City kimiyya biranen Rasha: jerin. A ci gaba da Rasha kimiyya birane. Kwarewa na kimiyya birnin Rasha ne nukiliya likita? A farko kimiyya birnin Rasha

Ya zuwa yanzu, yana da fili cewa kawai tare da ci gaba da fasahar fasahar zamani Rasha za ta iya kasancewa ta dace a kasuwar tattalin arzikin duniya. Wannan kuma zai ba da damar jihar mu dawo da kuma adana matsayi na babban iko.

Haka ne, Rasha ta wadata a fitar da albarkatun kasa (ciki har da gas da man fetur). Duk da haka, samfurorin aikin su na farko ba shine tushen tattalin arziki ba, wasu lokuta suna sanya kasar ta dogara ga kasashe masu ci gaba. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ake saurin sauyawa daga wani tattalin arziki wanda ke mayar da hankali ga samar da makamashi da makamashi don samar da wani sabon abu na bunkasa tattalin arzikin kasa. Kuma hakan yana yiwuwa ne kawai tare da ƙarfafa ayyukan ilimi da bincike a fannin makamashi da sufuri, injiniyar injiniya, kayan aiki, jirgin sama da sarari.

An samu nasara mai mahimmanci a aikin likita da ilimi, fasahar zamani da fasaha. Yadda za a cimma wannan? Faɗakarwa da kuma ƙarfafawa na iko mai zurfi na kimiyya da kimiyya da fasaha ta hanyar bunkasa birane kimiyya na Rasha.

Tarihin bayyanar

Irin wannan ra'ayi kamar "birnin kimiyya" ya bayyana ne a Rasha kawai a farkon 90s na karni na karshe. Kuma a lokacin da ya fara aiki, yana da haɗin kai. A cikin jerin, wanda ke kula da biranen kimiyya na Rasha, birane da ƙauyuka sun haɗu, waɗanda suke da matsalolin ci gaba irin wannan. Wannan ya haɗa da tsari na musamman. A cikinsu su ne masana kimiyya da sauran kungiyoyi da suka dace da haɓaka kimiyya da fasaha na tattalin arzikin kasa. Menene wajibi ne don tsara irin wadannan ƙauyuka?

Garin Naukograd shine samfurin cigaba a duniya. Sakamakonsu ya zama mai yiwuwa a lokacin da ci gaba da sababbin ci gaba ya zama muhimmi a matakin ci gaban jihar.

An rarraba birane na kimiyyar kimiyyar Rasha ta irin wannan karfin basirar da suka taimaka wajen samarwa sannan kuma su kula da daidaitattun sasantawa a yankuna mafi muhimmanci. Bugu da ƙari, ta hanyar ƙirƙirar irin waɗannan ƙauyuka, jihar ta gudanar da nasarar cimma nasarar bincike a yankunan da dama.

Geography of birane kimiyya

A halin yanzu, akwai mazauna saba'in a kasarmu, babban manufar shi shine ci gaba da hanyoyin da aka saba. Birnin birnin kimiyya na Rasha yana cikin yankin sulhu.

Kusan rabin wannan jerin za'a iya samuwa akan taswirar yankin Moscow. Daga cikin su akwai Zelenograd, wadda ta hanyar mallaki tsarin mulki na cikin babban birnin.

A waje da yankin Moscow, a kan iyakar tsakiya na Rasha, akwai wasu ɗakunan kimiyya takwas. Suna a cikin yankunan Kaluga, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Tver da Nizhny Novgorod.

Urals ita ce yankin na biyu inda wuraren kimiyya na Rasha sun kasance tare da babban taro. Jerin tare da mafi girma jerin su suna da lardunan Chelyabinsk da Sverdlovsk. A matsayi na uku a cikin ƙaddamar da irin wannan tsarin shine Western Siberia. Akwai garuruwan kimiyya shida a kan iyakarta. Zaka iya samun su a taswirar yankin Altai, da kuma Tomsk da Yankunan Novosibirsk.

