Da al'adun da haske: Features

A ƙarshen XVII karni da haske, abin da ya rufe dukkan m XVIII karni. A key fasali na lokaci da kuma zama free-rationality. Akwai wani al'adu na haske, wanda ya ba da duniya wani sabon art.

falsafa

Duka al'adun da haske da aka dogara ne a kan sabon falsafa ideas tsara ta wurin Thinkers na lokaci. Babban siyasa gabascin sun Dzhon Lokk, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Goethe, Kant da sauransu. Sun gano ruhaniya bangare na XVIII karni (wanda kuma ake kira Age na Reason).

A adepts na haske ya yi ĩmãni da 'yan key ideas. Daya daga cikin su shi ne gaskiya cewa dukan mutane masu da yanayi daidai, kowane mutum na da nasu so da kuma bukatun. Don ya tarye su, dole ne ka ƙirƙiri wani dadi dakunan kwanan dalibai ga duk. Hali bai bayyana a kan haske kanta - shi ne kafa a kan lokaci saboda gaskiyar cewa mutane suna da jiki da kuma ƙarfin ruhaniya, da kuma tunaninsa. Daidaitan ya kamata da farko zama a cikin daidaici da duk gaban doka.

Haskakarka al'ada - wani al'ada m ga dukan ilimi. Jagoranci gabascin yi imani da cewa kawai ta hanyar yaduwar ilimi, za ka iya kawo ƙarshen sa da zamantakewa hargitsi. Wannan shi ne rationalism - da amincewa da hankali dangane da hali da kuma tsarawa mutane.

A wannan zamanin da haske ci gaba da muhawara game da addini. Disassociation daga jama'a girma m da kuma ra'ayin mazan jiya coci (musamman Katolika). Daga cikin ilimi mũminai yada ra'ayin Allah, kamar yadda wasu cikakkar makanikai, wanda ya sanya domin da farko wanzu a duniya. Godiya ga m binciken kimiyya yada ra'ayi cewa bil'adama za su iya bayyana duk da asiran da suke duniya da asirai, da mu'ujizai a baya.

art shugabanci

Bugu da kari ga falsafa, shi wanzu da kuma m al'adu na haske. A wannan lokacin da art na Old World kunshi biyu main yankunan. Na farko shi ne Classicism. Ya tsira a adabi, music, zane-zane,. Wannan Trend nufi riko da tsoho Roman kuma Greek ka'idojin. Irin wannan art ne daban-daban fasali, rationality, da mayar da hankali da kuma tsaurara yarda form.

The m al'adu na haske tsarin na Romanticism karɓa kira zuwa ga wasu tambayoyi: tausaya, kwatanci, m improvisation artist. Sau da yawa akwai irin abin da wadannan biyu daban-daban fuskanci aka hade a daya samfurin. Alal misali, wani nau'i iya dace classicism da abun ciki - Romanticism.

Bayyana da kuma gwaji styles. Shi ya zama wani muhimmin abu sentimentalism. Ya ba da ta stylistic siffofin, amma shi ne ta yin amfani da shi a nuna da nan view of mutum alheri, kuma tsarki, wanda aka bai wa mutane da yanayi. Rasha m al'adu na haske, kazalika da Turai, ya ta da kansa mai haske guda da take ta m kwarara. Irin wannan shi ne labarin Nikolaya Karamzina "Poor Liza".

da sadaukarwa yanayi

Yana sentimentalists halitta a halayyar da haske daba yanayi. A Thinkers na XVIII karni shi nemi wani samfurin na da kyau da kuma mai kyau, abin da ya kamata ya yi jihãdi ga mutãne. Misalta mafi duniya da aka rayayye bayyana a lokacin da kasashen Turai, Parks da gidãjen Aljanna. Da aka halicce su a matsayin cikakken yanayi domin m mutane. Wadannan qagaggun hada art galleries, dakunan karatu, gidajen tarihi, haikali da sinimomi.

A kan haske yi imani da cewa sabon "halitta mutum" dole ne komawa zuwa cikin halitta jihar - da cewa shi ne da halitta. A cewar wannan ra'ayin Rasha art da al'adu a cikin haske (ko kuma wajen, gine) ya Sahaban Peterhof. Fiye da aikin gine-gine gine-ginen shahara Leblon, Zemtsov, Usov, Quarenghi. Godiya ga kokarin da a kan Gulf of Finland da musamman gungu, wanda hada da wani musamman shakatawa, m manyan gidãje da marẽmari.

zanen

A zanen, m al'adun Turai na haske samo asali zuwa ga mafi secularism. Addini ya fara daukar matsayi ko da a cikin wadannan kasashe inda kafin ta ji m isa ya Austria, Italiya da kuma Jamus. Daji, yanayin fili zanen maye gurbin da yanayi na wuri mai faɗi da kuma wani m hoto maye gurbin da m hotuna.

