. Glass, wanda aka zuba tafasasshen zafi, amma wannan gilashi lokacin shi ne komai - sanyi. Mun ji sanyi ko dumi hannunka a lokacin da taba da gilashi. Kuma abin da muka ji? irin wannan abu a matsayin zazzabi da aka gabatar da fahimtar malamai.

Da farko, a lokacin da aka ba tukuna kafa kwayoyin-sanadin motsi ka'idar, masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa da yawan zafin jiki yayi dace da musamman abu - caloric. Shi ya, mafi daidai, ta yawa kayyade zafi ko sanyi jiki. Wannan shi ne kama da wani kima na yadda "karfi" samun cakuda al'amarin, kuma caloric. Bisa ga wannan misalin, ƙarfi kuma yawan zafin jiki na sayar da giya da aka auna a wannan raka'a - digiri.

Yanzu yawan zafin jiki yana dauke da wani gwargwado na sanadin motsi makamashi na kwayoyin, da kuma hidima, musamman, da mudu na mataki na dumama jikinsu. Don kimanta masana kimiyya amfani da makamashi raka'a: SI tsarin raka'a shi zai joule. Amma zafin jiki ma'aunai ya fara tun kafin makamashi ka'idar. Kamar yadda aka ambata a riga, a kullum ayyukan, musamman naúrar na ji - mataki.

Yi da dama daban-daban hanyoyin da ji na zazzabi. Ga kowane daga cikinsu na da yawan zafin jiki sikelin kafa naúrar digiri. Suna da ake kira da sunayen masana kimiyya, da wata hanya domin kayyade - Fahrenheit, Reaumur, Celsius. The manufa shi ne cewa su dauki wasu zazzabi iyaka da kuma raba shi a cikin wani adadi. Saboda haka, tsarin ne daidai 0 digiri Celsius sanyinsu na ruwa, da kuma 100 digiri - ta tafasar zazzabi. Wannan zangon da aka raba ta 100 ba a darajar 1 digiri.

A kowane tsarin for kafa darajar a daya mataki an yi amfani da su pivot maki, tare da daya da kuma guda jiki a kowane daga cikinsu zai yi da kansa zazzabi. Duk da haka, da darajar za a iya canjawa wuri daga daya sikelin zuwa wani. Amma masana kimiyya sun gabatar da wani sabon ra'ayi - cikakken zazzabi. Shi ne, a sake, saboda da fahimtar yadda za a auna zafin jiki na thermal makamashi na kwayoyin.

Saboda irin wannan dabarar na nuna cewa cikin cikakkar zazzabi - shi ne wanda aka auna daga cikin cikakkar sifili darajar wanda shi ne mai zafin jiki a da thermal motsi ne gaba daya ba a nan, kuma da ciki makamashi na jiki shi ne kadan. Wannan Hanyar hakkin yi da ake kira Kelvin, saidai nufi da kai da cikakkar sifili zazzabi daidai debe 273,15 digiri Celsius.

Saboda haka, cikakken zafin jiki a cikin yau da kullum ji ne ba daban-daban daga cikin saba - shi ke kawai wani batu na farko da tunani. Hakika, babu wanda zai iya cewa titi da 296,15 digiri Kelvin, idan akwai da 23 digiri Celsius, ko da yake duka biyu lambobin suna da inganci. A zafin jiki a Kelvin - shi ne wani aikace-aikace cewa ba a hade da yau da kullum da yanayi.

Sai dai itace cewa da cikakkar zazzabi ko da yawan zafin jiki a Kelvin - shi ne wani kayan aiki, wanda ake amfani da yafi masana kimiyya. Ana amfani da lokacin da la'akari da dama msar tambayar da m al'amurran da suka shafi bincike da kaddarorin, fasali da kuma mamaki a cikin kewaye duniya. Talakawa mutane ne da bã su dangane da kimiyya, ba yana zama sha'awar da yiwuwar m amfani da irin wannan abu a matsayin cikakken zazzabi.

A gabatarwar da definition na cikakkar sifili take kaiwa zuwa dama ban sha'awa mamaki. Alal misali, lokacin da ƙoƙarin cimma shi akwai irin wannan sabon abu kamar yadda jejjerawa. Rubuce, idan lantarki shugaba sanyaya sifili digiri Kelvin (0 ° C), da thermal motsi a cikin girma abu tsaya a nan ba, da wutar lantarki da juriya da shugaba zai ayan sifili da kuma na yanzu asarar zai zama kadan. Duk da haka, an yi imani da cewa a yi unattainable cikakkar sifili zazzabi, har ma a karkashin awon yanayi kasa kusanci kusa yadda ya kamata zuwa ga wannan darajar.

Babu kasa ban sha'awa shi ne sabon abu na superfluidity. Idan cikakkar zafin jiki na gas fara rage, sa'an nan a lokacin da wani daraja, domin kowane su gas, a mika mulki auku a cikin ruwa gas. Lokacin da helium zama ruwa, da ta samu ikon shiga ta hanyar da ta fi ƙanƙanta capillaries. Don amfani a rayuwar yau da kullum, irin mamaki ba tukuna amfani, amma ba da damar mu mu fahimci yawa daga cikin tambayoyi da jimla makanikai da muhimman hakkokin kimiyya.

Irin wannan abu a matsayin cikakkar zazzabi, da ake amfani da ka'idojin karatun da m gwajen domin binciken na duniya. Bayan shi, da labarin hulda da manufar da zazzabi kanta daga mahangar da kwayoyin-sanadin motsi ka'idar.