Haɗuwa da birane kimiyya

Yawancin ƙauyuka da ke mayar da hankalinsu na ilimi sune birane. Kwanan nan, ƙauyuka biyu sun sami matsayi na "biranen kimiyya na birnin Rasha". An tsara jerin jerin irin wannan:

- Ƙungiya. Chernogolovka, dake cikin yankin Moscow;
- Ƙungiya. New gini, canja sunansa zuwa birnin Peresvet.

A cikin jerin biranen kimiyya - ƙauyuka guda bakwai na birane. Akwai ƙauyuka hudu a cikin yankunan karkara. Amma wannan ba dukkanin birane kimiyya ne na Rasha ba. Jerin sunayen su suna cike da ƙananan garuruwan ilimi na manyan masana kimiyya na Far East da Siberia. Bisa ga haɗin gwiwar su, sun kasance yankunan birane.

Bambanci kuma ya bambanta a yawan mutanen da ke zaune a cikin birane kimiyya. A cikin mafi yawan su fiye da mutane dubu biyu suna zaune a rajista. A cikin wannan jerin akwai irin wannan kimiyya na birnin Rasha kamar Biysk. Ga manyan tsare-tsaren kimiyya tare da lambar ɗaya suna Dzerzhinsk da Zelenograd.

Yaya yawan garuruwan kimiyya na Rasha sun kasance na biyu a cikin yawan mutanen da suke zaune a ciki? Akwai irin wannan nau'i takwas. Kuma mafi yawan wannan jerin yana cikin yankin Moscow.

Sau da yawa, garin kimiyya na Rasha shine yanki da mutane 20 zuwa 100,000. Wannan adadin yawan ya kasance a kusan rabin dukkanin hanyoyin kimiyya.

Ƙananan birnin-kimiyya birnin Rasha shine Primorsk, located a cikin Leningrad yankin. Yawansa kusan mutane dubu shida ne.

Yawan mutanen da ke zama a cikin birane kimiyya, waɗanda suke cikin matsayi na yankunan birane, sun bambanta. Saboda haka, yawancin ƙauyen. Orew - mutane dubu 1.5 da kauyen. Krasnoobsk - 17,5 dubu.

Amma ga Ma'aikatan Ilimi, yawancin mazauninsu ba a san su ba. Wannan bayanin ya faru ne ta hanyar faruwar irin wannan tsari a cikin abun da ke ciki na manyan birane. Bayanai na musamman ne kawai game da Novosibirsk Academgorodok, saboda wannan ilimin kimiyya yana cikin yankin Soviet na cibiyar kulawa. A farkon 2001 130,000 mutane aka rajista a nan.

Fadada jerin jerin biranen kimiyya

A halin yanzu yana da wahala a lissafta yawan adadin ilimin kimiyya wanda ke cikin aikin gabatar da fasahar zamani a cikin tattalin arzikin kasa na kasar. Gaskiyar ita ce, akwai garuruwan da aka rufe - rufe ƙungiyoyi masu mulki-yankuna, da ake kira "akwatin gidan waya". Rahoton da suka yi na aiki ya fara ne a farkon rabin ninni na karni na karshe, amma a yau ba dukkanin wadannan cibiyoyin sun san jama'a ba.

Fadada jerin, wanda ya haɗa da garuruwan kimiyya na gari na Rasha, kuma wasu ƙananan wuraren da ke da kwarewar kimiyya da fasaha. Alal misali, kwanan nan kwanan nan ya faru da Gatchina, wanda ke cikin yankin Leningrad. Wannan shiri, tare da yawan mutane 82,300, ya zama gari kimiyya saboda Cibiyar Harkokin Nukiliya ta St. Petersburg dake kan iyakarta.

Za'a iya shigar da jerin ƙungiyoyi irin wannan:

- Angarsk, dake cikin yankin Irkutsk (yawan jama'a - mutane dubu 264);
- Glazov (106,8,000 mazauna), wanda ke kan iyakar Udmurtia.

Angarsk Electrolysis Shuka ayyukan mu'amala da ma'adinin Uranium. Glazov, ta hannun dama, ana iya la'akari da kakannin Ural makaman nukiliya. An sanya wannan matsayi a cikin birnin saboda Kwarin Gwanin Chepetsk, wanda ke samar da uranium mai ƙarfe.