A farkon rabin karni XVIII Faransa al'adu na haske ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa Rococo style. Irin wannan art aka bisa jeri na bangaren, shi aka izgili, m kuma izuwa. Favorite haruffa na wannan shugabanci da artist ne Bacchante, Nymphs, Venus, Diana, da kuma sauran Figures na gargajiya yaren, da kuma babban batutuwa - soyayya.

A daukan hankali misali na Faransanci Rococo - kerawa Fransua Bushe, wanda aka kuma ake kira "na farko fenta na sarki." Ya fentin gidan wasan kwaikwayo sets, zanuka don hoto littattafan ga m gidaje da kuma manyan gidãje. Mafi shahara daga cikin zane-zane: "The bayan gida na Venus", "Kawasaki na Venus" da sauransu ..

Antuan Vatto, a akasin haka, ƙara juya zuwa rayuwa ta zamani. Ƙarƙashin ikonsa, da style da ya ɓullo da most English hoto mai zane-zane Thomas Gainsborough. Ya bambanta ibada, ruhaniya tsaftacewa da kuma shayari.

Babban Italian fenta na XVIII karni ya Dzhovanni Tepolo. Wannan master kwafi da murals Kai sukar dauke da karshe babban wakilin Venetian makaranta. A cikin babban birnin kasar ta shahara shopping Jamhuriyar ma ya tashi Veduta - yau da kullum birane wuri mai faɗi. Fi bikin halittawa a cikin Genre fara Francesco Guardi da kuma Antonio Kanaletto. Wannan haske al'ada bar baya da wani babbar dama m zane-zane.

wasan kwaikwayo

XVIII karni - zinariya shekaru na wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin da haske, wannan art form ya kai pinnacle na da shahararsa da kuma ruwan dare. A Ingila, da most ya da mawallafin wasannin kwaikwayo, Richard Sheridan. Mafi shahara daga cikin ayyukansa, "Tafiya zuwa Scarborough," "School for Scandal" da "adawa", izgili a cikin alfãsha daga cikin bourgeoisie.

Dynamic dukan gidan wasan kwaikwayo al'adu a Turai na haske ci gaba a Venice, inda ya yi aiki kawai 7 sinimomi. Traditional shekara-shekara birni Carnival janyo hankalin baƙi daga ko'ina cikin Old World. A Venice, ya yi marubucin daga cikin shahararrun "Traktirschiny" Karlo Goldoni. Wannan mawallafin wasannin kwaikwayo, wanda ya rubuta a total of 267 ayyukansu, mutunta da kuma ganin darajarsa ta Voltaire.

Mafi shahara comedy na XVIII karni shi ne "The Aure na Figaro," da aka rubuta a babban Faransa Beaumarchais. A wannan wasa, aiwatuwa da yanayi na al'umma yana da wani mummunan hali zuwa cikakken daular mulkinsu na Bourbons. A 'yan shekaru bayan buga na farko productions da comedies a Faransa akwai wani juyin juya halin da hambarar da tsohon tsarin mulki.

Al'adun Turai na haske ya kasance ba uniform. A wasu ƙasashe, a cikin zane-zane ya tashi da kasa fasali. Ga misali, da Jamusanci wasan kwaikwayo (Schiller, Goethe, Lessing), ya fi fice a ayyukan da aka rubuta a cikin Genre na bala'i. A wannan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na haske a Jamus ya bayyana a 'yan shekarun da suka gabata daga baya fiye da a Faransa, ko kuma Ingila.

Iogann Gete ya ba kawai wani m mawãƙi kuma marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo. Ba don kome ba shi ne ake kira "duniya baiwa" - a connoisseur da art sharhi, masani, mawallafin kuma gwani a wasu yankunan. Its key samfurin - a bala'i "Faust" da kuma play "Egmont." Wani fice adadi na Jamus haske, Friedrich Schiller, ba kawai rubuta "rikici da kuma love" da kuma "The Mafasa", amma kuma bar baya da wani kimiyya da kuma tarihi ayyukansu.

almarar

Babban wallafe-wallafen Genre na XVIII karni da aka labari. Shi ne da godiya ga sabon littattafai zo da rabo daga bourgeois al'ada, wanda ya maye gurbin tsohon mulkin gargajiya haihuwa akida. Rayayye buga ayyukan art ba kawai marubuta, amma kuma sociologists, da masana falsafa da kuma tattalin arziki.