Sanarwar kimiyya ta Rasha - Sosenskiy tare da yawan mutane 14.6,000. A cikin wannan shiri akwai Cibiyar Nazarin Kayan Gida da Ayyuka, wadda ke tsara tsarin tsarin masana'antun jiragen sama.

Amma wannan ba cikakken jerin birane ne da ƙauyuka waɗanda suke da 'yan takarar shiga cikin jerin sassan kimiyya ba. Don haka, a yau, ana la'akari da tambaya game da ciki har da Petrodvorets a jerin sunayen kamfanonin, saboda wannan tsari shine shahararrun mashahuri mafi girma a cikin duniya.

Sanya matsayi

A watan Nuwambar 1997, shugaban kasar Rasha ya kafa tushe ga tsarin siyasa don bunkasa cibiyoyin kimiyya. A lokacin wannan lokacin ne aka rubuta dokar "An tsara shi don ci gaba da biranen kimiyya kamar biranen fasaha da kimiyya". A lokacin ne aka fahimci tunanin irin wannan ilimin, wanda ke gudanar da ayyukan fasaha da kimiyya da fasaha kuma yana gudanar da ayyukan ci gaba na gwaji a wuraren da ke fifiko ga kasar.

Birnin farko na kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyya ta kasar Sin ta Rasha, wadda ta samu matsayi na musamman, ita ce Obninsk. Ya faru ne a watan Mayu 2000. Bayan shekara guda, an kira birnin Korolev (Moscow) a birnin City of Science. A watan Disamba na 2001, aka ba Mr. Dubna wannan matsayi.

Ƙwarewar birane kimiyya

Ƙasar da ke cikin fasaha na kimiyya da fasaha da fasaha, suna gudanar da ayyukansu a wurare daban daban. Saboda haka, a jere daya akwai yankunan kimiyya na zamani (Borok, Dubna, Troitsk) da akademgorodki. Bugu da ƙari, birane sun bambanta, tare da ɗakunan kimiyya da samarwa mai ban sha'awa (Reutov, Khimki, Zhukovsky). A gare su kuma suna dauke da birane kimiyya na tarin kwayoyin halitta (Sarov, Ozersk, da dai sauransu). A cikin rukuni daban daban na irin wannan horo akwai garuruwan da ake gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na kayan aiki (Plesetsk, Mirny, Dmitrov-7, da sauransu).

Duk da haka, a manyan biranen kimiyya na Rasha da ƙwarewarsu suna da hadari. A wa] annan cibiyoyin tunani na hankali, ana gudanar da bincike daban-daban na kimiyya, suna rufe yankunan da dama. Duk da haka, dukansu suna haɗuwa da ɗaya takamaiman siffar. Daga cikin ayyuka masu yawa, akwai ko da yaushe manyan mutane biyu ko uku. Irin wadannan naukograds an kira poly-oriented.

Har ila yau akwai garuruwa na musamman. A cikinsu, akwai fuskantarwa ne kawai a daya hanya na bincike.

A lokacin da ke tsara birane kimiyya ta hanyar ƙwarewar su, an kuma rarraba ƙungiyar tsaka-tsaki. Ya haɗa da waɗannan ɗumbin da aka gudanar da ci gaban kimiyya a yankuna da yawa, amma ɗayan su ne asali, da sauran - kawai ƙarin ko biyan babban nau'in aiki.

Space bincike da kuma aviaraketostroenie

Kungiyoyin bincike da suka fi yadu da yawa sun hada da cigaba don sararin samaniya da jiragen sama. Yaya yawancin birane kimiyya a Rasha suna gudanar da ayyukan a wannan hanya? Akwai wurare 25 a cikin kasar, mafi yawansu a yankin Moscow. Har ila yau, akwai wa] annan biranen, cikinsu, wa] anda suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta harkokin kimiyya da fasaha na} asashen.

Don haka, shugaban kamfanin na cikin gida ya hada da Mr. Zhukovsky. Yawanta mutane 95.1 ne. Wannan gari na kimiyya yana zama cibiyar jagorancin kasarmu, inda aka tsara zane da gwaji na jirgin sama. A nan, akwai Gromov Flight Research Cibiyar, da aka sani a duk faɗin duniya, da cibiyar Cibiyar Aerohydrodynamic ta tsakiya. Zhukovsky.

Naukograd da ƙwarewar sararin samaniyar kuma Korolev, wanda yawanta yawanta mutane dubu 132.9 ne. Babban mahimmancin wannan ilimin shine kamfanin "Ƙarfafa". Ita ce babbar tashar jiragen sama ta kasa a kasar, mai tsara shirye-shiryen sararin samaniya, ciki har da Energia-Buran. Amma ba wai kawai wannan shahararren Mr. Korolev ba ne. A kan iyakarta ita ce cibiyar koyar da 'yan saman jannati.

Wani garin kimiyya yana kusa da Sarauniya. Wannan shi ne Jubilee tare da yawan mutane 27,700. A ƙasashen wannan samfurin akwai cibiyoyin bincike da ke tattare da ci gaba da tsarin tsarin rukuni da sararin samaniya.
Naukograd da irin wannan ƙwarewa shine Star City. Yawanta yawan mutane 5,5 ne. Wannan samfurin shine sulhu a yankunan da cosmonauts ke shirya don jiragen man.

A cikin yammaci daga Moscow shi ne birnin kimiyya mai rufewa. Wannan birni na Krasnoznamensk, wanda ke gida zuwa mutane 29.4. A cikin ƙarshen ƙarshen 40 na karni na karshe, an buɗe Cibiyar Sadarwar Kasuwanci a kan ƙasa na wannan mahallin, wanda a yau shine cibiyar mahimmanci don gwadawa da sarrafa sararin samaniya.

Ɗaya daga cikin biranen kimiyya mafi shahararrun, wanda ke kula da binciken sararin samaniya, shi ne biranen Mirny da Znamensk. Sun kasance a kusa da kwaminis na Donetsk da Kapustin Yar.

Cibiyoyin Gidan Harkokin Gidan Hidima da Kayan lantarki

Cibiyoyin kimiyya masu mahimmanci a cikin ayyukan su a cikin wadannan yankunan suna rabu da su zuwa wani bangare daban, tun da binciken da aka gudanar a ciki shi ne na musamman. Akwai irin wadannan nau'o'i uku a Rasha. Biyu biranen - Fryazino da Zelenograd - suna kan yankin ƙasar Moscow. Na uku - Pravdinsk - a yankin Nizhny Novgorod.

Babban sanannen kayan wutar lantarki a Rasha shine Zelenograd. Tarihin wannan birni, wadda yanzu ke da mutane 207.8,000, ya fara ne a shekara ta 1958. A lokacin ne majalisar ministoci na kungiyar kare hakkin bil Adama ta Amurka ta dauki mataki a kan fara gina babban gari na birnin satellite. An zaba wurin da za a gudanar da wannan ilimi a matsayin filin da ke kusa da tashar Kryukovo. Tuni a farkon shekaru goma na wanzuwarsa, an gina manyan hukumomi guda takwas a cikin birnin, tare da gina matakan jirgi da ke cikin abubuwan da suka faru, ciki har da yanayin microelectronics.

Ƙaddamar da makaman nukiliya

Daga cikin birane kimiyya na Rasha akwai kuma wadanda ke kwarewa a binciken kimiyya, kuma suna aiki da fasahar da suka bunkasa a fannonin fasahar nukiliya da ilmin lissafi. Wani wuri na musamman a cikin wannan jerin yana shagaltar da birane goma. A wani lokaci, an gina waɗannan birane saboda gabatar da aikin atomatik a cikin USSR. An fara farawa irin wadannan birane kimiyya a 1943. A nan ne Laboratory No. 2 ya bayyana a Moscow, yana aiki da ayyukan aikin samar da makaman nukiliya. A yau shi ne babban cibiyar kimiyya mai ci gaba da ake kira Cibiyar Kurchatov.