The labari, kamar yadda mai salo, ya taso ne daga bayar da shawarwari aikin jarida. Tare da shi, da Thinkers na XVIII karni sun samu wani sabon tsari don bayyana su zaman jama'a da kuma falsafa ra'ayoyin. Rubuta "Gulliver ta tafiyarka" Dzhonatan Svift sa a cikin aikinsa da yawa allusions zuwa Mũnãnan ayyuka da zamani al'umma. Ya kuma rubuta mallakar "The Tale of malam." A wannan karamin littafi, Swift satirized da nan addini umarni da jayayya.

A ci gaba na al'adu a cikin haske za a iya gano zuwa fitowan da sabon wallafe-wallafen nau'o'i. A wannan lokaci, akwai wani epistolary labari (wani labari a cikin haruffa). Wannan shi ne, misali, wata m aikin Ioganna Gete "baƙin na Sun Werther," a cikin abin da protagonist ya kashe kansa, kazalika da "Persian Haruffa" na Montesquieu. Akwai shirin litattafan a cikin Genre na tafiya rubuce-rubuce da kuma tafiya kwatancin ( "tafiyarka a Faransa da kuma Italiya," Tobias Smollett).

A cikin wallafe-wallafe, da al'adun da haske a Rasha, bi umurnan classicism. A cikin XVIII karni mawãƙi Alexander Sumarokov aiki Vasily Trediakovskii, Antiyaku Cantemir. Akwai farko sprouts Sentimentalism (riga ake magana a kai Karamzin "Poor Lisa" da "Natalie, boyar ya"). Da al'adun da haske a Rasha Ya halitta dukan abubuwan da ake bukata domin samun a farkon XIX karni, da m adabi, jagorancin Pushkin, Lermontov da kuma litattafan Gogol, dandana da zinariya shekaru.

music

A lokacin da Age mai haske, wani zamani m harshe. Its kafa yana dauke Iogann Bah. Wannan babban mawaki rubuta ayyukansu a duk nau'o'i (togiya ne wasar kwaikwayo ta waka). Bach, kuma a yau an dauki wani unrivaled master of polyphony. Wani Jamus mawaki George Handel rubuta fiye da 40 operas da yawa sonatas da babban dakuna. Inspiration ya, kamar Bach, kusantar da a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki da labaru (halin da lakabi: "Isra'ila a Misira", "Saul", "Almasihu").

Sauran muhimmanci m taron na lokaci - da Viennese School. The ayyukan membobinta ci gaba da gudanar da ilimi orchestras yau, saboda haka cewa zamani mutane na iya shãfe gãdon cewa ya bar al'adu na haske. A 18th karni ake dangantawa da sunayen irin wannan 'yan baiwa kamar Wolfgang Mozart, Yozef Gaydn, Ludwig van Beethoven. Yana da wadannan Viennese composers sake tunani da tsohon m siffofin da nau'o'i.

Haydn ne dauke da uba na gargajiya taron makada (ya rubuta su fiye da dari). Mutane da yawa daga cikin wadannan ayyukan da aka dogara ne a kan mutãne raye-raye da kuma songs. Ganiya da kerawa na Haydn ta London kade-kade sake zagayowar aka rubuta da shi a lokacin tafiye-tafiye zuwa Ingila. The al'adu na Renaissance zamanin, da zamanin da haske da kuma na wani lokaci na tarihin 'yan adam ne m spawn haka salon artists. Bayan taron makada, Quartet Haydn memba 83, talakawa 13, 20 da kuma 52 operas clavier sonatas.

Mozart ba kawai hada music. Shi ne yarda da juna, ya buga da harpsichord da kuma goge master wadannan kayan aikin a farkon yara. Ya operas da kide bambanta sosai daban-daban yanayi (daga poetic lyrics ga fun). Babban ayyukan Mozart dauke da uku kade-kade, da aka rubuta a wannan daya a 1788 (lambar 39, 40, 41).

Wani babban classic Beethoven ya m na jaruntakar labaru cewa tasiri a kan overtures "Egmont," "Coriolanus" da "Fidelio," da wasan kwaikwayo. Kamar yadda wani mai yi, ya buga masa Sahaban wasa da Piano. Domin wannan Beethoven kayan aiki 32 Sonata aka rubuta. Mafi yawansu ya aiki da mawaki halitta a Vienna. Har ila yau yana rike da 10 sonatas for goge da piano (mafi mashahuri ne "Kreutzer" Sonata).