A nan gaba, ci gaba da Laboratory ya buƙaci kafa ƙungiyoyi masu yawa a yankunan da ke da mahimmanci inda za a iya bincika bincike da samar da wuraren gwaji. Don magance wannan matsala, an gina masana'antu goma. Dukansu suna da nisa daga wuraren da aka fi sani, da motoci da hanyoyi na hanyoyi (daga "idanu masu ban mamaki").

Mafi shahararren kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar nukiliya a Rasha shine Sarov. An located a Turai ɓangare na kasar, a yankin sun shagaltar da da Mordovian ajiye. Yawan mazaunan da ke zaune a ciki akwai mutane 84.9. A cikin shekaru daban-daban wannan birni na kimiyya yana da sunaye irin su Yasnogorsk da Kremlev, Arzamas-75 da Arzamas-16. Kuma kawai a cikin 1994, bayan zaben raba gardama, ana fara kiran birnin: Sarov.

Wadanne kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyya ta nukiliya ce ta ilimin kimiyyar nukiliya? Baya ga abin da ke sama, yana da daraja a ambaci birnin Zarechny. Har ila yau yana cikin yankin Turai na ƙasar, a kan yankin yankin Penza.

Akwai karin kwakwalwa biyar a cikin Urals. Wannan Snezhinsk, Ozersk da Trekhgorny, a yankin Chelyabinsk, da Novouralsk da Lesnoy - a yankin Sverdlovsk. Biranen birane uku da ke sana'a a bincike-bincike na nukiliya suna Siberia. Wannan shi ne Seversk a cikin Tomsk Region, Zelenogorsk da Zheleznogorsk a cikin yankin Krasnoyarsk.

Wani kwararren kimiyyar kimiyyar kimiyyar nukiliya na birnin Rasha ne? Bugu da ƙari, goma da aka ambata a sama, birane takwas suna cikin jerin sunayen, a ƙasashen da akwai manyan cibiyoyin binciken kimiyya na wannan shugabanci. Daga cikin su Dimitrovgrad da Gatchina, Obninsk da Dubna, Protvino, Troitsk da sauransu.

Daya daga cikin biranen wannan jerin na so in jaddada bambanta. Wannan Obninsk ita ce birnin kimiyya na farko a Rasha, wanda ya karbi wannan matsayi mai girma. Ya kasance a kudu maso yammacin Moscow, kimanin kilomita da ashirin daga babban birnin kasar, kuma yau yawanta yawan mutane 107.8 dubu ne.

Obninsk Construction ya fara a shekarar 1946, a lokacin da a kan tushen da shiga makaranta da kuma marayu, an yanke shawarar gina wani m makaman "B". Bincike a cikin filin na nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi ba kawai Soviet, amma kuma Jamus masana kiran su zuwa ga Laboratory da kwangila. Daga baya, Physics da kuma Power Engineering a Obninsk aka halitta, kuma a shekarar 1954 ya fara ta aikin nan na farko a duniya makamashin nukiliya.

A bayani na m al'amurran da suka shafi

Kimiyya City na noma specialization a Rasha - wani gari Michurinsk. Wannan matsayi ne da aka ba ƙauyuka dake a cikin Tambov yankin, bayar da mun gwada kwanan nan - 11. 4. 2003, kan na Presidential hukuncinsa. A wannan daftarin aiki da aka amince da asali kwatance, wanda ya kamata gudanar da ayyukan kawai a Rasha kimiyya birnin noma specialization. Daga cikin su akwai wadannan:

- bincike a kiwo da kuma jinsi, Biochemistry, fasahar binciken halittu ta, yanayi na kayan lambu, Berry da 'ya'yan itace amfanin gona, da kuma gano sunadaran da yawan aiki, zaman lafiya da kuma karfafawa agroehkosistem.
- ci gaban da tsabtace muhalli sauti gwaji fasahar ba kawai samar, amma kuma harkokin sufuri, aiki da kuma ajiya na wani iri-iri na 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu.
- kimiyya da fasaha da} ir} gwaji da kuma gwaji ci gaba a fagen daga kida, kazalika da samar da sabon, tsabtace muhalli-friendly kayayyakin abinci.
- horo na ma'aikata tsarin aiki a duk yankuna na aikin noma.