Beethoven samu wani tsanani m rikicin sa da asarar jinsu. Mawaki karkata zuwa kunar bakin wake a fidda zuciya ya rubuta almara "Moonlight" Sonata. Duk da haka, har ma da mummunan rashin lafiya bai karya da nufin artist. Bayan shawo kansa lethargy, Beethoven ma rubuta da yawa symphonic ayyukansu.

Turanci haske

Ingila ya mahaifar Turai haske. A cikin wannan kasar, kafin sauran mutane, a cikin XVII karni, akwai wani bourgeois juyin juya halin, wanda ya ba impetus zuwa al'adu ci gaba. Ingila ta zama misali mai kyau na zaman jama'a da ci gaba. Hadishi Dzhon Lokk ya kasance daya daga cikin na farko kuma babban theorists na masu sassaucin ra'ayi ra'ayin. Ƙarƙashin rinjayar rubuce-rubucen da ya fi muhimmanci siyasa daftarin aiki na haske aka rubuta - Amirka jawabi na Independence. Locke yi imani da cewa mutum ilimi ne m da azanci shine fahimta da kuma kwarewa fiye da kafin karyata m falsafar Descartes.

Wani muhimmin Birtaniya zurfin tunani na XVIII karni ya Devid Yum. Wannan Falsafa, tattalin arziki, tarihi, jami'in diflomasiyyar kuma publicist updated da kimiyya na halin kirki. Ya zamani Adam Smith ya zama kafa na zamani tattalin arziki ka'idar. Da al'adun da haske, a takaice, wadda ta gabãta yawa zamani Concepts da kuma ra'ayoyin. Smith ta aiki ya kasance kamar cewa. Shi ne na farko danganta da muhimmancin da kasuwar zuwa jihar muhimmancin.

Faransa gabascin

Faransa masana falsafa na XVIII karni yi aiki a cikin yanayi na 'yan adawa sa'an nan data kasance zamantakewa da siyasa domin. Rousseau, Diderot, Montesquieu - dukkan su sun nuna rashin amincewa da m umarni. Criticism iya dauka da yawa siffofin: basu yarda, da idealization na baya (extolled Republican al'adar tsufa), da dai sauransu ...

A musamman sabon abu daga cikin haske al'ada shi ne 35-girma "Encyclopedia". Yana zarcewa da babban gabascin "Age na Dalili". Inspirer da shugaba edita na wannan alama littafin ya Denis Diderot. Taimakawa ga raba kundin da Pol Golbah, La Mettrie, Julien, Klod Gelvetsy da sauran manyan masana daga cikin XVIII karni.

Montesquieu sharply soki arbitrariness da despotism na hukumomi. Yau, ya aka gaskiya dauke da kafa bourgeois liberalism. Voltaire ya zama wani misali mai kyau na wit da kuma iyawa. Ya kasance marubucin satirical waqe, falsafar litattafan, siyasa yankuna. Biyu-zurfin tunani kansa a kurkuku, fiye da lokacin da yake da shi a ɓõye mai hijira. Yana da aka Voltaire halitta a fashion for free tunani da kuma shakka.

Jamus haske

Jamus al'adu na XVIII karni wanzu a yanayi na siyasa da fragmentation na kasar. Advanced zukatan bayar da shawarar da abandonment na mulkin gargajiya survivals da kuma hadin kan kasa. A bambanci ga Faransa da masana falsafa na Jamus gabascin wary na al'amurran da suka shafi alaka da coci.

Kamar Rasha al'adu na haske, da Prussian al'adu da aka kafa tare da kai tsaye sa hannu na autocratic monarch (a Rasha, shi ya Catherine II, a Prussia - Fridrih Veliky). Shugaban kasa tana goyon bayan ci-gaba akida da ya lokaci, yayin da ba da bada sama da Unlimited iko. Irin wannan tsarin da ake kira "haskaka absolutism".

Babban Illuminator Jamus XVIII karni ya Immanuel Kant. A 1781 ya wallafa wani muhimman hakkokin aikin 'sharhi na Pure Reason. " Hadishi ɓullo da wani sabon ka'idar ilimi, ya yi karatu da yiwuwar adam m. Shi ne ya wajaba hanyoyin da gwagwarmaya da kuma shari'a form canji zamantakewa da siyasa tsarin, ban da danyen tashin hankali. Kant sanya wani gagarumin taimako ga ka'idar doka.